国产西洋参与进口西洋参的比较研究——西洋参中挥发油成分的分析

各产地西洋参挥发油含量为0.040～0.097%。西洋参挥发油经色谱—质谱—计算机联用仪分离鉴定出20种化合物。国产西洋参与进口西洋参的挥发油成分和含量相近。     

中国吉林栽培西洋参挥发油成分的新近研究

本文用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用装置分离分析了吉林栽培西洋参挥发油中的化学成分及相对含量,鉴定出37种化合物。其中倍半萜类化合物有26种,约占总挥发油的75%,为西洋参挥发油中的主要成分。同时探讨了倍半萜类及皂甙的可能生合成途径。     

不同土壤环境西洋参多糖含量的研究

目的本文以林土和农田种植的西洋参水溶性多糖含量为指标,比较、分析不同土壤环境西洋参水溶性多糖含量。方法本文采用苯酚-浓硫酸法测定水溶性总多糖含量,进行比对、分析。结果林土种植西洋参多糖含量高于农田土西洋参,且差异显著。结论林土生长环境可能有利于西洋参多糖的合成。     

西洋参中脂肪酸和挥发油成分的气相色谱-质谱法分析

西洋参（Panax quinquefolium L．）为五加科人参属植物，原产于美洲加拿大的蒙特利尔、魁北克和美国东部。20世纪70年代在我国一些地区引种成功。西洋参为贵重药材，由于其独特的医疗保健作用，一直深受人们的青睐。本研究采用索氏提取法提取西洋参中的脂肪酸，水蒸气蒸馏法提取西洋参中的挥发油，     

西洋参废渣中总多糖的再提取

目的 西洋参废渣中总多糖的提取及含量测定。方法 用70℃、80℃、90℃热水分别浸泡提取西洋参废渣,并利用苯酚-浓硫酸法比色测定不同提取条件下西洋参总多糖得率。结果 西洋参废渣经90℃、3 h提取后总多糖含量最高,占西洋参总多糖的80%。结论 西洋参废渣中总多糖的再提取技术对改进西洋参制剂提取工艺具有指导作用。     

不同产地西洋参的主要化学成分分析

目的分析不同产地西洋参的主要化学成分。方法分别选取中国山东省、吉林省、北京市以及美国的西洋参样本,分为山东、吉林、北京和美国4组,分别通过HPLC法测定4组西洋参中的人参皂苷Rg_1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb_1的含量,并检测水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物。结果 4组西洋参中人参皂苷Rb_1及人参皂苷Rg_1的含量均明显高于人参皂苷Re;4组皂苷总含量大小排序为:美国>吉林>山东>北京(P<0.05);4组西洋参的水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同产地西洋参的含量、水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和无氮浸出物存在一定差异,吉林产西洋参的品质优于山东和北京。     

对西洋参制品标准主要指标的研究

通过对西洋参与人参主要成分、鉴别方法和西洋参制品的主要功能指标,及其现行行业标准、企业标准的指标的比较研究,结合现场检测工作,提出对西洋参制品标准主要指标应包括鉴别与含量两个方面,以西洋参和人参皂甙Rf和F11作鉴别对照,以西洋参制品总皂甙作为含量指标。为西洋参制品的鉴别和定标提供了方法和依据。     

引种栽培西洋参中人参皂苷Rbl含量的比较分析

目的 测定不同药用部位和生长年限的西洋参，为西洋参的合理药用提供依据。方法 采用HPLC法测定西洋参中不同药用部位和生长年限中人参皂苷Rbl的含量。结果西洋参中人参皂苷Rbl主要集中在根部，四年生的西洋参皂苷含量最高。结论 西洋参四年采收是合理的。     

