溶血试验作为眼刺激试验替代方法的研究

目的：使用溶血试验作为体内眼刺激试验（Draize test)的一种替代方法。方法：用该方法对14种化学物的眼刺激性进行检测，得到指标HC50值，与Draize test两种评分标准，即最大平均值（MAS）和24h作用值的结果进行相关性比较。结果：LogHC50与MAS和24h作用值的相关系数分别是0．955和0．944，MAS与结膜评分相关显著。结论：溶血试验可用于替代Draize眼刺激试验。     

鸡胚尿囊膜苔盼蓝染色试验替代兔眼刺激试验的研究

目的评价鸡胚尿囊膜苔盼蓝染色试验（CAM—TBS）替代动物眼刺激试验（Draizetest）的可行性。方法在本实验室建立CAM—TBS试验方法，对已知刺激性分级的26种化学物质和未知刺激性分级的20种化妆品产品进行刺激性测评，化妆品检验样品同步进行Draize试验，然后将2种试验的分级结果进行比较，以分析判断2种方法分级结果的相关性和一致性。结果对所选的26种化学物质及其因不同受试浓度而形成的36个刺激性分级，CAM—TBS与Draize试验有32个分级结果一致，两者间等级相关性为Gamma=0．990（P〈0．01），分级一致性为Kappa=0．833（P〈0．01）：而对于20种化妆品产品，CAM—TBS刺激性分级结果有18个与Draize试验结果一致，两者间等级相关性为Gamma=0．957（P〈0．05），分级一致性为Kappa=0．688（P〈0．01）。结论CAM—TBS对受试物眼刺激性的分级与Draize试验具有较好的一致性，具有替代Draize试验的应用价值。     

荧光素漏出试验替代整体兔眼刺激试验的初步研究

目的：探讨荧光素漏出试验（FLT）替代整体动物眼刺激试验（Draize eye irritation test，Draize test）的可能性。方法：用FLT对26种阳性参考物和20种化妆品产品进行检测并分级，化妆品产品同步进行Draizetest，比较分析两种方法受试物刺激性分级结果的等级和分级一致性。结果：对于所检测26种阳性参考物和20种化妆品的刺激性分级，FLT与Draize test之间具有较高的一致性（kappa值分别为0．827和0．571，P均〈0．001）。结论：FLT是一种有效的Draizetest体外替代方法，具有良好的应用价值。     

鸡胚绒毛膜尿囊膜试验应用于抗菌洗液类产品毒性初筛研究

目的通过观察抗茵洗液类产品对鸡胚绒毛膜尿囊膜（CAM）的毒性作用,探讨鸡胚绒毛膜尿囊膜试验方法（HET—CAM）用于该类产品初筛的可行性。方法采用HET—CAM和家兔阴道黏膜试验方法（动物试验）,分别对18种抗茵洗液类产品进行检测,分析2种方法试验结果的相关性和一致性。结果分别采用2种方法对18种抗茵洗液类产品进行检测,结果显示HET—CAM分级结果中有13个结果与动物试验结果一致,灵敏度为100．00％（6／6）,特异度为58．33％（7／12）,阳性预测值为54．55％（6／11）,阴性预测值为100．00％（7／7）,分级相关性为Gamma=1．000（P〈0．01）,一致性为Kappa=0．483（P〈0．05）,ROC曲线下面积A=0．896,Std=0．076,P=0．008。结论HET．CAM对受试物的刺激性分级与家兔阴道黏膜试验具有较好的相关性和一致性,适合用于抗茵洗液类产品的初筛。     

荧光素漏出试验检测化妆品眼刺激性的初步验证

目的初步验证荧光素漏出试验(FLT)替代家兔眼刺激试验用于化妆品行政许可检验的可行性。方法用荧光素漏出试验对20份化妆品进行检测,以受试物处理后4h所引起荧光素漏出20%时受试物浓度(FL20H4)作为刺激分级标准,与《化妆品卫生规范》(2007年版)中家兔眼刺激试验分级标准进行相关性比较。结果 FLT能有效筛选出重度刺激物,FLT分级与规范要求做30s冲洗产品的家兔眼刺激试验分级有较好的一致性,两者间校正Spearman等级相关系数rs为0.694(P<0.05),Pearsonχ2值为16.343(P<0.01);对规范要求做4s冲洗的染发剂类产品,FLT法中仅20mg/mL FL20H4值与兔眼刺激试验结果有一定的相关性。结论荧光素漏出试验有望成为我国现行化妆品行政许可检验体外替代方法之一。     

