腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿手术

目的　本文探讨腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿手术的可行性及其疗效。　方法　腹腔镜直视下胆道造影 ,囊肿切除及肝胆管空肠吻合 ,同时探查肝管。肠肠吻合及防返流瓣将空肠提出于腹壁外进行。随访 1～ 6个月无近期并发症。　结果　五例均一次完成手术 ,一例因既往有手术史中转开腹。　结论　腹腔镜下可完成胆总管囊肿根治手术 ,且术后恢复快 ,近期疗效满意     

Laparoscopic repair for choledochal cyst: lessons learned from 190 cases

Objective

The aim of this study is to report the technical details, early outcomes, and lessons learned from laparoscopic repair of 190 cases of choledochal cyst.

Method

The operation was performed using 4 ports. The cystic duct was identified and divided. The liver was elevated by 2 stay-sutures: one on the round ligament and the other on the distal cystic duct. The choledochal cyst was isolated and removed completely, and then biliary-digestive continuity was reestablished.

Results

From January 2007 to April 2009, 190 patients were operated on. There were 144 girls and 46 boys. Ages ranged from 2 months to 16 years (mean, 46.9 ± 29.3 months). Cyst diameter ranged from 10 to 184 mm. A total of 106 patients were classified as Todani type I cysts, and 84 were type IV. Cystic excision and hepaticoduodenostomy were performed in 133 patients and hepaticojejunostomy in 57 patients. The operating time varied from 70 to 505 minutes (mean, 186 minutes). Conversion to open surgery was required in 2 patients. Intraoperative blood transfusion was required in 4 patients. There were no perioperative deaths. Postoperative anastomotic leakage occurred in 7 patients, resolving spontaneously in 6 and requiring a second operation in 1. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 5 to 27 days (mean, 7.2 ± 3.3 days). Follow-up occurred between 1 and 24 months postdischarge (mean, 9 ± 2.2 months) and was obtained in 161 patients (84.7%). Of these patients, cholangitis occurred in 4 patients (2.4%).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic repair is a safe and effective procedure for choledochal cyst.     

腹腔镜下囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合治疗小儿胆总管囊肿

目的总结腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治手术的经验。方法从2010年7月至2011年10月,对我院22例胆总管囊肿患儿行腹腔镜下囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果 3例因囊壁炎症重而中转开腹,其余均完成腹腔镜手术,平均手术时间4.6小时(3.5～6.5小时)。术后3例出现胆瘘,经通畅引流后愈合。术后美容效果明显。随访至今未出现胆道狭窄、胆道感染等并发症。结论腹腔镜下根治小儿胆总管囊肿是安全可靠的。     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影和胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术的可行性。方法:34例先天性胆总管囊肿患者行腹腔镜下胆道造影,胆囊和囊状胆管完全切除,经脐孔提出空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合和体内肝管空肠吻合手术。结果:胆道造影显示胆管囊状扩张24例,梭形扩张10例。33例腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,手术时间平均4.2h(3.5~6.5h);1例胰腺内胆总管远段囊肿中转开腹手术。4例合并肝管狭窄同时行胆管成形术。术后5~7d患者痊愈出院。31例获得随访,5~40个月未发生术后并发症。结论:腹腔镜下胆道造影简便实用,对指导镜下根治切除囊肿,避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

Laparoscopic resection of congenital choledochal cyst, hepaticojejunostomy, and externally made Roux-en-Y anastomosis

The authors present a 3-month-old patient with a congenital choledochal cyst, which was asymptomatic until treatment. On laparoscopy, a type I choledochal cyst was confirmed and excised laparoscopically. A Roux-en-Y anastomosis was constructed after exteriorization of the small bowel via the infraumbilical trocar incision. A laparoscopic end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy was carried out. The operation lasted 4½ hours, without intraoperative problems. Oral food intake was started on day 2 and well tolerated with bile stained stools. Symptoms of bowel obstruction occurred on day 8. On minilaparotomy, the Roux-en-Y anastomosis was found to be adherent to the mesenterium of the colon, leading to obstruction. After mobilizing the loop, the postoperative course was uneventful. We conclude that laparoscopic resection of congenital choledochal cyst and choledochojejunostomy was feasible in the youngest patient operated on so far. However, adhesive small bowel obstruction can also occur, as after conventional operation, when the bowel is exteriorized for Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.     

Laparoscopic correction of biliary duct stenosis in choledochal cyst

Background/Purposes

Laparoscopy has been widely accepted as a technique for the excision of choledochal cyst, but there has been little experience using it as a therapeutic modality for hepatic duct stenosis. The aim of this study is to present our experiences in laparoscopic excision of biliary stenosis and Roux-en-Y reconstruction for patients with choledochal cysts.

