Simultaneous analysis of 17 organochlorine pesticides in natural medicines by GC/MS with negative chemical ionization

Many methods for the determination of pesticide residues in food have been reported. Although natural medicines should be confirmed to be as safe as food, few methods for the determination of pesticide residues in natural medicines have been reported. In this study, 17 organochlorine pesticides were detected in natural medicines using GC/MS with negative chemical ionization (NCI). GC/MS with NCI can detect halogenated pesticides selectively and thus is suitable for the detection of organochlorine pesticides. This study indicates that GC/MS with NCI is useful for analyzing organochlorine pesticides in natural medicines.     

Simultaneous analysis of 10 pyrethroid pesticides in natural medicines by GC/MS with negative chemical ionization

Many methods for the determination of pesticides residues in food have been reported. Although natural medicines should be confirmed as safe as food, only a few methods for the determination of pesticide residues in natural medicines have been reported. In this study, 10 pyrethroid pesticides were detected in natural medicines by GC/MS with negative chemical ionization (NCI). GC/MS with NCI can detect halogenated pesticides selectively, and thus is suitable for the detection of pyrethroid pesticides. This study indicates that GC/MS with NCI is useful for analyzing pyrethroid pesticides in natural medicines.     

Development and validation of an analysis method for pesticide residues by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in Daikenchuto

Daikenchuto (DKT) is one of the most widely used “Kampo” in Japan as a representative of herbal medicine. Because DKT is made from a natural product like food, it requires the management of pesticides; therefore, an analysis of residual pesticides in Kampo is required. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that pesticide residue analysis by the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) is required. USP defines 107 compounds containing organochlorine pesticides and organophosphorus pesticides and their metabolites, which have a high residual risk. Accordingly, to guarantee the safety of herbal medicines according to global standards is a very important issue. In this study, we developed an analytical method for 91 compounds, which are listed in USP, using DKT as the subject. The method could extract pesticides from DKT with acetone, elute pesticides with acetonitrile using a SepPak C18 column (5 g) and with ethyl acetate using a DSC-NH₂ column (2 g), and perform simultaneous analyses by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). This method, which could quantify 88 compounds, was validated according to USP. A pesticide residue analysis method that meets USP requirements enables the analysis of pesticide residues with a high residue risk and contributes to improving the safety of “Kampo” and other herbal medicines.

     

Pesticide exposure--Indian scene

Use of pesticides in India began in 1948 when DDT was imported for malaria control and BHC for locust control. India started pesticide production with manufacturing plant for DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC) (HCH) in the year 1952. In 1958, India was producing over 5000 metric tonnes of pesticides. Currently, there are approximately 145 pesticides registered for use, and production has increased to approximately 85,000 metric tonnes. Rampant use of these chemicals has given rise to several short-term and long-term adverse effects of these chemicals. The first report of poisoning due to pesticides in India came from Kerala in 1958 where, over 100 people died after consuming wheat flour contaminated with parathion. Subsequently several cases of pesticide-poisoning including the Bhopal disaster have been reported. Despite the fact that the consumption of pesticides in India is still very low, about 0.5 kg/ha of pesticides against 6.60 and 12.0 kg/ha in Korea and Japan, respectively, there has been a widespread contamination of food commodities with pesticide residues, basically due to non-judicious use of pesticides. In India, 51% of food commodities are contaminated with pesticide residues and out of these, 20% have pesticides residues above the maximum residue level values on a worldwide basis. It has been observed that their long-term, low-dose exposure are increasingly linked to human health effects such as immune-suppression, hormone disruption, diminished intelligence, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. In this light, problems of pesticide safety, regulation of pesticide use, use of biotechnology, and biopesticides, and use of pesticides obtained from natural plant sources such as neem extracts are some of the future strategies for minimizing human exposure to pesticides.     