离体兔眼试验在检测农药眼刺激性方面的初步研究

目的 探讨离体兔眼(IRE)试验作为兔眼刺激性试验(Draize test)检测农药眼刺激性的替代方法的适用性.方法 选取29种市售农药进行离体兔眼试验,并同步按照GB15670-1995<农药登记毒理学试验方法>进行兔眼刺激性试验,对试验结果进行相关性和一致性分析.结果 IRE试验检测农药眼刺激性分级结果与Draiz...     

牙齿增白剂毒理学试验

[目的 ]对 30 %过氧化脲的致突变性及粘膜刺激性进行实验研究 ,为其使用安全性提供依据。 [方法 ]牙齿增白剂含 30 %过氧化脲的无色较粘稠液体。用昆明种小鼠 ,体重 18～ 2 4g ,雌雄各半。哈白兔 4只 ,体重 ( 2 5± 0 5 )kg作急性毒性试验。TA97、TA98、TA10 0、TA10 2菌株作Ames试验。小鼠经口LD50 测定采用霍恩氏法。小鼠骨髓微核试验剂量为 5 0 0 0、2 0 0 0、5 0 0mg/kg体重 ,同时设阴性和阳性对照组 ,阳性物为环磷酰胺 (腹腔注射 ) ,剂量为 40mg/kg体重。两次染毒间隔 2 4h ,经口灌胃 ,于末次染毒后 6h处死动物。取胸骨骨髓 ,常规制片 ,每只鼠观察 10 0 0个嗜多染红细胞 ,记录微核数 ,计算微核率。Ames试验采用平板掺入法 ,设四个剂量组 ,分别为 5 0 0 0、10 0 0、2 0 0、40 μg/皿。阳性物分别为敌克松 5 0 μg/皿 ( -S9)、二氧基芴 10μg/皿 ( S9)、1,8 二羟基蒽醌 5 0 μg/皿 ( S9)。每个剂量组设3个平行样 ,经两次重复试验 ,并且在 S9和 -S9的条件下 ,每皿加入 0 1ml受试物、0 1ml菌液和 0 5mlS9混合液 ( S9)。眼刺激试验 ,试验前 2h ,检查家兔双眼无异常后 ,用于试验 ,将受试物 2滴 ,滴入家兔左眼结膜囊内 ,被动闭合 4s ,然后用生理盐水冲洗 5min。右眼做为正常对照 ,用生理盐水冲洗     

离体兔眼试验在检测农药眼刺激性方面的初步研究

目的探讨离体兔眼（IRE）试验作为兔眼刺激性试验（Draize test）检测农药眼刺激性的替代方法的适用性。方法选取29种市售农药进行离体兔眼试验,并同步按照GB15670—1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》进行兔眼刺激性试验,对试验结果进行相关性和一致性分析。结果 IRE试验检测农药眼刺激性分级结果与Draize试验分级结果的差别无统计学意义（McNemar-BowkerW=3.33,P〉0.05）;Gamma=0.98（P〈0.01）,Kappa=0.68（P〈0.01）,显示2种试验方法之间的一致性较好;相关系数为0.86（P〈0.01）,显示两者之间的相关性较好。结论 IRE试验检测农药眼刺激性的分级结果与Draize试验分级结果的相关性和一致性较好I,RE试验可作为筛选无/轻刺激性农药的替代方法,是一种比较有潜力的眼刺激替代试验方法。     

比较T细胞斑点试验、痰噬菌体联合结核菌素试验对诊断肺结核的价值

目的比较结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)、痰噬菌体联合结核菌素试验(PPD)对肺结核疾病的诊断价值。方法选取本院2017年5月-2018年12月在院内已确诊肺结核的患者60例为肺结核组;已确诊非肺结核的就诊者52例为非肺结核组,均行T-SPOT.TB、痰噬菌体和PPD联合检测;比较不同检测方法对诊断肺结核灵敏度与特异度的差异。结果单项检测中,肺结核患者T-SPOT.TB的阳性率最高(86.67%),其次是痰噬菌体、PPD;非肺结核受试者T-SPOT.TB的阳性率最高(36.54%),其次是PPD、痰噬菌体。三者联合检测的肺结核和非肺结核阳性率最高,且与其他任何一项单项检验的阳性率相比差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。3种方法结合检测,灵敏度、特异度、阳性检测值、阴性检测值、准确度均高于任何一项单项检验值(P <0.05)。结论 T-SPOT.TB的灵敏度和特异度均优于后2项,痰噬菌体与结核菌素试验的检测准确度无明显差异,因此可结合三者共同对肺结核进行检测,以此提高诊断效果。     