西洋参渣中残存有效成分的含量测定

西洋参渣是制备西洋参口服液后的废渣,我们对其进行了人参总皂甙和总多糖的含量测定。结果显示,西洋参渣仍有一定的开发利用价值。     

黑龙江宝清西洋参最佳采收期研究

目的了解黑龙江宝清西洋参生长状况，以确定最佳采收期。方法用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定不同时间采集的不同株龄西洋参中人参皂苷含量。结果第4年的9月上中旬（9月5日至9月15日）采收的西洋参其折干率（产量）和人参皂苷含量同时达到较高水平，分别与5年株龄的西洋参处于最高水平时无明显差别。结论黑龙江宝清西洋参在第4年的9月上旬采收能同时兼顾产量和质量，为最佳采收期。     

Direct amplification of length polymorphism analysis differentiates Panax ginseng from P. quinquefolius

The method of direct amplification of length polymorphism (DALP) was applied to authenticate Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius. A 636-bp DALP fragment was present in all P. ginseng but absent in all the P. quinquefolius cultivars examined. We have shown that the use of DALP and conversion of specific polymorphic band to sequence-tagged site (STS) for quick authentication may be applied to authenticate related medicinal materials.     

人参、西洋参质量标准研究进展

本文综述了人参、西洋参的质量标准,着重比较<中国药典>与<美国药典>在鉴别项与含量测定项上的异同;并对近年来人参、西洋参的化学成分分析进行了总结.     

西洋参PqERF1基因的克隆和生物信息学分析

乙烯响应因子(ethylene response factor,ERF)是具有PETALA2(AP2)结构域的转录因子。本研究通过西洋参(Panax quinquefolius L)的转录组高通量测序结果分析获得75条具有AP2结构域的转录因子序列,并克隆到一条开放阅读框为933对碱基的基因序列,定名为PqERF1。基因表达分析结果表明PqERF1基因受茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)的诱导,这与人参皂苷含量的受诱导模式相同。蛋白结构预测结果表明PqERF1是定位于细胞核的具有完整保守的AP2结构域的转录因子,InterproScan蛋白功能结构域分析结果表明PqERF1很可能为发病机制相关蛋白;序列比对和进化关系分析结果也显示PqERF1与发病机制相关蛋白(烟草NtERF4)、次生代谢产物相关合成蛋白(野胡萝卜DcERF1)和花衰老相关蛋白(矮牵牛PhERF12)的相似性高,且系统进化关系较近。因此,推测PqERF1基因可能是参与西洋参次生代谢产物合成调节、抗病性和衰老相关的重要基因。     

Red American ginseng: ginsenoside constituents and antiproliferative activities of heat-processed Panax quinquefolius roots

Red Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is used in many Oriental countries. In this study, the saponin constituents and anticancer activities of steamed American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) roots were evaluated. The contents of 12 ginsenosides in the roots were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After the steaming treatment (100 - 120 degrees C for 1 h and 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 4 h), the quantity of 7 ginsenosides decreased and that of 5 others increased. The content of ginsenoside Rg3, a previously recognized anticancer compound, increased significantly when the root was steamed at 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 3 h. The antiproliferative effects of unsteamed and steamed (120 degrees C for 1 h and 2 h) American ginseng root extracts were assayed by the modified trichrome stain (MTS) method using three cancer cell lines (SW-480, HT-29, NSCLC). Heat-processing increased the antiproliferative effect of American ginseng significantly, and the activity of the extract from roots steamed for 2 h was greater than that of roots steamed for 1 h. Chemical constituents and antiproliferative activities of white and red Asian ginseng have also been evaluated. Five representative ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg2 and Rg3, were studied. Ginsenoside Rg3 had the most potent effect. The antiproliferative activities of red American ginseng are augmented when ginsenoside Rg3 is increased.     

Lack of evidence for induction of CYP2B1, CYP3A23, and CYP1A2 gene expression by Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius extracts in adult rats and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.