采用相对效能因子法对枸杞中拟除虫菊酯类农药的慢性累积暴露评估

目的：对枸杞中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留带来的累积暴露量进行评估,并探讨相对效能因子法 (RPF)在中药中农药残留累积风险评估中的应用。方法：采用GC-MS/MS法对40批枸杞药材中15种拟除虫菊酯类农药进行检测分析。以溴氰菊酯作为指示农药,采用RPF法,计算拟除虫菊酯类农药的累积暴露量,并与每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行比较,分析风险。同时采用危害指数法(HI)评价累积风险,并对两种方法进行比较。结果：40批枸杞样品中共有4种拟除虫菊酯类农药检出,样品检出率为 84.5%,其中有67.6%的样品中检出2种及以上拟除虫菊酯类农药。通过RPF法和HI法计算得累积风险值分别为0.000205和0.000218,均远低于1,表明累积摄入风险较低。同时发现通过2种方法得出的风险评价一致,但不同方法中各农药的风险贡献值有较大差异,这与2种方法所选择的毒性判断终点不同有关。 结论：通过摄入枸杞中拟除虫菊酯类农药对人体产生的健康风险尚处于可接受水平,并且首次探索了 RPF法在中药农药残留累积评估中的应用,为逐步完善中药中农药残留风险评估系统提供了借鉴。     

固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定莪术中15种有机氯农药的残留量

目的用固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱分析方法测定莪术中15种有机氯农药残留量。方法样品以混合溶剂超声提取、Florisil固相萃取小柱净化处理后,采用DB-1701毛细管气相色谱柱分离样品,电子捕获检测器检测。内标法定量,计算有机氯农药的残留量。结果15种农药在5~500μg.L-1范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.995。15种农药3个不同浓度的平均回收率为83.1%~110.6%,RSD%为3.4%~14.8%。最小检测量为0.08~1.5μg.L-1。被测样品中均含有不同程度的有机氯农药。结论本法简便、灵敏、准确、重现性好,可用于中药材中有机氯类农药的残留量测定。     

加味逍遥片及其处方中药材的农药多残留研究

目的:以加味逍遥片及其处方中的6种药材,2种提取物作为研究对象,对其中231种农药残留情况进行检测,为加味逍遥片中农药残留情况研究及限度制定提供参考依据.方法:以《欧洲药典》规定的植物药中农药检测指标结合我国农药实际使用调研,共筛选出231个农药品种作为本方法的检测对象.对前处理方式进行考察和优化,针对加味逍遥片生产过...     

潮汕地区3种中草药中10种有机磷农药残留分布特征及风险评估

目的:建立潮汕地区3种中草药中10种有机磷农药的选择性多残留检测方法。方法:采用Qu ECh ERS法处理潮汕地区常用中草药白花蛇舌草、茅根和臭花,以气相色谱-串联质谱法为分析检测手段,建立10种有机磷农药的选择性多残留检测方法,分析不同中草药中有机磷农药总体残留水平、分布特征,并对其有机磷农药残留进行风险评估。结果:10种有机磷农药质量浓度在0.01~1.0μg/ml范围内,有机磷农药质量浓度与其峰面积之间呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r2)为0.9993~0.9997;检出限为1.0~3.0μg/kg,定量限为3.3~10.0μg/kg;加标回收率为90.3%~98.8%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~3.4%;潮汕地区随机采样的白花蛇舌草、茅根和臭花中,10种有机磷农药均未检出残留,不会对普通人群造成不可接受的长期膳食摄入风险。结论:该法准确度高、精密度好,适用于3种中草药中10种有机磷农药残留分布特征及风险评估。     

Risk assessment of mixtures of pesticides. Current approaches and future strategies

The risk assessment of pesticide residues in food is based on toxicological evaluation of the single compounds and no internationally accepted procedure exists for evaluation of cumulative exposure to multiple residues of pesticides in crops, except for a few groups of pesticides sharing a group ADI. However, several attempts have been suggested during the last decade. This paper gives an overview of the various approaches. It is of paramount importance to consider whether there will be either no interaction or interaction between the compounds in the mixture. When there are no interactions several approaches are available for the risk assessment of mixtures of pesticides. However, no single simple approach is available to judge upon potential interactions at the low doses that humans are exposed to from pesticide residues in food. In these cases, PBTK models could be useful as tools to assess combined tissue doses and to help predict potential interactions including thresholds for such effects. This would improve the quality of the risk assessment.     