鸡胚尿囊绒膜试验检测化妆品的刺激性

目的研究鸡胚尿囊绒膜-苔盼蓝吸收(CAM-TB)试验作为体内眼刺激试验(Draize test)的替代方法检测化妆品产品时眼刺激性的可行性.方法用该方法对17种化妆品的刺激性进行检测,与Draize test的结果进行比较,作相关性分析.结果 CAM-TB与Draize test的相关系数为0.937?5.结论 CAM-TB试验可作为Draize test眼刺激试验的一种替代方法,用于评价化妆品对眼刺激性.     

眼刺激试验离体替代方法研究进展

因眼刺激试验评分系统主观性较强。为此相继建立了一系列以离体眼、角膜、鸡胚绒毛膜尿囊膜及培养组织细胞等为材料的离体实验方法替代眼刺激试验 ,并对这些方法进行了深入的评估分析。本文就近年眼刺激试验离体替代方法和评价准则等研究进展进行了综述     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in stool samples collected in northern Senegal

A multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium DNA in faecal samples was developed and evaluated as an alternative diagnostic method to study the epidemiology of schistosomiasis. Primers and probes targeting the cytochrome c oxidase gene were designed for species-specific amplification and were combined with an internal control. Using positive control DNA extracted from adult Schistosoma worms and negative control samples (n=150) with DNA from a wide range of intestinal microorganisms, the method proved to be sensitive and 100% specific. For further evaluation, duplicate stool specimens with varying S. mansoni egg loads were collected in northern Senegal from pre-selected individuals (n=88). The PCR cycle threshold values, reflecting parasite-specific DNA loads in faeces, showed significant correlation with microscopic egg counts both for S. mansoni in stool and S. haematobium in urine. The Schistosoma detection rate of PCR (84.1%) was similar to that of microscopy performed on duplicate stool samples (79.5%). The simple faecal sample collection procedure and the high throughput potential of the multiplex real-time PCR provide a powerful diagnostic tool for epidemiological studies on schistosomiasis in remote areas, with possibilities for extension to other helminths or protozoa using additional molecular targets.     

Reliability and validity of milliken activities of daily living scale (MAS) in measuring activity limitations of a turkish population

Abstract

Aim: The Milliken Activities of Daily Living Scale (MAS) is a self-report scale to address limitation of ability to perform daily tasks in upper extremity injuries. It can address the necessity of each task, which makes MAS useful while planning individual treatment. The objective of this study was to perform cross-cultural adaptation of the MAS TURKISH and to evaluate its reliability and validity for Turkish-speaking patients with upper extremity conditions. Method: A total of 99 patients were asked to complete the adapted MAS and DASH at baseline and one week after the initial assessment. Also grip strength was evaluated with an interval of one week. Results: The reliability of the adapted version was good, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.964) and test–retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.772) for the total score. A statistically significant correlation between MAS and DASH scores and grip strength scores of the injured side was obtained. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the Turkish version of MAS has excellent test–retest reliability and validity. It is a suitable assessment for evaluating function and giving an overview of activity limitations in many performance areas in a Turkish population.     

In vitro development of parthenogenetic eggs: a fast ecotoxicity test with Daphnia magna?

In the present study, the authors investigated and defined development stages of Daphnia magna eggs that could be potential endpoints for sublethal toxicity tests with in vitro parthenogenetic egg cultures. Such an "egg test" could be a cost-effective alternative to the classic 21-day test with D. magna. Three main stages of embryonic development were considered: release of the egg external membrane, release of the internal membrane, and separation of the caudal spine. The first embryonic stage was attained approximately 30 h after transfer of eggs from ovaries to the brood chamber (considered as time zero), the second stage at 48 h, and the third stage at 68 h. Embryonic development was considered completed with the caudal spine separation. Thereafter, juveniles were able to swim in the water column. Egg mortality, duration of each egg stage, egg diameter, and egg abnormalities were investigated as potential endpoints. In vitro tests were carried out with several toxicants (DBS, 3,4-DCA, cadmium, and copper) and with acid mine drainage, sensitivity generally being higher than with the accepted chronic 21-day test with D. magna.     

