甘肃牛蒡不同部位总木脂素及牛蒡苷的含量测定

目的对甘肃临洮产牛蒡不同部位所含总木脂素及牛蒡苷含量进行测定。方法利用牛蒡子中总木脂素与牛蒡苷在同一峰位有吸收的特点,以牛蒡苷为对照品,以280 nm为测定波长,紫外分光光度法测定牛蒡不同部位总木脂素含量,同时采用HPLC测定其牛蒡苷含量。结果牛蒡苷浓度在0.005 7～0.079 5 mg.mL 1内,吸收度与浓度呈良好线性关系,线性方程为Y=9.244 9X+0.017 2,r=0.999 6,平均回收率98.2%,RSD=1.61%。以牛蒡苷计,牛蒡子中总木脂素含量为12.27%,牛蒡根、牛蒡叶、牛蒡茎中总木脂素的含量均在6%左右。牛蒡子中牛蒡苷的含量为6.19%(n=3),牛蒡根、牛蒡茎、牛蒡叶样品均未检测到牛蒡苷。结论采用紫外分光光度法和HPLC分别测定牛蒡不同部位总木脂素和牛蒡苷含量的方法快速、简捷,可全面控制牛蒡的质量。     

正交实验优化牛蒡子的提取工艺

目的:优选牛蒡子乙醇提取的最佳工艺.方法:采用L9(34)正交试验筛选醇提工艺条件,用HPLC法测定牛蒡苷的含量.结果:牛蒡子的最佳醇提条件为:乙醇浓度70%,加8倍溶剂量,回流3次,回流时间1h.结论:采用本工艺牛蒡子的活性成分牛蒡苷提取率达95.43%,工艺可行.     

转化牛蒡子苷牛蒡内生菌的分离及L2菌株的鉴定

从牛蒡(Arctium lappa L.)的根、茎、叶、总苞、种子中分离纯化了57株内生菌。以牛蒡子粉为底物,采用高效液相色谱法定量测定转化培养液中牛蒡子苷和牛蒡子苷元的含量,筛选得到6株转化牛蒡子苷的内生菌。其中L2的转化率最高,可达76.9%。利用LC-MS方法对其转化产物牛蒡子苷元进行了验证。L2经过形态观察、生理生化特征分析及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为氧化微杆菌(Microbacterium oxydans)。本试验结果为探索牛蒡内生菌转化牛蒡子苷成主要药效成分牛蒡子苷元技术提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法测定羚羊感冒片中牛蒡苷的含量

目的:建立测定羚羊感冒片中有效成分牛蒡子苷含量的方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18(100 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱,流动相为乙腈-水(25∶75),检测波长为278 nm,柱温35℃,流速:0.5 mL·min-1.结果:牛蒡子苷峰面积在0.2989 μg～3.736 μg有良好的线性关系.牛蒡子苷的平均回收率为101.59%,RSD为 0.59%.结论:本方法简便可行,重复性好,可用于羚羊感冒片中牛蒡子苷的含量测定和质量控制.     

牛蒡子颗粒中牛蒡子的鉴别与总木脂素苷、牛蒡苷的测定

目的 建立牛蒡子颗粒的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱法鉴别牛蒡子;用紫外分光光度法测定总木脂素苷的含量;用HPLC法测定牛蒡苷的含量.结果 总木脂素苷的线性范围为23.6～82.6μg(r=0.9998),平均加样回收率为98.16%.牛蒡苷的线性范围为1.116～2.604μg(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为98...     

牛蒡子的提取工艺优化研究

目的优化牛蒡子的提取工艺。方法采用L9(34)正交实验设计法,考察溶剂浓度、溶剂用量、提取次数的醇提工艺因素,每个因素3个水平,通过HPLC法检测牛蒡子苷含量。结果牛蒡子的最佳醇提工艺为,溶剂浓度为75%,溶剂用量为6倍体积,提取次数为1次。结论牛蒡子的最佳提取工艺为牛蒡子粉末,加入6倍量体积75%乙醇提取1次,提取时间为2h,牛蒡子苷的提取率达到95.49%,可以作为牛蒡子的实验室提取方法。     