Stakeholder attitudes towards cumulative and aggregate exposure assessment of pesticides

This study evaluates the attitudes and perspectives of different stakeholder groups (agricultural producers, pesticide manufacturers, trading companies, retailers, regulators, food safety authorities, scientists and NGOs) towards the concepts of cumulative and aggregate exposure assessment of pesticides by means of qualitative in-depth interviews (n = 15) and a quantitative stakeholder survey (n = 65). The stakeholders involved generally agreed that the use of chemical pesticides is needed, primarily for meeting the need of feeding the growing world population, while clearly acknowledging the problematic nature of human exposure to pesticide residues. Current monitoring was generally perceived to be adequate, but the timeliness and consistency of monitoring practices across countries were questioned. The concept of cumulative exposure assessment was better understood by stakeholders than the concept of aggregate exposure assessment. Identified pitfalls were data availability, data limitations, sources and ways of dealing with uncertainties, as well as information and training needs. Regulators and food safety authorities were perceived as the stakeholder groups for whom cumulative and aggregate pesticide exposure assessment methods and tools would be most useful and acceptable. Insights obtained from this exploratory study have been integrated in the development of targeted and stakeholder-tailored dissemination and training programmes that were implemented within the EU-FP7 project ACROPOLIS.     

Effect of Iranian traditional cooking on fate of pesticides in white rice

In the current study, the reduction in the level of 42 pesticides from different chemical groups in white rice by means of traditional cooking was evaluated. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system in combination with the modified QuEChERS technique as the base of sample preparation method was employed. The spiked rice samples (at 3 levels of 25, 100, and 500?ng/g) were analyzed to determine the reduction percentage of pesticide. Processing factor for each pesticide excepted for one of them was lower than 1. The introduced sample preparation and identification methods showed a precision as well as accuracy. The recovery of pesticides at three concentration levels was in the range of 84.08–105.95%. The highest and lowest percentages of pesticides reduction were reported as 99.8% and 15.6% for dichlorvos and metalaxyl, respectively. Regarding the different chemical groups, the most reduction is belong organophosphorus pesticides and the less reduction can be correlated to organochlorine pesticides. The results demonstrated that the Iranian traditional rice cooking, which involves long boiling times, significantly could reduce the concentrations of pesticide residues in white rice.     

GC-MS法测定18种药材中的农药残留量

目的建立测定18种中药材及饮片中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的GC-MS方法。方法样品经乙腈-丙酮超声提取,经无水硫酸钠-硅镁型吸附剂-无水硫酸钠色谱柱净化,用GC-MS法测定18种中药材及饮片中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的残留量。结果有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量测定的线性范围为0.8~3.2ng,相关系数r≥0.990,平均回收率为56.2%~118.5%,重复性RSD值为0.2%~11.2%,稳定性RSD值小于3%。其中敌敌畏、仲丁威、二嗪农、抗蚜威和马拉硫磷在107批药材中的含量均小于0.15mg·kg-1。结论该方法灵敏度高,净化效果好,符合农药残留的检测要求。     

分散固相萃取法与酶抑制法测定8种不同部位中药材农药残留

目的建立分散固相萃取法(QuEChERS)农残净化,结合酶抑制原理,采用紫外分光光度法快速检测8种不同部位中药材中的农药残留。方法样品中加入无水硫酸镁和氯化钠各0.5g,混匀,乙腈提取,经含有C_(18)、PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)和GCB(石墨化碳黑)的固相萃取小柱净化,根据酶抑制原理,利用紫外分光光度法进行农药残留的快速检测。结果有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药的质量浓度在一定范围内与抑制率I呈线性关系,该方法用于中药材的样品处理,重复性范围为4.1%~11.2%。结论该方法快捷、简便,适合8种不同部位中药材中农药残留的快速初步检测。     