Fish embryos as teratogenicity screens: a comparison of embryotoxicity between fish and birds

Early life stage (ELS) toxicity experiments were carried out with zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and 10 chemicals used in the rubber industry. Several of these chemicals appeared to be teratogenic. A good correlation (r = 0.95) was found between the 7-day EC50 for zebra fish and the 60-day EC50 for rainbow trout for total embryotoxicity (embryolethality and malformations). The S. gairdneri test appeared to be slightly more sensitive than the test with B. rerio. It is therefore concluded that this short-term test is a good alternative for the long-term test with S. gairdneri. A remarkably good correlation (r = 0.90) was found between the ED50 for chicken embryotoxicity reported in the literature and the EC50 for embryotoxicity for both zebra fish and rainbow trout. This may, among other things, be explained by similarities in embryonic development and the absence of maternal and placental metabolism of the toxicants in tests with eggs of both fish and birds. It may therefore be concluded that both the short-term ELS test with B. rerio and the chicken egg test have the same predictive power for mammalian teratogenicity; i.e., both are suitable screening tests for direct-acting teratogens.     

Relationships between dietary intake and cognitive function level in Korean elderly people

We examined the relationship between dietary intake and cognitive performance in Korean elderly people. Data for dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and cognitive function tests were collected and the relationships of the variables were analyzed. A random sample of 210 men and 239 women in Korea, aged 60 and over, was selected. Subjects were free-living elderly people who had not experienced major cognitive function impairment. Main outcome measures, 24 h dietary recall method, food behaviour variables, anthropometrics indices, health variables, and Kwon's Mini-Mental State Examination for Koreans (MMSE-K) for cognitive function test. The prevalence rate of poor cognitive function (MMSE-K score < or = 19) of Korean elderly was 22.3%: women with poor cognitive function had a higher rate (31.0%) than that in men (12.3%). Cognitive ability was related negatively with age and positively with school education level. Female subjects of poor cognitive function had significantly lower intakes of total amount of foods, cereals, vegetables, fruits, milk, spices, and also, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin than those of the normal cognitive score (> or = 24) group (P < 0.05). Male subjects of poor cognitive function had significantly lower intakes of fruits, fiber, and vitamin C than the normal subjects (P < 0.05). The MMSE-K score of female subjects showed a significant positive correlation with total amount of foods, cereals, beans, fruits, milk, oil, spices, and energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, Fe, P, riboflavin and niacin intakes. The consumption of adequate nutrients, by taking sufficient amounts and variety of foods, may be important in maintaining adequate cognitive function in elderly Koreans.     

Improvements in physical fitness of Kenyan schoolboys infected with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides following a single dose of albendazole

We studied physical fitness with the Harvard step test (HST), in primary schoolboys infected with hookworm (91% baseline prevalence), Trichuris trichiura (94%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (39-40%) who received a single 400 mg dose of albendazole or an identical placebo. Boys were examined, allocated at random to placebo or albendazole groups, treated, and re-examined 7 weeks later. The 2 groups did not differ significantly before treatment in age, anthropometry, haemoglobin levels, prevalence or intensity of the 3 helminth infections, or in initial HST fitness scores and heart rates. Seven weeks after treatment, the albendazole group (n = 18) exhibited significant improvements in fitness scores and heart rates at 1, 2, 3, and 4 min after the HST while in the placebo group (n = 15) these quantities had not changed significantly. After treatment, the albendazole group had significant decreases in the logarithmic egg counts for hookworm (80% reduction in arithmetic means) and A. lumbricoides (100% reduction); T. trichiura egg counts did not change significantly. The placebo group showed a borderline increase in the logarithms of hookworm egg counts and no significant change in T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides egg counts. Multiple regression analysis showed that the significant linear predictors of increase in HST score after treatment were decrease in resting heart rate after treatment, and decreases in hookworm egg counts and logarithms of A. lumbricoides egg counts after treatment. We conclude that single dose treatment with albendazole, despite continual exposure to reinfection, can allow improved physical fitness in schoolboys in areas where soil-transmitted helminths and protein-energy malnutrition are highly prevalent.