新型吲哚胺2,3-二加氧酶抑制剂及其治疗人类疾病的研究

吲哚胺2,3-二加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)是催化色氨酸沿犬尿氨酸代谢途径分解的限速酶,已被证实与肿瘤、阿尔茨海默病、抑郁症和白内障等多种人类疾病的发病机制密切相关.IDO抑制剂是具有新药靶、新机制的广谱药物,应用前景非常广阔.     

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶的研究进展

吲哚胺2,3双加氧酶（IDO）是色氨酸沿犬尿酸途径分解代谢的限速酶,在多种肿瘤组织中均有较高的表达,其高表达是导致肿瘤免疫耐受的原因之一,与肿瘤患者的预后较差关系密切。目前,学者们观点比较一致的是, IDO可通过3种机制参与诱导肿瘤微环境中的免疫耐受。脂多糖和多种细胞因子等物质可调节IDO的表达,1-甲基色氨酸作为IDO的抑制剂在肿瘤患者的免疫治疗中显示出了积极的作用,因此对IDO如何参与肿瘤免疫耐受具体机制的进一步研究,将会对今后制定肿瘤治疗策略具有重要的指导意义。     

吲哚胺2,3-二氧化酶与免疫系统功能调节

免疫应答受多种因素影响和调节,从而维持机体内环境的稳定。巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等抗原提呈细胞表达的吲哚胺2,3-二氧化酶(Indoleam ine 2,3-d ioxygenase,IDO)清除局部微环境中的色氨酸,诱导T淋巴细胞的凋亡,通过调节性T细胞的作用抑制T细胞的克隆性增生,参于细胞免疫的调节;在机体维持正常的妊娠以及自身免疫性疾病、器官移植排斥反应、肿瘤等疾病的发生发展中起着重要作用。调控IDO的活性可能是寻找防治免疫相关性疾病药物的新途径。     

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶在肿瘤及肿瘤耐药中的研究现状

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)是一种肝外催化色氨酸沿犬尿氨酸途径降解的限速酶。IDO抑制药被用在不同恶性肿瘤及耐药肿瘤治疗的相关实验中,特别是与放疗和化疗相结合时取得了良好的效果。本文将对IDO及其抑制药对肿瘤及肿瘤耐药的影响进行综述。     

新型吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂的合成及活性研究

目的设计合成2类1H-吲唑类新化合物,并测试其吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)抑制活性。方法以肿瘤免疫关键调控蛋白IDO1作为靶标,依据IDO1活性位点的关键药效团特征,利用合理药物设计方法,以前期研究获得的高活性化合物作为先导化合物,设计合成了2类1H-吲唑类衍生物,并测试其体外IDO1酶抑制活性。采用分子对接软件DOCK6进行分子对接模拟并分析化合物的构效关系。结果与结论合成了5个1H-吲唑类衍生物,均表现出不同程度的IDO1抑制活性,其中化合物2a和3b的抑制活性较好,在100μmol·L~(-1)时的抑制率均为69%。构效关系和分子对接研究显示,4位连接基团的结构对化合物活性影响很大,1H-吲唑类化合物还有很大结构优化空间,极具开发潜力,可为靶向IDO1的肿瘤免疫治疗提供候选化合物。     

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)抑制剂的研究进展

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1,IDO1)是代谢色氨酸转化为犬尿氨酸的限速酶.其在肿瘤组织中过表达,造成肿瘤微环境中的色氨酸耗竭,从而抑制T细胞功能,介导肿瘤的免疫逃逸,是潜在的肿瘤免疫治疗靶点.目前,多个IDO1抑制剂处于临床研究阶段.本文主要介绍IDO1介导肿...     

吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶的表达与宫颈癌发生和病理进程的关系研究

目的：探讨吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶（IDO）的表达情况与女性宫颈癌的发生与病理进程的相关性。方法选取宫颈癌手术治疗后的石钠组织标本75例（宫颈癌组）,宫颈上皮瘤变Ⅰ级标本30例（CINⅠ级组）、宫颈上皮瘤变Ⅱ~Ⅲ级标本30例（CINⅡ~Ⅲ级组）、体检收集的正常宫颈标本30例（正常组）,采用免疫组织化学法检测各组样本中的 IDO 阳性表达率,并追踪观察 IDO 表达与宫颈癌患者病理及生存与后的关系。结果宫颈癌组标本的 IDO 阳性表达率显著的高于 CINⅠ级组、CINⅡ~Ⅲ级组和正常组（ P <0.05）;CINⅡ~Ⅲ级组 IDO 阳性表达率显著的高于正常组（ P <0.05）。低分化宫颈癌患者、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期宫颈癌患者、发生淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者的 IDO 阳性率表达显著的增高,IDO 阳性表达与患者的分化程度、FIGO 分期、淋巴结转移具有一定的关系（P <0.05）。经过36个月的随访,IDO 阳性表达53例患者中有7例死亡、2例失访,IDO 阴性表达患者22例中有3例死亡,1例失访,IDO 表达阳性与阴性患者的3年病死率差异无统计学意义（ P >0.05）;IDO 阴性表达患者的3年生存中位时间35.4个月与 IDO 阳性表达患者的34.2个月差异无统计学意义（ P >0.05）。结论 IDO 在宫颈癌组织中高表达,与宫颈癌的分化程度、FIGO 分期、淋巴结转移具有一定的关系,与患者的3年生存预后关系不显著,需进一步延长随访时间进行观察。     

