灯盏花注射液治疗脑梗死临床研究

目的：研究云南灯盏花注射液治疗脑梗塞的临床疗效。方法：86例发病5d以内的脑梗死患者，随机分为灯盏花组46例，对照组40例，疗程14d。进行临床症状、体征、脑血流量、血脂、血液流变学等方面观察及检测。结果：灯盏花组总有效率93．3％，对照组61．5％；经Ridit分析，P＜0．05。灯盏花组治疗后脑血流量、血液流变学指标均有明显改善，有显著性差异。而对照组上述指标改善不明显。结论：灯盏花注射液可以改善脑血流量及血液流变学临床症状、体征。有效治疗脑梗塞。     

通心络对脑动脉硬化症患者血液流变学的影响

目的：观察通心络胶囊治疗脑动脉硬化症患者对其血液流变学及临床症状的影响。方法选择2013年4月－2013年12月在医院住院治疗的脑动脉硬化症患者70例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各35例,对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予通心络胶囊治疗。治疗14 d后比较2组血液流变学指标及临床症状。结果2组患者治疗后全血黏度高切、全血黏度低切、血浆黏度等血液流变学指标优于治疗前（P＜0．05）;且治疗组均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论通心络胶囊治疗脑动脉硬化症患者能够改善血液流变学状态,改善脑血管血流,起到脑血管保护作用。     

灯盏花素注射液对脑梗死患者血液流变学的影响

目的　观察灯盏花素注射液对脑梗死患者血液流变学的影响。方法　将 16 3例脑梗死患者分为两组 ,即灯盏花素注射液组 (治疗组 ) 10 3例和复方丹参注射液组 (对照组 ) 6 0例 ,观察治疗前、后血液流变学的变化。结果　两组治疗后血液流变学均有明显改善 ,尤以灯盏花素注射液组为显著。另外 ,在治疗中发现灯盏花素注射液静脉滴注的 1个疗程最佳时间为 10天。结论　灯盏花素注射液在改变血液流变学指标方面优于复方丹参注射液     

长春西汀注射液治疗后循环缺血性眩晕的临床疗效

目的探讨长春西汀注射液治疗后循环缺血性眩晕的临床疗效。方法 74例患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,分别给予长春西汀注射液和灯盏花素注射液治疗,并监测治疗前后血液流变学和后循环血流动力学指标。结果长春西汀注射液和灯盏花素注射液对后循环缺血性眩晕均有效,长春西汀组总有效率为86.84%,灯盏花素组总有效率为75.00%,2组有效率比较无统计学差异(χ2=10.65,P=0.059),且2组均未出现明显不良反应。2组组内比较显示治疗后血液流变学指标和后循环的平均血流速度(Vm)均优于治疗前(P<0.01),组间比较显示长春西汀注射液组治疗后的血液流变学指标和后循环的Vm均优于灯盏花素注射液组(P<0.01)。结论长春西汀和灯盏花素均可用于治疗后循环缺血性眩晕,且长春西汀对于改善后循环缺血性眩晕患者的血液流变学和后循环的Vm更具有优势。     

不同药物治疗脑动脉硬化症的疗效观察(附146例报告)

银杏和灯盏花注射液用于治疗心脑缺血性疾病,已有不少报道。但两者之间的疗效差异报道较少。为了探讨这一问题,我们比较研究了银杏、灯盏花素注射液对脑动脉硬化症的疗效,以及对血脂、血液流变学的影响。现报告如下。1材料与方法1.1一般资料所有病例选自2000年3月至2004年3月我     

灯盏花素注射液对脑梗死患者血液流变学的影响

目的 观察灯盏花素注射液对脑梗死患者血液流变学的影响。方法 将163例脑梗死患者分为两组，即灯盏花素注射液组（治疗组）103例和复方丹参注射液组（对照组）60例，观察治疗前、后血液流变学的变化。结果 两组治疗后血液流变学均有明显，尤以灯盏花素注射液组为显著。另外，在治疗中发现灯盏花素注射液静脉滴注的1个疗程最佳时间为10天。结论 灯盏花素注射液在改变血液流变学指标方面优于复方丹参注射液。     

灯盏花素注射液治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及对血液流变学的影响

目的观察灯盏花素注射液对急性脑梗死的疗效及对血液流变学的影响。方法将86例急性脑梗死患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,两组均予抗血小板、脑保护等治疗,治疗组予灯盏花素注射液30ml加入生理盐水250ml静脉滴注,对照组予曲克芦丁1．0加入生理盐水250ml静滴,均每天一次,连用14d。治疗前后分别进行神经功能缺损程度评分、血液流变学检查。结果治疗组的总有效率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,灯盏花素治疗后血液流变学指标较治疗前显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论灯盏花素注射液治疗急性脑梗死疗效明显,并能显著改善急性脑梗死患者的血液流变学指标。     

灯盏细辛注射液对冠心病心绞痛患者血脂水平的影响

目的观察灯盏细辛注射液治疗冠心病心绞痛的临床疗效及血液黏度、血脂变化。方法将82例冠心病心绞痛患者随机分为2组,治疗组42例,观察组40例：分别给予扩张血管、抗血小板凝集等常规治疗,治疗组42例在常规治疗的基础上应用银杏达莫注射液治疗,疗程2周,治疗前后观察心电图变化及心绞痛等临床症状的变化,并对患者血液流变学及血脂进行临床观察。结果治疗组治疗冠心病心绞痛等临床症状的总有效率为89.3%,明显优于对照组的69.04%（P〈0.05）,心电图的改善率治疗组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,治疗组治疗后血液黏度及纤维蛋白原、血脂（总胆固醇及三酰甘油）均有明显下降。结论灯盏细辛注射液能降低纤维蛋白原、血液黏度和血脂水平,是治疗冠心病心绞痛的有效药物。     

灯盏花素对脑梗死患者神经功能缺损及血液流变学的影响

目的:探讨灯盏花素注射液对脑梗死患者神经功能缺损及血液流变学的影响。方法:将我院2006年1月-2010年2月收治的急性脑梗死患者158例,随机分为对照组(78例)与治疗组(80例)。2组均进行一般常规治疗,对照组在此基础上采用血栓通注射剂450mg,bid治疗;治疗组采用灯盏花素注射液15mL,qd治疗。2组均2周为1个疗程。治疗1个疗程后,观察2组临床疗效、神经功能缺损、血液流变学指标和不良反应情况,并进行统计、分析。结果:治疗组临床总有效率为90.0%,明显高于对照组的79.5%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组的神经功能评分情况和血液流变学指标均明显优于对照组,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组均未见明显不良反应发生。结论:灯盏花素注射液治疗脑梗死疗效确切,神经功能及血液流变学指标明显改善,且不良反应少。     

延寿通脉汤治疗脑动脉硬化症150例临床观察

目的观察自拟延寿通脉汤治疗脑动脉硬化症的疗效。方法将150例脑动脉硬化患者随机分成2组,治疗组120例,给予延寿通脉汤口服;对照组30例,脑复康0.4g,3次/d口服,30d为1疗程。两组治疗后进行症状（头痛、头昏、记忆力减退、睡眠障碍等）,颈颅多普勒,血液流变学,血脂,血压检测。2个月后复查。结果延寿通脉汤可明显改善患者脑机能减退症状,TCD显示血流速度有显著下降,血液流变学及血脂血压指标不同程度恢复,疗效明显优于对照组,且无不良反应。结论该方具有改善脑动脉硬化症患者症状、提高记忆力、扩张脑动脉、改善血管弹性、并能降低血液粘度,改善降血流动力学,降低血脂等作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.