2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂蛋白(a)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C的变化及相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者(T2DN)血清脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(CysC)浓度的变化及相关性,分析血清Lp(a)和CysC水平在早期诊断T2DN中的作用及意义。方法分别检测146例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者(分为SDM、EDN和CDN组)和60例健康对照者的血清Lp(a)和CysC的浓度,对结果进行统计学分析。结果与对照组相比,SDM、EDN、CDN组患者Lp(a)均显著升高(P<0.05);与SDM组相比,EDN、CDN组患者Lp(a)均显著升高(P<0.05)。SDM组与对照组相比CysC水平无统计学意义(P>0.05),EDN、CDN组患者CysC均显著升高(P<0.05);与SDM组相比,EDN、CDN组患者CysC均显著升高(P<0.05)。血清Lp(a)、CysC水平与UAER均呈直线正相关(r=0.411,P<0.05;r=0.783,P<0.01);Lp(a)与CysC呈直线正相关(r=0.389,P<0.05)。EDN组Lp(a)与CysC单独以及联合检测的阳性率均比SDM组显著增高(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论 T2DN患者血清Lp(a)和CysC水平与T2DN的发生、发展有关,并且在糖尿病肾病早期已有异常,同时检测血清Lp(a)和CysC对T2DN的早期诊断以及防治和预后有积极的意义。     

糖尿病肾病患者D-二聚体和纤维蛋白原检测的应用价值

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体(DD)和纤维蛋白原(Fig)在糖尿病肾病(DN)患者中的变化及应用价值。方法根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER),将98例2型糖尿病(DM)患者分为单纯糖尿病组(SDM组)、早期糖尿病肾病组(EDN组)和临床糖尿病肾病组(CDN组),30例健康者作为对照组,分别测定各组血浆DD和Fig的水平。结果各糖尿病组与健康对照组比较,DD、Fig水平差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),EDN和CDN组显著高于SDM组(P<0.05),CDN组显著高于EDN组(P<0.01)。DD和Fig分别与UAER呈显著正相关(r=0.469及0.392,P<0.01)。结论DN患者血浆DD和Fig水平随着UAER的增加而升高,两者之间关系密切,可能与DN的进展有关。     

尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比与2型糖尿病下肢血管病变相关性研究

目的探讨尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(UACR)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者下肢血管病变的关系。方法选取T2DM患者577例,根据踝肱指数(ABI)分为不合并下肢血管病变组(NLEAD组,472例)和合并下肢血管病变组(LEAD组,105例),收集两组患者的年龄、病程、吸烟史、收缩压、舒张压、体质指数(BMI)和实验室相关指标。结果 LEAD组年龄、病程、吸烟率、收缩压(SBP)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(Cr)及UACR高于NLEAD组,而肾小球滤过率(eGFR)低于NLEAD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间舒张压(DBP)、体质指数(BMI)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA_1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。相关分析显示,UACR与年龄、病程、SBP、HbA_1c、Cr和UA呈正相关,与eGFR和ABI呈负相关。logistic回归分析结果显示,SBP、LDL-C和UACR是T2DM合并下肢血管病变的危险因素。结论 2型糖尿病患者UACR升高提示下肢血管病变发生的风险增大,定期监测UACR有助于早期预防下肢血管病变。     

2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病患者视黄醇结合蛋白4检测的意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其合并肾病(DN)患者血视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)浓度变化及临床意义。方法根据尿清蛋白排泄率(UAER)将118例T2DM患者分为单纯糖尿病(SDM)组47例、早期糖尿病肾病(EDN)组40例和临床糖尿病肾病(CDN)组31例;另选30例健康体检者作为对照(NC)组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法检测RBP4。结果 SDM、EDN、CDN组RBP4、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)较NC组升高(P<0.05),随病情加重,升高更为明显。RBP4与hs-CRP高度相关(r=0.77,P<0.01)。T2DM患者血浆RBP4水平随着尿清蛋白的增加而升高。结论 T2DM患者血浆RBP4水平明显升高,可作为DN早期的敏感的诊断指标。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者同型半胱氨酸和脂蛋白(a)的变化与相关性研究

目的研究血浆同型半胱氨酸(HCY)和脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]在2型糖尿病肾病(T2DN)中的变化并探讨两者之间的关系。方法根据尿清蛋白排泄率(UAER)将136例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者分为单纯糖尿病组(SDM组)、早期糖尿病肾病组(EDN组)和临床糖尿病肾病组(CDN组),39名健康者作为对照组,分别测定血浆HCY及Lp(a)的水平。结果与对照组比较,T2DM组HCY,Lp(a)有统计学意义(P<0.05);且EDN组和CDN组显著高于SDM和对照组(P<0.05),CDN组显著高于EDN组。Lp(a)和HCY分别与UAER呈正相关(r=0.506,r=0.499,P<0.05)。结论血浆HCY及Lp(a)水平随着UAER的增加而升高,两者之间关系密切,可能与T2DN的进展有关。     