2,3-吲哚醌抗肿瘤作用研究

目的研究2,3-吲哚醌的抗肿瘤作用及机制。方法观察2,3-吲哚醌对小鼠肉瘤(S180)、小鼠肝癌(H22)、小鼠艾氏腹水瘤实体型(EC)和腹水型(EAC)的抗肿瘤作用;免疫组化法测定药物对S180肿瘤组织中PCNA、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响;核染色法(Hoechst33258染色)和MTT法观察2,3-吲哚醌对人神经母瘤(SH-SY5Y)细胞体外促凋亡和抗增殖作用。结果2,3-吲哚醌对3种小鼠移植性肿瘤有抑制作用,对荷瘤鼠血液白细胞水平无影响;2,3-吲哚醌可抑制S180肿瘤组织中PCNA,Bcl-2蛋白表达;2,3-吲哚醌可促进人神经母瘤细胞凋亡并抑制其增殖。结论2,3-吲哚醌有抗肿瘤作用,其机制与抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。     

新型吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂的设计及生物活性研究

目的 吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1（Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1,IDO1）催化色氨酸的氧化裂解,是色氨酸-犬尿氨酸途径中的关键限速步骤。在肿瘤组织中,肿瘤细胞高表达吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1,因此设计其小分子抑制剂有望成为有效的肿瘤免疫治疗药物。方法 本研究在前期高通量筛选发现的先导化合物LVS-19的基础上,通过分子对接模型,设计合成新型吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂。结果 设计并合成5个衍生物。其中最优化合物6e测得的IC₅₀值为2.61 μmol·L^-1,相较于苗头化合物活性提高约3倍的。结论 本研究能为吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂的结构修饰与改造提供理论依据。     

2,3-吲哚醌在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的考察单次静脉注射和口服给予大鼠2,3-吲哚醌后的药代动力学,为该药的新药开发提供依据。方法大鼠给药后经眼眶静脉采大约0.25ml血液,采集时间点为:给予受试物前(0hr)和给予受试物后5、15、30min、1、2、4、6、8h和24h。血液样本采集后置于冰上,并立即取出50μl全血采用甲醇蛋白沉淀进行预处理,奎硫平作为内标。预处理后样品采用LC/MS/MS法进行测定,并用药动学处理软件WinNonlin5.2采用非房室模型计算相关药代动力学参数。结果 SpragueDawley大鼠静脉注射和口服两种制剂的药动学参数(平均值±标准偏差)如下。静脉注射:Tmax为(0.83±0.29)hr,Cmax为(141.53±10.99)μg/L,t1/2为(1.68±0.84)hr,AUC0-t为(1068.15±389.06)μg/hr/L,AUC0-∞为(1211.19±469.18)μg·hr/L,Vz为(4.13±1.41)L/kg,CLz为(1.89±0.94)L/hr/kg;口服:Tmax为(0.05±0.00)hr,Cmax为(1725.53±469.70)ng/ml,t1/2为(4.21±2.78)hr,AUC0-t为(7711.21±2533.12)μg/hr/L,AUC0-∞为(7986.07±2623.38)μg/hr/L,以AUC0-t计算,生物利用度平均为(57.75±18.97)%。结论 2,3-吲哚醌大鼠体内消除较快,可能存在非线性消除,口服吸收较好。     

Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: a review of novel patented lead compounds

Importance of the field: The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) regulates immune responses through the capacity to degrade the essential amino-acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other downstream metabolites that suppress effector T-cell function and favour the differentiation of regulatory T cells. The current experimental evidence indicates that IDO can be expressed by a variety of cell types, including dendritic cells, tumour cells and stromal cells. Recently, IDO has been implicated in B-cell stimulation and autoantibody production in experimental models of autoimmune diseases.

Areas covered in this review: Advances in the biochemistry of IDO and our understanding of the biological relevance of IDO-mediated tryptophan consumption to the establishment of immune tolerance are summarised and discussed. A selection of recent patents in the field are also reviewed and analysed.

