过伸位牵引掌侧撬拔复位植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端Fernandez Ⅲ型骨折

目的 :探讨过伸位牵引掌侧撬拔复位植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端FernandezⅢ型骨折的临床疗效。方法 :自2017年2月至2018年3月采用术中过伸位牵引掌侧撬拔复位植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端FernandezⅢ型骨折患者11例,男6例,女5例;年龄55～67岁。术前X线片及CT评估桡骨远端骨折背侧成角伴关节面压缩、塌陷。按Fernandez分型均为Ⅲ型。术后评估关节面复位情况,观察骨折愈合情况,随访采用VAS评分及Cooney腕关节评分量表评估疗效。结果:全部患者无手术并发症的发生,11例患者术后均获随访,时间12～14个月,骨折全部愈合。Cooney腕关节评分量表评估疗效,优9例,良1例,可1例。结论:桡骨远端FernandezⅢ型骨折术中采用过伸位牵引加大成角,经掌侧骨折端撬拔复位植骨内固定能有效的复位塌陷的关节面并给予有效固定,术后早期功能锻炼,临床效果满意。     

导致桡骨远端骨折术后桡骨短缩的发生率及其危险因素分析

目的探讨桡骨远端骨折术后出现短缩的危险因素,进而提出预防措施,提高桡骨远端骨折手术的疗效。方法将桡骨远端骨折174例作为研究对象,依据是否发生骨短缩分为短缩组和对照组,对桡骨远端骨折术后发生短缩的相关危险因素进行分析。结果54例发生桡骨短缩f31．03％）。短缩组年龄≥60岁者比例明显高于对照组,短缩组合并骨质疏松者比例明显高于对照组,短缩组骨折类型为C型骨折者比例明显高于对照组,短缩组术中采用锁定加压接骨板内固定术患者数明显多于对照组,短缩组术中进行植骨患者数明显低于对照组,短缩组术后自主进行负荷锻炼患者比例明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后负荷锻炼指导和AO分型作为独立影响因素对桡骨骨折术后桡骨短缩发生有显著影响fP〈0．05）。结论桡骨远端关节内骨折术后桡骨短缩发生率较高。手术治疗时应对骨缩短的危险因素进行综合评估分析,并采取相应的防治措施,术后给予负荷锻炼指导,降低术后桡骨短缩的发生率。     

T型钢板在桡骨远端不稳定骨折治疗中的应用

目的 总结桡骨远端不稳定骨折T型钢板内固定治疗的效果,以提高桡骨远端不稳定骨折的治疗效果。方法 本组45例采用T型钢板固定,其中15例因骨缺损较严重同时植骨。结果 平均随访25．36个月。远期疗效优良者41例（1例双侧）,优良率91．11％。结论 桡骨远端不稳定骨折手法复位较困难,并因外固定难以维持复位而常发生再移位。这类骨折应尽早切开复位内固定,术后配合合理有效的功能锻炼,可以获得较好的效果。对远期功能影响最大的因素是桡骨短缩程度和关节解剖复位的满意程度。     

外固定架在桡骨远端不稳定骨折治疗中的应用

目的 总结桡骨远端不稳定骨折外固定架治疗的效果。方法 本组28例均采用外固定架固定，其中19例应用克氏针固定，4例因骨缺损较严重同时植骨。结果 随访时间3—22个月，按改良的Mcbride评分标准，远期疗效优良者25例，优良率89．28％。结论 桡骨远端不稳定骨折手法复位较困难，并因石膏外固定难以维持复位而常发生再移位。这类骨折应尽早手术复位，外固定架固定是理想的手术方法之一，术后配合合理有效的功能锻炼，可以获得较好的效果。对远期功能影响最大的因素是桡骨短缩程度和关节解剖复位的满意程度。     

成人桡骨远端骨折保守治疗后桡骨短缩的危险因素

目的 :通过Logistic回归分析成人桡骨远端骨折保守治疗后桡骨短缩的危险因素,从而提出相关预防措施。方法:回顾性分析2009年5月至2015年3月于我院行保守治疗的成人桡骨远端骨折,经筛选后符合要求的共137例,其中发生桡骨短缩36例,男7例,女29例;平均年龄(58.33±14.06)岁;骨折类型:A型8例,B型16例,C型12型。无明显短缩101例,男23例,女78例;平均年龄(52.49±12.79)岁;骨折类型:A型48例,B型34例,C型19型。对以上病例,收集其年龄、性别、BMI、受伤至复位时间、骨折类型、固定方式、负荷时间等资料,采用Logistic回归分析方法筛选出桡骨短缩的危险因素。结果:所有病例均获得随访,时间8~16个月。单因素分析显示年龄、受伤至复位时间、骨折类型、过早负荷对桡骨短缩的发生有显著影响;多因素Logistic回归分析显示成人桡骨远端骨折保守治疗后桡骨短缩的危险因素分别是年龄[OR=1.045(1.008-1.083),P=0.015],受伤至复位时间[OR=2.853(1.178-6.909),P=0.020],骨折类型(C型骨折较其他两型骨折更易导致桡骨短缩)[OR=4.854(1.506-15.640),P=0.008],过早负荷[OR=3.038(1.138-8.111),P=0.027]。结论 :成人桡骨远端骨折保守治疗后桡骨短缩的危险因素为年龄、受伤至复位时间、骨折类型、过早负荷,应根据不同危险因素采取相应的预防处理措施及选择合适的治疗方法。     

