血液培养中阳性病原菌分布及体外耐药监测

目的 了解台州地区患者血培养病原菌分布及耐药情况，为临床治疗方案提供依据。方法 血液标本培养经BacT／Aler120血培养仪培养，再用VITEK-32微生物分析系统对分离所得阳性菌株进行鉴定和药敏分析；真菌药敏用K-B法做药敏。结果 从1275例血培养中分离出病原菌187株，总的阳性率为14．7％，其中革兰阴性杆菌占36．5％，革兰阳性球菌占56．1％，革兰阳性杆菌占2．1％，真菌属占5．3％。病原菌以表皮葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、甲型伤寒沙门菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主：葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率达到95．7％，金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林的耐药率为70．0％，凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌甲氧西林的耐药率为70．7％，在所有阳性球菌中未发现万古霉素耐药；革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄青霉素耐药率达到80．6％，大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性率分别为47．3％、33．3％，革兰阴性杆菌对碳希青霉素类敏感率为92.3％。结论 血培养中检出的病原菌以革兰阳性球菌为主：药敏结果显示多重耐药，根据药敏结果，合理使用抗生素。     

综合性医院405株细菌的分离鉴定及耐药性调查

[目的]调查综合性医院常见菌株对各种抗生素的耐药性，为合理使用抗生素控制感染提供依据。[方法]用纸片扩散法或微量稀释法测定塘沽医院临床分离细菌的体外药敏试验。[结果]分离菌株位于前六位的是：大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。检测他们对11种抗生素的耐药性，结果显示：革兰阴性杆菌对丁胺卡那霉素、头孢他啶最为敏感，大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星的耐药率急剧上升，已达65％。革兰阳性球菌中肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为4．3％；耐苯唑西林的葡萄球菌对大多数抗生素的耐药率都在50％以上。未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌出现。[结论]系统的耐药性检测对临床合理用药具有重要临床意义。     

临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析本院2006年临床常见病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法分离培养得到病原菌，用Micro Scan Walk Away40微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果革兰阳性球菌占40．2％，革兰阴性杆菌占59．8％；前6位依次为大肠埃希菌、溶血葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。葡萄球菌中未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株；革兰阴性杆菌中未发现对亚胺硫霉素耐药的菌株。结论细菌耐药呈上升趋势，多重耐药日趋严重。临床应重视细菌耐药性问题，根据具体菌种及药敏结果合理使用抗生素。     

泌尿系感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

[目的]了解我院泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及常见病原菌的耐药性，为临床合理用药提供依据。[方法]采用API鉴定系统进行病原菌鉴定，用琼脂纸片扩散法（K—B法）进行药敏试验。[结果]分离出病原菌282株，其中革兰阴性杆菌199株，占70．57％；革兰阳性球菌67株，占23．76％。检出率最高的是大肠埃希菌，其次为肠球菌和葡萄球菌等。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西彬他唑巴坦的耐药率较低，分别为1．32％、7．89％、11．18％；肠球菌及葡萄球菌对万古霉素耐药率最低，分别为3．33％和0。[结论]泌尿系感染主要由革兰阴性杆菌引起。临床医生应依据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素。     

细菌性腹膜炎病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的分析细菌性腹膜炎病原菌分布及耐药状况。方法用phoenixTM100细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对113株腹膜炎患者腹水中分离的病原菌进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果在分离的113株细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌及真菌分别占56.6%、39.9%和3.5%;革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌占绝对优势（23.0%）,革兰阳性菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占绝对优势（15.9%）。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌分别占该种细菌的53.8%和36.4%;耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）占凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的88.9%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占金黄色葡萄球菌的57.1%。药敏试验表明细菌性腹膜炎的病原菌表现为较高的耐药率及多重耐药性。结论细菌性腹膜炎的病原菌耐药性严重,及时监测病原菌的变迁和耐药发展趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

2010年某院临床常见细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解2010年临床分离菌株对抗菌药物的耐药情况.方法 细菌鉴定采用手工法,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法.结果 2010年各临床科室送检标本中,真菌、克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、假单胞菌、肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原菌.革兰阴性菌中以假单胞菌耐药性最高,其次为大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌.革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌感染呈下降趋势,而凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染呈上升趋势,耐药率也随之增长.结论 临床科室应注意微生物实验室所提供的细菌耐药情况,合理使用抗生素.     

住院病人中常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解住院病人常见细菌的菌群分布及耐药特征，为临床感染治疗提供参考依据。方法采用MicroScanAuto-Scan-40半自动微生物鉴定仪和药敏系统及配套进行菌株鉴定与药物敏感性测定，并检测ESBLs。结果2007年10-12月我院临床分离614株细菌中革兰阴性杆菌524（85．3％），革兰阳性球菌90株（14．7％）。革兰阴性杆菌中以大肠埃希菌占多数（152株），其余依次为肺炎克雷伯菌（100株）、鲍曼不动杆菌（80株）、铜绿假单胞菌（79株）。金葡菌（SA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）中甲氧西林耐药株（MRSA和MRCNS）各占30．3％和35．3％，未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌和肠球菌；大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产ESBLs的发生率为62．5％和32．0％，革兰阴性杆菌对大多数抗菌药物（除了亚胺培南）耐药率高。结论我院革兰阴性杆菌及革兰阳性球菌耐药性强且多重耐药，应合理应用抗生素并严密监控新的耐药菌的产生。     

尿路感染病源菌分析及耐药性调查

[目的]了解医院尿路感染病源菌分布及其耐药性,为临床用药提供依据。[方法]按照常规培养方法分离病源菌,采用法国生物梅里埃API鉴定系统和Kirby—Bauer琼脂扩散法对病源菌进行鉴定及药物敏感试验并应用WHONET5．5软件分析细菌分布和耐药性。[结果]930株尿路感染主要病源菌中革兰阴性杆菌574株占61．7％,革兰阳性球菌234株占25．2％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别为8．5％和10．3％。真菌122株占13．1％。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）株分别为19．8％和14．7％。[结论]大肠埃希菌是尿路感染的主要病原菌,真菌感染及细菌多重耐药是我院面临的重要问题,临床上应根据体外药敏结果选择抗菌药物,控制耐药菌株的产生。     

医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性观察

目的监测我院医院感染病原菌分布及耐药状况,为指导临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法采用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪,对本医院住院患者的各类标本分离细菌进行鉴定和耐药性分析。结果共分离出病原菌4978株,其中革兰阴性杆菌917株,革兰阳性球菌547株,其余为其他菌株。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢吡肟耐药率分别为48.6%和56.4%,其他革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药率<6%。革兰阳性球菌对呋喃妥因和万古霉素均比较敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星耐药率高达76%。结论医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌为主,这些致病菌对常用抗生素耐药率较高,必须加强耐药性监测和药敏试验,指导合理使用抗生素。     

临床常见病原菌的耐药性测定

目的：了解临床常见病原菌及其耐药现状．为合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：对2000-2001年住院患标本分离出的816株病原菌及药敏试验进行分析。结果：816株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌387株(47．4％)，革兰阳性球菌323株(39．5％)；真菌106株(13．0％)。金黄色葡萄球菌在常见分离致病菌中占第1位．革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林均高度耐药；肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、羧苄西林均有很高的耐药率。结论：金黄色葡萄球菌和真菌的发生率明显上升，革兰阴性杆菌中，肺炎克雷伯菌增加明显；主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高，提示临床使用抗菌药物应根据药敏试验，避免盲目使用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.