牛蒡子苷治疗糖尿病肾病的随机双盲安慰剂多中心Ⅲ期临床试验

目的评价牛蒡子苷治疗糖尿病肾病的临床疗效与安全性。方法用随机双盲双模拟安慰剂对照多中心临床试验设计方法,受试者接受牛蒡子苷颗粒或安慰剂治疗。试验组:牛蒡子苷颗粒1袋/次,每天3次,8周为1个疗程。所有受试者在试验期间,其糖尿病基础治疗不变。以24 h尿微量白蛋白和24 h尿蛋白定量作为疗效评价指标。共纳入431例患者,剔除20例,余411例全部按方案完成观察。结果牛蒡子苷组控显率为64.82%,有效率为77.85%;安慰剂组控显率为19.61%,有效率为35.29%,2组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗后24 h尿微量白蛋白与24 h尿蛋白定量,牛蒡子苷组疗效均优于安慰剂组。结论牛蒡子苷颗粒具有较好的临床疗效和安全性。     

牛蒡子水煎液、牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元体外抗菌实验

目的:对照研究牛蒡子水煎液、牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的体外抗菌作用.方法:采用系统溶剂提取法提取牛蒡苷,再用水浴水解法制得牛蒡苷元,以双黄连粉针为对照,用纸片扩散法进行抗菌实验.结果:牛蒡苷元和双黄连粉针的抑菌圈直径均大于15 mm,对5种菌株均有高度敏感,具有很强的抑菌能力.牛蒡苷的抑菌圈稍小,直径为10～14 mm,但也比较明显,属于中等敏感,抑菌能力良好.浓度为2:1、1:1和1:2的牛蒡子水煎液的抑菌圈较小,直径均小于10mm,属于低度敏感,抑菌能力较差.稀释至1:4的牛蒡子水煎液,对试验菌株基本无抑菌效果.结论:牛蒡子具有一定的抗菌作用,可以开发为一种新型的抗感染药物.     

中药牛蒡子主要活性成分微生物转化研究进展

牛蒡子为菊科草本植物牛蒡的干燥成熟果实,具有抗炎、抗病毒、抗糖尿病等多种药理功能。目前已知,牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元是中药牛蒡子的主要活性成分,摄入体内的牛蒡苷或牛蒡苷元可进一步被肠道菌群转化为去甲基牛蒡苷元、肠二醇、肠内酯等多种代谢产物。现有研究表明,牛蒡苷或牛蒡苷元的微生物转化产物具有比牛蒡苷元更高、更广的生物学活性。综述不同产地牛蒡子主要活性成分含量、药代动力学及肠道菌群代谢差异,旨在为牛蒡子主要活性成分微生物转化产物的研究与开发提供参考。     

牛蒡子苷元与顺铂联合对人肺癌H460细胞系增殖和凋亡的影响

目的研究牛蒡子苷元与顺铂联合对人肺癌H460细胞系增殖和凋亡的影响。方法将不同浓度的牛蒡子苷元作用于肺癌H460细胞,应用MTT法测定牛蒡子苷元单独或联合顺铂对H460细胞的影响。应用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡。应用蛋白免疫印迹法检测切割型Caspase-3和切割型PARP的表达水平。结果与对照细胞相比较,牛蒡子苷元处理可显著抑制H460细胞增殖,并且这种抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。牛蒡子苷元在10μM时可增强顺铂介导的抑制H460细胞增殖(P<0.05)。牛蒡子苷元处理后显著诱导H460细胞凋亡发生,较对照细胞,牛蒡子苷元处理H460细胞具有更高水平的切割型caspase-3和PARP表达(P<0.05)。2和10μM顺铂处理H460细胞48h后分别诱导(8.4±1.9)%和(15.6±2.3)%细胞发生凋亡。当2μM顺铂和10μM牛蒡子苷元联合后,H460细胞发生凋亡的比率增加为(27.2±3.1)%,这表明牛蒡子苷元可增强顺铂对H460细胞凋亡的诱导作用(P<0.05)。结论牛蒡子苷元通过增强切割型caspase-3和PARP的表达,剂量依赖性地抑制H460细胞增殖和促进其凋亡。与顺铂联合后,牛蒡子苷元增强H460细胞对顺铂诱导的细胞增殖抑制和凋亡促进作用。因而,牛蒡子苷元可能在基于铂制剂抗NSCLC治疗中有临床应用价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.