Pesticides and food safety

This report reviews recent developments regarding the environmental, toxicological, and regulatory issues surrounding pesticide residues in food. Factors affecting the establishment of regulatory limits are discussed. Pesticides monitored by state and federal agencies are compiled and the need for improvements in analytical techniques and enforcement procedures in governmental monitoring programs is pointed out. Specific incidents of concern related to pesticides in food including EDB in grain and grain products, aldicarb in watermelon, demeton-methyl in wine, DDT in fish, S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate in chili peppers, and daminozide in apples and processed apple products are described. The National Academy of Science's study on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) method for setting tolerances for pesticide residues is discussed, especially the dietary cancer risk estimates from pesticides and the inconsistencies in regulating oncogenic pesticides in raw and processed foods existing under the Delaney Clause. The EPA's Tolerance Assessment System is identified to improve the quality of the tolerance establishment process. New California laws to ensure food safety include mandated activities in identifying the toxicological data gaps for pesticides and evaluating pesticide tolerances. Already initiated, tighter regulatory activities at both the federal and the state levels are expected to improve scientific information development, regulatory decisions, and public health protection.     

中药材种植中农药使用情况及残留现状分析

目的： 对中药材种植病虫害发生特点、农药残留污染现状进行综述汇总,旨在掌握中药材中农药残留情况,进而为中药材中农药监测和管理提出建议方法： 查阅近5年内发表的相关文献并结合本课题组对中药材中农药残留筛查与日常监测情况,整理不同中药材种植过程中农药登记情况、农药残留污染现状等。结果与结论： 中药材中农药残留检出率高但残留量较低。现有登记农药种类远不能满足实际种植中的病虫害防治需求,部分药材种植过程中存在农药滥用情况。建议应关注部分药材中植物生长素的使用情况,采用风险评估方法为标准制定和监管提供有力证据;同时,研究低毒的病虫害防治手段,从源头上避免农药污染。     

固相萃取毛细管气相色谱法测定党参、龙胆中15种有机氯农药的残留量

目的用固相萃取毛细管气相色谱分析方法测定党参、龙胆2种中药材中15种有机氯农药残留量。方法样品以混合溶剂超声提取、Florisil固相萃取小柱净化处理后,采用DB 1701毛细管气相色谱柱分离样品,电子捕获检测器检测,内标法定量。结果15种农药在5~500μg.L-1内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.995 0。15种农药3个不同质量浓度的平均回收率为83.1%~110.6%,RSD为3.4%~14.8%。最小检测量为0.08~1.50μg.L-1。被测样品中均含有不同程度的有机氯农药。结论本法可用于中草药党参和龙胆中有机氯类农药的残留量测定。     

Chronic dietary risk characterization for pesticide residues: A ranking and scoring method integrating agricultural uses and food contamination data

A method has been developed to identify pesticide residues and foodstuffs for inclusion in national monitoring programs with different priority levels. It combines two chronic dietary intake indicators: ATMDI based on maximum residue levels and agricultural uses, and EDI on food contamination data. The mean and 95th percentile of exposure were calculated for 490 substances using individual and national consumption data. The results show that mean ATMDI exceeds the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for 10% of the pesticides, and the mean upper-bound EDI is above the ADI for 1.8% of substances. A seven-level risk scale is presented for substances already analyzed in food in France and substances not currently sought. Of 336 substances analyzed, 70 pesticides of concern (levels 2-5) should be particularly monitored, 22 of which are priority pesticides (levels 4 and 5). Of 154 substances not sought, 36 pesticides of concern (levels 2-4) should be included in monitoring programs, including 8 priority pesticides (level 4). In order to refine exposure assessment, analytical improvements and developments are needed to lower the analytical limits for priority pesticide/commodity combinations. Developed nationally, this method could be applied at different geographic scales.     

