运用“六经病欲解时”和“升降相因”理论治疗咳嗽病临证探讨

[目的]拓展“六经病欲解时”和“升降相因”理论在咳嗽病治疗中的临床应用。[方法]通过临床5则医案,阐明“六经病欲解时”与“升降相因”理论在咳嗽病中的运用思路与方法,并观察临床疗效。[结果]5则医案均具有反复出现的时间性特征,表现为一个或者数个时段症状突出,符合“欲解时”理论。六经传变有三阳传变、三阴递进的特点,太阴、少阴、厥阴及少阳四经在时辰上有重叠,需仔细鉴别。阴阳气消长变化导致脏腑气机升降失调是咳嗽的基本病机,例如少阳病欲解时案肝火冲逆犯肺,以小柴胡汤合从龙汤疏利少阳、降逆平肝;厥阴病欲解时案厥阴风动,以乌梅丸缓肝调中、敛肺止咳;太阳病欲解时案肺气郁闭,予麻黄汤开宣肺气;少阳、阳明欲解时案三焦气机失调,蕴为痰湿,以柴胡桂枝干姜汤加减通利三焦,药后腹泻数次,肺气得降;少阴、厥阴病欲解时案阴虚火旺,予连梅饮加减养阴清热、肃肺止咳。“六经病欲解时”与“升降相因”理论的基础是阴阳气之升降,结合两者治疗咳嗽病能明显提高临床疗效。[结论]洞悉六经病欲解时之象,调节阴阳气之升降于六经当旺之时,在辨治咳嗽中屡获良效。该理论为判断疾病的传变、拟定治则以及给药时间提供了理论依据,值得临床推广与应用。     

从少阳三焦理论辨治疑难杂病

刘英锋教授秉承姚荷生先生学术思想,精于六经辨证,尤其善于运用少阳三焦理论指导疑难杂病辨治,其临床经验丰富、疗效可靠。本文即从其对少阳三焦生理病理特点之见解,结合临床病案分析,以展示其运用经典理论指导临床辨治之妙处,进而加深对"六经辨证可为万病立法"实际意义的认识。     

“见病知源”体会少阳表证

[目的]论述六经辨证的实质,辨析少阳及少阳表证之"源"与六经的关系。[方法]从《伤寒论》第48条条文展开分析二阳并病的内涵,进而引出对六经表证的探讨,以及六经辨证在临床中如何识别与鉴别其特异性病位、特异性病因、特异性病机之"源"。[结果]二阳并病实质是太阳阳明、太阳少阳之表证;六经皆有表证,非独太阳膀胱、手太阴肺可言表证;六邪皆可动六经,非独伤寒、伤风、风温之属;六经皆有营卫气血分证,非独太阳言营与卫。[结论]少阳表证之源,辨病位当以"无少阳里证"为原则;辨病因有风邪、温邪、寒邪、水邪、暑邪、戾气等不同;辨病机在于水火同病、虚实相兼,只是程度的深浅;治方以辛温辛凉佐以苦寒等,总以疏解走表为大趋势。六经辨证的实质是六经气化,临证"见病识源"尤为重要。     

《伤寒论》脾胃气机升降理论探讨

<伤寒论>重在寓理于用,在六经辨证体系中,脾胃气机升降理论贯穿于病因病机,辨证治疗等各个方面,成为不可或缺的重要基础理论.探索脾胃气机升降理论,或能给后学者以启迪.     

疼痛辨治的经方思路

张仲景在《伤寒杂病论》中所创造的六经辨证,是运用了一种"三分思维"的中国古代哲学方法,即在阴阳学说"二分思维"的基础上,再三分阴阳,将疾病的位置、阶段、过程、性质分为太阳、少阳、阳明、太阴、少阴、厥阴六组,太阳、少阴属表,阳明、太阴属里,少阳、厥阴属半表半里。太阳病属于表证、热证;少阴病属于表证、寒证。     

论六经辨证的基本概念与实质

六经辨证是《伤寒论》的主要辨证方法之一。六经辨证即太阳病辨证,阳明病辨证,少阳病辨证,太阴病辨证,少阴病辨证。厥阴病辨证。详而言之,六经辨证的基本概念指的是什么?辨证的实质是什么?张仲景在《伤寒论》中设398条是如何体现运用六经辨证的?六经辨证在各自所系病证中是怎样体现辨证精神的?六经辨证之间有没有相互联系,纵横交错?六经辨证之间是如何审明和辨清不同的证机相同的症状表现?于此试将拙识浅析于次。1 六经本证辨证     

辨证论治——六经辨证和三焦辨证

六经辨证六经病证主要是用于外感病的一种辨证方法。它将外感病发生、发展过程中具有普遍性的症候,予以归纳分类,划为六个证型,即太阳病,阳明病,少阳病,太阴病,少阴病,厥阴病;其中三阳病证以六腑病变为基础,三阴病证以五脏病变为基础。     

104例颈椎间盘突出症患者“六经证型”分布规律调查与机制探讨

目的:调查104例颈椎间盘突出症患者"六经证型"的分布规律。方法:从仲景六经理论出发,分析颈椎间盘突出症的六经证候特点,把符合纳入标准与排除标准的颈椎间盘突出症患者104例按照六经分型标准进行六经分类,同时对其进行临床分型。结果:104例患者中,三阳型(太阳型22例、少阳型58例,阳明型15例)为95例,占全部病例的91.35%,三阳型中以少阳型为主要,占全部病例的55.77%。而三阴病8例(太阴型1例,少阴型6例,厥阴型1例),占7.7%。太阳阳明合病1例。结论:颈椎间盘突出症六经分型以三阳病为主,以少阳病为最多见,三阴病较少;本病有着明显的六经证型的分布规律,适合六经理论辨证治疗,扩大了六经理论的主治范围。     

《伤寒论》应用柴胡汤的探讨

一、柴胡汤不是《伤寒论》中少阳病的主方 (一)少阳病的概念“六经”是指太阳、阳明、少阳、太阴、少阴、厥阴,各“经”所属脏腑,气化功能所及,通过经络与之相连属的部位。《伤寒论》中所言之太阳病、阳明病、少阳病、太阴病、少阴病、厥阴病(下称六经病),即系指因外邪侵入“六经”     

《伤寒论》六经实质探要

《伤寒论》六经辨证理论起源于《内经》六经分证,六经辨证是对伤寒某经病证的病因、病位、病性、正邪力量对比、病机、病势、预后的高度概括,伤寒六经实质是指太阳、阳明、少阳、太阴、少阴、厥阴的手足十二经脉和所连属的脏腑及其生理功能与病理变化而言。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.