背侧入路内固定治疗桡骨远端双柱Die-punch骨折

目的探讨背侧入路切开复位内固定治疗桡骨远端双柱Die-punch骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-01—2018-11采用背侧入路切开复位内固定治疗的35例桡骨远端双柱Die-punch骨折,背侧入路对关节面骨折进行解剖复位,关节面塌陷严重且骨折复位后存在骨缺损者需采用自体髂骨植骨,将桡骨远端背侧锁定钢板置于桡骨远端尺侧背侧面固定中间柱,再显露桡骨远端桡侧关节面,复位后在第1、2伸肌间隔间隙中用弧形锁定钢板固定桡骨远端桡侧柱。结果 35例均获得随访,随访时间平均12.7(12～15)个月。骨折愈合时间平均10.2(9～15)周。随访期间无腕部畸形、肌腱断裂、骨折畸形愈合、内固定失败等并发症发生。末次随访时腕关节功能Gartland-Werley评分:优22例,良10例,可3例。结论桡骨远端双柱Die-punch骨折不仅存在关节面塌陷,而且还存在背侧不稳定,通过背侧入路对中间柱和桡侧柱进行有效复位固定可使腕关节获得早期稳定,有利于患者术后进行功能锻炼,恢复满意的腕关节功能。     

腕关节镜辅助下切开复位经骨窗植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端die－punch骨折

目的:探讨腕关节镜辅助下切开掌侧经骨窗撬拨复位植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端(Die punch)骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2016年3月至2017年3月,采用腕关节镜辅助下切开复位经骨窗植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端Die punch骨折患者12例,男8例,女4例;年龄20～42岁。术前X线片及CT明确诊断为桡骨远端Die punch骨折。观察患者关节活动度情况,术后12个月采用VAS评分评价疼痛缓解程度,采用Cooney腕关节评分对患者腕关节功能恢复情况进行评估。结果:全部患者无手术并发症,12例患者术后均获随访,时间10～13个月。术后12个月VAS评分0～3分。腕关节掌倾角5°～15°,尺偏角14°～23°,屈伸活动度123°～168°,前臂旋转活动度115°～170°。术后12个月Cooney腕关节评分70～95分;优10例,良1例,可1例。结论:腕关节镜辅助下切开掌侧经骨窗撬拨复位植骨内固定治疗桡骨远端Die punch骨折,术后手腕部功能恢复良好,疼痛症状较轻,临床效果满意。     

跨腕关节外固定器在桡骨远端陈旧性骨折中的应用

目的 分析桡骨远端有限切开复位、跨腕关节外固定器固定治疗桡骨远端陈旧性骨折的效果.方法 2006年3月至2008年3月,应用桡骨下端切开复位、跨腕关节外固定器固定治疗桡骨远端陈旧性骨折患者16例18侧,年龄29～72岁(平均52.6岁),其中Colles骨折13例15侧,Smith骨折3例3侧.桡骨下端复位及植骨后,以外固定器协助复位及静力性固定.方果 随访时间4～30个月,平均16个月;骨折愈合时间6～12周,平均8.7周.根据Gartland与Werley腕关节评分标准评定:优11侧,良4侧,可3侧;优良率为83.3%.方论 有限切开复位、跨腕关节外固定器固定治疗桡骨陈旧性远端骨折,手术操作简单,组织损伤小,有利于术后早期功能锻炼,促进骨折愈合,是桡骨远端陈旧性骨折的一种有效治疗方法.     

掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

目的探讨掌侧入路斜T形钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法对25例桡骨远端不稳定骨折采用掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定并植骨治疗。结果 25例均获得随访,时间6～18个月。X线片显示骨折全部愈合。根据Gartland-Wefley腕关节评分标准进行评估:优18例,良5例,可2例。结论对于桡骨远端不稳定骨折,采用掌侧入路斜T形钢板内固定辅以植骨,既能使骨折复位、固定满意,又有利于术后早期手和腕部的功能康复锻炼,是治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的有效方法。     

“T”型解剖接骨板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

目的观察“T”型解剖接骨板内固定治疗挠骨远端不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法对29例桡骨远端不稳定骨折,采用不同手术入路进行切开复位“T”型解剖接骨板内固定治疗,其中2例因骨缺损严重同时植骨。结果29例病人随访10～36个月,骨折愈合时间6～14周,平均9周,远期疗效优良者26例。疗效按Dienst功能评定标准Ⅲ评定,优良率89．7形。结论“T”型解剖接骨板内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折,具有复位满意、固定可靠、有利于术后早期功能锻炼等优点,是治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.