What the reader will gain: Readers will gain an overview of the patented compounds with IDO inhibitory activity from an immunologist's perspective. They will also learn about the companies that are main players in the field.

Take home message: Current evidence points to IDO as a molecular target for therapeutic intervention in order to restrain unwanted inflammatory/autoimmune responses and/or to boost antitumour immunity.     

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a novel therapeutic target for Huntington’s disease

Introduction: Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the severe motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms and the great socioeconomic burden caused by the disease, available treatment is mainly symptomatic.

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main metabolic route of tryptophan degradation, in the course of which several neuroactive compounds are generated. The imbalance of the neurotoxic and neuroprotectant metabolites can lead to excitotoxicity and overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which both contribute to the progression of HD. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key enzyme of the KP that has various immune modulatory roles.

Areas covered: Current knowledge of the involvement of KP in HD pathogenesis with a particular focus on IDO1. By reviewing the diverse roles of the enzyme in kynurenine production, immune modulation, and serotonin metabolism, we elucidate the factors that make this enzyme a therapeutic target.

Expert opinion: Due to the complexity of HD and the various effects that IDO1 exerts, targeting this enzyme, while highly profitable, may be a great challenge. Through IDO1 activity, neurodegeneration, inflammatory processes and depressive symptoms, often related to HD, can be modulated. Ongoing trials of IDO1 inhibitors in other areas of medicine offer advantages for initiating approaches toward this enzyme as a therapeutic target.     

The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory protective effects of rutin against ethanol-induced testicular perturbation in rats: Involvement of the immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

This study investigated the influence of rutin against EtOH-induced testicular impairment in rats and the involvement of the indole-aminergic pathway. Four groups of eight rats each were orally exposed to drinking water (Group 1), EtOH (5 g/kg bwt, Group 2), R (5 g/kg bwt, Group 3), and EtOH + R (5 g/kg bwt + 50 mg/kg bwt, Group 4) via gavage for 15 days. Results showed that exposure to EtOH significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the testicular antioxidant system and increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) relative to control. We observed a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in the inflammatory biomarkers, with attendant disruption in the testicular histological structure and concomitant elevation in the activities of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), in comparison with control and no noticeable effects in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) activity across the groups. Rutin-only exposed group did not show any alteration in the measured parameters when compared with the control. Rutin co-exposure augmented the antioxidant system, prevented histological damage, reduced LPO and inflammation, and thus, lowered EtOH-mediated increase in IDO activity, compared with control. Overall, these findings reveal the involvement of the indole-aminergic pathway in rutin's protective influence against EtOH-induced testicular impairment in rats.     

Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in IFN-gamma stimulated astroglioma cells decreases intracellular NAD levels

Astroglia provide essential metabolic and neurotropic support to cells within the CNS and participate in the cellular immune response with microglia/macrophages following activation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma. Activation of glial cells results in local oxidative stress and induction of a number of proteins including the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). As a rate-limiting enzyme, IDO regulates tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway producing a series of metabolic precursors (some of which are neurotoxic) before complete oxidation to the essential pyridine nucleotide NAD. Inhibition of this pathway may therefore prove therapeutic in neuroinflammatory disease by reducing production of cell toxins. However, kynurenine metabolism may also be cytoprotective through de novo synthesis of cellular NAD levels. We investigated the hypothesis that IDO activity is directly involved in maintenance of intracellular [NAD] in activated astroglial cells through control of de novo synthesis. Exposure to IFN-gamma increased IDO activity from 7+/-1 nmol to 129+/-11 nmol kynurenine/hr/mg protein. Inhibition of IDO activity with either 6-chloro-D-tryptophan (competitive inhibition), or 3-ethoxy beta-carboline (non-competitive inhibition) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in IDO activity that correlated directly with decreasing [NAD] (R(2)=0.92 and 0.81, respectively). These results support the hypothesis that one important consequence of increasing IDO activity in astroglial cells during inflammation is to maintain NAD levels through de novo synthesis from tryptophan. Inhibition of kynurenine pathway metabolism under these conditions may significantly decrease cell viability and CNS functions unless alternate precursors for NAD synthesis are available.     

用于治疗呼吸系统疾病的双靶点PDE3/4抑制剂研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺病和哮喘是以气道阻塞为主要表现的复杂炎症性疾病,已成为严重影响人类健康的呼吸道常见疾病。与临床单独使用PDE3或PDE4抑制剂相比,双靶点PDE3/4抑制剂具有协同的抗炎和支气管扩张作用,近年来引起广泛关注。本文综述目前处于临床前和临床研究阶段的双靶点PDE3/4抑制剂代表性研究成果,总结其最新进展及用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病和哮喘的潜力。