Methods

Eight patients, 3 boys and 5 girls (ranged from 6 months to 12 years; median age, 3.6 years), with hepatic duct stenosis underwent laparoscopic excision of the cyst and ductoplasty, with a Roux-en-Y hepaticoenterostomy between July 2001 and January 2005. Seven of the 8 patients had common hepatic duct stenosis with intrahepatic duct dilatation, and 1 had right hepatic duct stenosis with proximal dilatation.Four ports were inserted for instruments of 3- and 5-mm sizes. Each patient underwent a laparoscopic cholangiography. The gallbladder and dilated bile ducts were completely excised. The strictures of the hepatic ducts were treated by ductoplasty. The cut end of the duct was widened by incising along the anterior wall of the hepatic duct after excision of the narrow segment. By using intraoperative bile duct endoscopy, the optimal level of resection of the common hepatic duct was determined safely without endangering the orifices of the hepatic ducts or leaving any redundant duct, and the stone debris in the bile duct was identified and washed out. The Roux-en-Y jejunal loop was fashioned extracorporeally by exteriorizing the jejunum through the umbilical incision (1.0-1.5 cm) and passed up retrocolically followed by an end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy.

Results

The median duration of the operation was 4.3 hours (3.8-5.6 hours). Intraoperative bleeding was minimal, with no patients requiring blood transfusion. In 7 of the 8 cases, postoperative hospital stay ranged from 4 to 6 days; the other case had bile leak, which was cured by draining for 26 days without surgical intervention. All the patients had been followed up for 6 to 51 months. They stayed asymptomatic and well with no delayed complication.

Conclusions

Laparoscopically assisted hepatic ductoplasty is effective and safe for children with choledochal cyst. Bile duct endoscopy proved to be a valuable instrument in showing detailed variations of the biliary system and allowed a safe hepatic hilum exploration and accurate placed hepaticojejunal anastomosis.     

腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治切除及胆道重建术

目的探讨腹腔镜下行胆总管囊肿根治切除及胆道重建术的可行性。方法全身麻醉后腹腔镜辅助下按悬吊肝圆韧带、游离胆囊、术中胆道造影、游离切除囊肿、空肠Roux-Y吻合、肝管空肠吻合、缝合系膜裂孔、放置腹腔引流的步骤完成手术。结果 18例患者腹腔镜下顺利根治切除胆总管囊肿,15例经结肠后、3例经结肠前吻合胆道重建术,手术时间3.5～6.5h,2例术后出现并发症。结论经腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除及胆道重建手术安全可靠,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

先天性胆总管囊肿23例诊治体会

目的探讨先天性胆总管囊肿的诊断和治疗方法。方法对23例先天性胆总管囊肿患者行胆总管囊肿切除,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y端侧吻合术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 2例出现胆漏,经引流8～12 d后好转,1例反复胆道感染,经抗菌素治疗症状得到控制,余患者恢复良好。结论胆总管囊肿切除,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y端侧吻合术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的较好术式。     

术中造影在先天性胆总管囊肿根治切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影在确立胆总管囊肿的病理特征与胆胰管合流异常的价值 ,并用于指导术式选择。方法对胆总管囊肿患儿进行术中胆胰管造影检查 ,记录胆管病变形态和胆胰管合流异常类型。结果 82例胆总管囊肿按Todani分型 :Ⅰa型 35例、Ⅰb型 9例、Ⅰc型 2 8例及Ⅳ型 10例。确定胆胰管合流异常 73例 ,按Komi分类 :Ⅰ型 37例、Ⅱ型 30例及Ⅲ型 6例。 4 4例胆管囊状扩张中胆胰管合流异常Ⅰ型 33例 ,2 9例胆管梭形扩张中Ⅱ型 2 1例 ,2 1例合并有胰腺炎发作者中胆胰管合流异常Ⅱ型 17例。 14例合并肝内胆管狭窄者同时行胆管成形术。结论术中造影简便易行 ,可以明确诊断 ;不同的胆胰管合流异常类型可导致不同形式的胆胰管病变 ;对术中指导根治切除囊肿、避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

Association of gastroschisis and choledochal cyst

Two infants are described who presented in the neonatal period with a direct hyperbilirubinemia. This was initially presumed to be because of the diagnosis of gastroschisis and the prolonged use of parenteral nutrition. However, both infants were eventually found to have an associated choledochal cyst. The cases are a novel association not previously reported and should heighten the awareness that anatomical causes of a direct hyperbilirubinemia need to be ruled out in all neonates.     

Laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in symptomatic neonates

Purpose

Choledochal cysts require surgical excision, preferably before the onset of cholangitis. Recently, it has become feasible to accomplish the excision laparoscopically in adults and older children. Yet, whether laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst can be performed safely in symptomatic neonates with choledochal cyst is unclear. We herewith reviewed our experience of laparoscopic excision of choledochal cysts in neonates.

Methods

We managed 9 neonates with choledochal cysts between April 2003 and February 2007. The choledochal cysts were excised laparoscopically. The Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was fashioned extracorporeally by exteriorizing the jejunum through the extended umbilical port site. End-to-side anastomosis between the common hepatic duct stump and Roux loop was carried out intracorporeally. The patients were followed up for an average of 26 months.

Results

The patients presented with jaundice, pale stool, and deranged liver function tests. The diagnosis was confirmed with ultrasonography postnatally. The median operation time was 3.6 hours. There was no operative complication and no conversion. The blood loss was minimal. The recovery was uneventful, and the median hospital stay was 6 days. The liver function tests normalized 3 to 16 weeks postoperatively. No complication was detected at the follow-up visits.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results show that laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in neonates is both feasible and safe. It curtails further complication of the cysts and reverses the derangement of liver function. In addition, the laparoscopic approach minimizes surgical trauma.     

The effect of laparoscopic excision vs open excision in children with choledochal cyst: a midterm follow-up study

Purpose

Cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy has been the classic procedure for treating choledochal cysts. Recently, laparoscopic treatment of the disease has gained popularity worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether laparoscopic management of choledochal cysts is as feasible and safe as conventional open surgery in children with this disease.

Methods

A retrospective study comparing the laparoscopic and the open procedures was performed in 77 consecutive patients with choledochal cyst in our hospital. Thirty-nine patients operated on between June 2001 and September 2003 were in the laparoscopic group, whereas 38 patients in the open group were operated on between February 1999 and May 2001.

Results

Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups. The duration of operation was significantly longer in the laparoscopic group than in the open group (median, 230 vs 190 minutes; P < .001). In contrast, the durations of delayed oral feeding and hospital stay postoperatively were significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (median, 4 vs 5 days [P < .01] and median, 5 vs 7 days [P < .01], respectively.) There were no differences in the early and late complication rates between the 2 groups.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic treatment of choledochal cyst in children is feasible and safe. For experienced centers, this procedure can be recommended.     

完全腹腔镜成人胆总管囊肿切除术10例分析

目的探讨完全腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除术的技术方法与优点。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年1月10例完全腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除术患者的临床资料,所有患者均未行辅助体外肝肠吻合术。结果 10例患者均成功完成完全腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除术。手术时间为210～300min,术后住院天数为3～7d,术后随访1～36个月,其中1例患者于术后发生吻合口狭窄,经开腹行胆肠吻合口拆除重建后,治愈出院,无死亡病例。结论完全腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除是安全可行的,值得进一步推广。     

Hepaticojejunostomy and intrahepatic cystojejunostomy for type IV-A choledochal cyst

Background

The incidence of choledochal cyst with intrahepatic involvement (Todani's type IV-A cyst) is considerably high. Dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct is frequently observed around the hepatic hilum, occasionally in the umbilical portion, and rarely in the more upstream intrahepatic bile duct, associated with or without downstream stricture. We recently encountered 2 children with type IV-A cyst associated with upstream intrahepatic ductal dilatation; one with a cystic dilatation of the medial branch arising from the left hepatic duct and another with a cyst of the medial branch arising from the anterior hepatic duct.

Methods

After excision of the extrahepatic bile duct cyst at the hilum and making a large fenestration of the intrahepatic duct cyst, hepaticojejunostomy and intrahepatic cystojejunostomy were performed using a Roux-en-Y jejunal loop in both children.

Results

Postoperatively, both intrahepatic cysts were remarkably reduced in size, and recurrent bouts of abdominal pain did not occur for up to 4 or 5 years.

Conclusion

Hepaticojejunostomy at the hepatic hilum, combined with intrahepatic cystojejunostomy, appears to be a recommendable procedure for an upstream intrahepatic ductal cyst of type IV-A, preventing postoperative cholangitis owing to bile stone formation.     

Single-stage operation for perforated choledochal cyst

Background

The option of either single- or two-staged cyst excision has been proposed for perforated choledochal cysts (CCs), but which of the two methods is more effective remains controversial. We examined the complications and short-term outcomes of single-stage excision of perforated and non-perforated CCs.