代谢综合征与糖尿病肾病的相关性分析

目的探讨代谢综合征与糖尿病肾病危险因素的相关性。方法选取2011年3月至2016年9月糖尿病患者200例,依据是否合并糖尿病肾病(DN)分为非DN组(n=103)和DN组(n=97),每组又依据是否合并代谢综合征(MS)分为MS组与非MS组两个亚组,非DN组中MS组=41例,非MS组62例;DN组中MS组60例,非MS组37例,比较四组患者的临床资料,筛选糖尿病肾病相关危险因素。结果 DN组患者年龄大于非DN组,糖尿病病程长于非DN组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);DN组患者收缩压(SBP)、血清三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、24 h尿微量蛋白(UMA)水平高于非DN组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);DN组患者中MS组患者病程、腰围长于非MS组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);DN组患者中MS组患者体质指数、TG、UA高于非MS组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logisitic回归分析显示合并MS、糖尿病病程、SBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、UM是影响糖尿病患者发生糖尿病肾病的独立危险因素。结论代谢综合征基本组分参与了糖尿病肾病的发病过程,各因素之间存在相互影响。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的 探讨新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者尿白蛋白排泄情况及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 选择新诊断的T2DM患者182例,按尿白蛋白肌酐比值(UACR)水平分为3组：U1组为UACR<30 mg/g, U2组为30 mg/g≤UACR≤300 mg/g, U3组为UACR>300 mg/g。检测空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素水平(FIns)、血脂等指标,采用稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)以及胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)评估胰岛素抵抗程度。结果 (1)3组患者体重指数、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、尿酸(UA)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、FPG、FIns、HOMA-β、HOMA-IR均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)Pearson法显示：UACR与HbA1c、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、FPG、FIns及HOMA-IR呈正相关(P<0.05),与HOMA-β及估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)呈负相关(P<0.05);(3)二元logistic...     

同型半胱氨酸与超敏C反应蛋白对糖尿病肾病的临床价值

目的 观察血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)与血清胱抑素C(Cys C)在糖尿病肾痛(DN)不同尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)时的改变及其相关性.方法 根据UAER将136例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者分为单纯糖尿病组(SDM组)、早期糖尿病肾病组(EDN组)、临床糖尿病肾病组(CDN组),30例健康体检者为正常对照组,检测其血清HCY、hsCRP及Cys C的水平,并对其进行对比分析.结果 随着T2DM患者UAER水平的升高,SDM组、EDN组和CDN组Cys C(0.65±0.16)mg/L、(0.89±0.45)mg/L、(1.69±0.82)mg/L均高于对照组(0.62±0.18)mg/L,HCY(8.38±2.76)μmol/L、(9.46±2.11)/μmol/L、(13.34±4.86)μmol/L也高于对照组(6.89±0.29)μmol/L,hsCRP(2.68±1.67)mg/L、(4.98±3.48)mg/L、(11.72±4.86)mg/L高于对照组(0.76±0.47)mg/L(P<0.01),SDM组、EDN组和CDN组之间差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01),SDM组、EDN组和CDN组的血清肌酐清除率(CCr)随着UAER水平的升高逐渐降低,CDM组的CCr低于对照组、SDM组和EDN组,CCr(69.13±1.25)ml/min vsq(89.25±13.8)ml/min、(91.50±12.6)ml/min、(87.12±24.6)ml/min(P<0.01),HCY和hsCRP分别与UAER及CysC呈正相关(r=0.482、0.416,P<0.05;r=0.642、0.757,P<0.01).结论 HCY、hsCRP与DN有关,且其水平与DN的程度呈一致性,二者的水平可作为DN病情的监测指标.     

脂蛋白a在糖尿病肾病检测中的临床应用

目的：探讨血清脂蛋白a[LP（a）]与糖尿病肾病（DN）的关系。方法：根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）将86例2型糖尿病（DM）患者分为单纯糖尿病（SDM）组、早期糖尿病肾病（EDN）组和临床糖尿病肾病（CDN）组,30例门诊健康体检者作为正常对照组（NC）。分别检测各组血清LP（a）的水平,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果：LP（a）水平SDM组、EDN组、CDN组显著高于NC组,与NC组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。LP（a）与UAER呈显著正相关（r=0.485）。结论：EDN组、CDN组患者血清LP（a）水平随着UAER的增加而升高,可能与DN的进展有关。     

2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病患者尿脂质运载蛋白-2检测的意义

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其合并肾病(DN)尿脂质运载蛋白-2(LCN2)浓度变化及临床意义.方法 根据尿清蛋白排泄率(UAER)将115例T2DM患者分为单纯糖尿病(SDM)组46例、早期糖尿病肾病(EDN)组40例和临床糖尿病肾病(CDN)组29例;另选30例健康体检者作为健康对照(NC)组.采用酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法检测尿LCN2.结果 SDM、EDN、CDN组尿LCN2、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)较NC组升高(P<0.05),随病情加重,升高更为明显.尿LCN2与hs-CRP高度相关(r=0.86,P<0.01).T2DM患者尿LCN2水平随着尿清蛋白的增加而升高.结论 T2DM患者尿LCN2水平明显升高,可作为DN早期的敏感的诊断指标.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.