A fast screening method for multi-residue pesticide analysis of TCM herbs using liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flightmass spectrometry

OBJECTIVE Identification of pesticide residues in TCM herbs is important for drug safety and public health.However,it is very challenging for the development of an instrument-based multi-residue pesticide analysis method for theherbalproducts due to their complex matrix.This study aims to develop a rapid method for the high-throughput detection of pesticide residues in TCM herbal products using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupoletime of flight(LC-QTOF)mass spectrometry.METHODS In this study,we attempt to investigate possible pesticide residues in TCM herbal products which are commonly available in Singapore and to consolidate a comprehensive pesticide database for more than 250 regulated pesticides in FDA Regulations.We also attempt to perform non-targeted and targeted screenings of pesticide residues in herbal products by searching our database.RESULTS The developed LC-QTOF method demonstrates have high mass accuracy,resolution and selectivity,which makes it a very suitable tool for monitoring both target and non-target pesticides with a limit of detection at the low ppb level.Moreover,the LC-QTOF technology permits to retain all spectral data in a single run.It may avoid many difficulties related to matrix effects and will save much manpower.CONCLUSIONThis means that a variety of TCM herbs can be easily detected by this method for the presence or absence of pesticide residues that must conform to government regulations.     

气相色谱双塔双柱法同时测定中药材中56种有机氯类及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

研究中药材中有机氯类及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的测定方法。样品经高速均质器均质提取, 依次经凝胶渗透色谱 (GPC) 和固相萃取柱 (SPE) 净化后, 用气相色谱双塔双柱进样, 双电子捕获检测器同时定性、定量测定。在3种中药材样品基质、3水平添加条件下, 56种农药的回收率大多在70.0%～110.0%, 相对标准偏差小于15%, 检测限大多低于0.01 mg·kg⁻¹, 符合农药多残留检测的要求。本法净化效果好、基质干扰小、灵敏度高、重现性好, 可用于中药材样品中有机氯类及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的检测。     

A case study on Bangka Island, Indonesia on the habits and consequences of pesticide use in pepper plantations

Habits and consequences of pesticide use in pepper plantations were studied in Indonesia. The first study was conducted by questioning 117 farmers about their habits in pesticide use and determining pesticide residues on pepper berries on Bangka Island. Meanwhile, the second study was completed by analyzing exposure levels of pesticide in farmers' bodies before and after pesticide application to pepper plantations at Sukamulya, West Java. Risks of pesticide exposure to below ground terrestrial invertebrates and aquatic ecosystems adjacent to the treated fields were evaluated using scenarios and a decision support system. Results showed that five respondents (4.3%) were agricultural workers without their own plantations and the others were plantation owners. About 112 respondents (95.7%) used pesticides regularly, while 21 respondents (17.9%) had experienced pesticide poisoning. About 54 respondents (46.2%) tended to apply the same pesticide on all occasions, and 104 respondents (88.9%) indicated to always apply a single compound. About 91 respondents (77.8%) were not aware of the possible impact of pesticides on their health, and 102 respondents (87.2%) were not aware of the possible effects on the environment. In addition while spraying pesticides 17 respondents (14.5%) were smoking, 81 respondents (69.2%) were wearing daily clothes, and 84 respondents (71.8%) were throwing empty bottles into the forest. Exposure study revealed that the residues in the urine and blood increased 6.5-10 and 1.1-1.5 folds, respectively indicating actual and direct exposures. The environmental risk assessment indicated low risks for the terrestrial below ground invertebrates but high potential risks for the aquatic ecosystem. The residues of the major pesticides were below the maximum residue limits. This study indicated that the farmers and their workers, and probably also the environment, were at risk of high exposure to the pesticides applied, but that the risks for the consumers were negligible, if present at all.