Hepatobiliary rhabdomyosarcoma mimicking choledochal cyst: Lessons learned

INTRODUCTION

The differential diagnosis of hepatic cystic lesions is a challenging process especially in case of hepatic rhabdomyosarcoma (HRMS) presenting as hepatic cyst.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We introduce our experience with a case of HRMS in a 3-year-old female patient who was misdiagnosed to have type IV-A choledochal cyst and definitive correct diagnosis was reached after the pathological and immunohistochemical examination of the surgically resected lesion. This case presentation is followed by important practical messages to hepatobiliary surgeons regarding HRMS.

DISCUSSION

HRMS is a rare pediatric tumor. Jaundice is the most common presentation of HRMS followed by abdominal pain and vomiting. Great effort is needed to differentiate the tumor from choledochal cyst and infectious hepatitis. Through evaluation using available imaging studies together with clinical anticipation is mandatory for establishing the correct diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

Differentiation of HRMs from choledochal cyst mandates through evaluation and clinical anticipation. HRMS should be suspected in any child with obstructive jaundice. Once diagnosis is established, multidisciplinary treatment is the best management strategy and it has proved better surgical outcome and long term survival.     

Laparoscopic resection of a nonparasitic liver cyst

The spectrum of treatment options for symptomatic, benign, nonparasitic hepatic cysts has ranged from percutaneous aspiration to liver transplantation. Most large series have demonstrated that complete resection of the cyst is associated with the lowest rate of recurrence. However, a conventional open laparotomy may subject these patients to unacceptable morbidity given the benign nature of most of these lesions.We successfully performed a complete resection of a large hepatic cyst using a laparoscopic approach. Using an endoscopic GIA stapling device we were able to remove the cyst with minimal blood loss and in minimal operative time. The patient tolerated the procedure well, was discharged home on postoperative day 2, and in follow-up has been without recurrent symptoms.     

Laparoscopic treatment of congenital choledochal cyst

We describe the laparoscopic treatment of a patient presenting with congenital choledochal cyst. Our patient was a 19-year-old man with a complaint of recurrent abdominal pain due to pancreatitis. The choledochal cyst was type I and had a common channel of pancreatobiliary duct, as revealed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Under laparoscopic guidance, the dilated bile duct and the gallbladder were excised, and a Roux-en-Y anastomosis was constructed with an endo-EEA. Finally, end-to-side anastomosis was carried out by the continuous suture method, aided by an Endostitch between the stump of the hepatic duct and the Roux-en-Y limb. After the operation, slight hyperamylasemia was observed for several days but further treatment was not necessary. Postoperative symptoms were minimal, and the patient was discharged on the 11th day after the procedure. Although it is difficult and time-consuming, laparoscopic operation is highly beneficial for the patient. The use of such instruments as the endostapler and Endostitch may help to simplify this complex intracorporeal procedure involving division and anastomosis of the digestive tract. Received: 7 March 1997/Accepted: 11 April 1997     

Hepaticoduodenostomy versus hepaticojejunostomy after resection of choledochal cyst: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Excision has been established as a standard management practice for choledochal cysts in the last few decades. The two most commonly performed methods of reconstruction after excision are hepaticoduodenostomy (HD) and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), of which the HJ is favored by most surgeons. Evidence concerning the optimal method of reconstruction is, however, sparse.

Materials and Methods

Studies comparing outcomes from HD and HJ after choledochal cyst excision were identified by searching Medline, Ovid, Search Medica, Elsevier Clinicalkey, Google Scholar and Cochrane library. Suitable studies were chosen and data extracted for meta-analysis. Outcomes evaluated included operative time, hospital stay and incidence of postoperative bile leak, cholangitis, reflux/gastritis, anastomotic stricture, bleeding, intestinal obstruction and re-operative rate. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated for dichotomous variables; pooled mean differences (MD) were measured for continuous variables.

Results

Six retrospective studies were included in this meta-analysis, comprising a total of 679 patients, 412 of whom (60.7%) underwent HD, and the remainder, 267(39.3%) underwent HJ. Although, HD group had slightly shorter hospital stay (MD: 0.30; 95% CI: −0.22–0.39; P < 0.00001) it showed a higher incidence of postoperative reflux/gastritis (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: − 0.02–0.39; P = 0.002). However, the other outcomes such as bile leak, cholangitis, anastomotic stricture, bleeding, operative time, reoperation rate and adhesive intestinal obstruction did not differ between HD and HJ groups.

Conclusions

HD shows higher postoperative reflux/gastritis than HJ but a shorter hospital stay. There are few good-quality studies that compare the outcomes from HD and HJ, meaning that caution should be exercised in the generalization of the results of this meta-analysis, which suggests HD to be comparable with HJ in terms of other complications, operative benefits and outcomes.