Treatment of rats with a single oral dose (10-30 mg/kg) of a crude Panax ginseng extract of unknown ginsenoside content has been reported to modestly increase hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450-mediated aminopyrine N-demethylation activity. In the present study, we compared the effect of P. ginseng and Panax quinquefolius extracts on rat hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, and CYP1A2 gene expression. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-275 g) received, by oral gavage or i.p., P. ginseng extract [4% (w/w) total ginsenosides; 30 or 100 mg/kg/day for 1 or 4 days], P. quinquefolius extract [10% (w/w) total ginsenosides; 100 or 400 mg/kg/day for 21 consecutive days), or an equivalent volume (2 ml/kg) of the vehicle (0.9% NaCl or 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose) and were terminated 1 day after the last dose. P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius extracts did not affect body weight gain, absolute or relative liver weight, hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, or CYP1A2 mRNA expression, or microsomal CYP2B-mediated 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation (BROD) or CYP1A-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (EROD) activity. In contrast, results from positive control experiments indicated that phenobarbital increased CYP2B1 mRNA and BROD activity, dexamethasone increased CYP3A23 mRNA, and beta-naphthoflavone increased CYP1A2 mRNA and EROD activity levels. Treatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with either of the ginseng extracts (0.1-1000 microg/ml for 2 days) also did not affect CYP2B1 or CYP3A23 mRNA expression. Overall, our data indicate that P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius extracts do not increase rat hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, or CYP1A2 gene expression.     

Application of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) analysis to authenticate Panax species and their adulterants.

A 420-bp RAPD fragment from Panax quinquefolius was converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. The main difference between the SCAR of P. quinquefolius and its homolog in P. ginseng is the presence of a 25 bp insertion in the latter. Primers derived from this sequence were successfully used to authenticate six Panax species and two common adulterants.     

Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng and ginseng products using robust SNP markers in ribosomal external transcribed spacer region

Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius are the most widely used Panax species, but they are known to have different properties and medicinal values. The aim of this study is to develop a robust and accurate DNA marker for identifying P. ginseng and the origins of ginseng products. Two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites specific to P. ginseng were exploited from nuclear ribosomal external transcribed spacer (ETS) region. Based on the SNP sites, two specific primers were designed for P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius respectively. P. ginseng can be easily discriminated from P. quinquefolius by amplifying the two specific alleles using multiplex allele-specific PCR. Favorable results can also be obtained from commercial ginseng products. The established method is highly sensitive and can detect 1% of intentional adulteration of P. quinquefolius into P. ginseng down to the 0.1ng level of total DNA. Therefore this study provides a reliable and simple DNA method for authentication of the origins and purities of ginseng products.     

吉林省不同产地西洋参中人参总皂苷含量的测定

目的:建立西洋参中人参总皂苷的测定方法,并对吉林省6个产地西洋参中人参总皂苷含量进行了测定。方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定,检测波长544 nm。结果:紫外-可见分光光度法测定的线性范围为20～200μg(r=0.999 4);平均加样回收率99.9%,RSD为0.82%(n=5)。6个产地中,临江西洋参中人参总皂苷含量最高,敦化较之略低。结论:香草醛-硫酸法比色测定西洋参中人参总皂苷,操作简便,实验的精密度、重现性和稳定性均较好,吉林省6个产地的西洋参中所含人参总皂苷均大于6%。     

Development of species specific AFLP-derived SCAR marker for authentication of Panax japonicus C. A. MEYER

Panax japonicus is an important medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to develop species-specific molecular markers for P. japonicus. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was compared among P. japonicus, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. A clear species-specific AFLP marker for P. japonicus was generated. After isolation and sequencing of the AFLP fragment, a DNA sequence (293 bp) was obtained and named JG14. Oligonucleotide primer (23 mer) was designed for amplifying 191 bp of the sequence of JG14. PCR analysis revealed a clear amplified band for P. japonicus but not in 3 other Panax species (P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng). This sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) marker will be used for rapid authentication of P. japonicus among other related Panax species. This is the first report of species-specific SCAR marker development in P. japonicus.