视觉运动觉在原发性开角型青光眼中的应用研究

目的研究原发性开角型青光眼（ｐｒｉｍａｒｙｏｐｅｎ－ａｎｇｌｅｇｌａｕｃｏｍａ，ＰＯＡＧ）的视觉运动觉特性。方法在ＰＣ兼容机上，应用运动觉检测软件，对４１例（６７只眼）ＰＯＡＧ患者和５６例（１１２只眼）正常人进行运动觉测试。结果ＰＯＡＧ患者的运动觉总异常率为８９．５％，其中早期异常率为８１．６％；在等级相关分析中，ＰＯＡＧ患者运动觉的异常程度与杯盘比、眼压及视野的校正缺损方差呈正相关，与视力及视野的视网膜平均光敏感度呈负相关，而与患者的年龄及视野短期波动无相关。结论视觉运动觉测定为ＰＯＡＧ的早期诊断提供了一种新的有效和简便的检测手段。     

应用半硬性透气性接触镜（RGP）矫正散光的观察

选择角膜散光较大的屈光不正与无晶体眼和圆锥角膜患者共７６例１２４眼配戴ＲＧＰ角膜接触镜。矫正复性近视散光４８例（９０眼），ＲＧＰ镜片平均屈光度－８８７Ｄ±－４２６Ｄ；矫正无晶体眼１８例（１８眼），平均屈光度＋１１３５Ｄ±＋２４４Ｄ；矫正复性远视散光５例（８眼），平均屈光度＋６６８±＋２１４Ｄ。矫正圆锥角膜屈光异常５例（８眼），平均屈光度为－６１５Ｄ±－３７７Ｄ。矫正视力ＲＧＰ镜片优于框架球柱面联合镜片者５０眼（４０３％），两者视力相等者７１眼（５７３％），矫正视力低于框架者３只眼（２４％）。矫正视力１０以上者６０眼（４８４％），平均矫正视力０８６±０３。配适良好，合并症轻而少。ＲＧＰ的应用值得重视。     

哈萨克族人先天性无虹膜一家系

先证者女，２７岁。自幼双眼视力不良，羞明，于１９９６年８月２１日就诊。全身检查无异常。眼部检查：右眼视力０２，左眼００２；矫正视力：右眼０２５，左眼０１。双睑裂大小对称，眼位呈外斜位（－２０°），交替遮盖试验阳性。双眼球呈水平型震颤，伴旋转，...     

早期糖尿病视网膜病变患者颜色视觉运动觉特性

目的研究早期糖尿病视网膜病变（ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ，ＤＲ）患者的颜色视觉运动觉的改变，探讨ＤＲ早期诊断方法。方法在ＰＣ兼容机上，应用运动觉测试软件，由微机控制，于ＶＧＡ显示器产生等亮度的颜色光栅条纹和黑白光栅条纹运动，测试早期ＤＲ患者及正常对照者颜色视觉运动觉，并与色觉、视网膜电图（ＥＲＧ）振荡电位（ＯＰｓ）检查结果作比较。结果在时间和空间频率一致时，正常人可观察到等亮度的颜色光栅比黑白光栅运动慢。在黑白光栅亮度对比度为８０％，速度为２０．２ｍｍ／ｓ及１４．３ｍｍ／ｓ时，ＤＲ患者的蓝／黄运动觉和正常人比较，差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。在黑白光栅亮度对比度为８０％，速度为２０．２ｍｍ／ｓ时，颜色视觉运动觉的异常率（６９．２％）比色觉异常率（４３．６％）及ＥＲＧＯＰｓ异常率（４８．９％）要高。结论颜色视觉运动觉检查提供了一种新的ＤＲ早期诊断方法     

枕叶脑卒中视觉诱发电位与脑血流量的关系

目的探讨枕叶脑卒中患者视觉诱发电位（VEP）和脑血流量的关系。方法对50例枕叶脑卒中患者和50例正常人进行视觉诱发电位（VEP）检查，同时测定脑血流量。结果脑卒中组VEP异常35例（70％），对照组异常4例（8％）。脑卒中组枕叶脑血流量平均42．7±6ml100（－1）／min，对照组49．6±7．6ml100（－1）／min，VEP异常与枕叶脑血流量呈负相关，伴有视野缺损VEP异常率高。结论VEP对诊断中枢损伤价值较大，尤其伴有视野缺损者意义尤大，VEP异常与枕叶脑血流量呈负相关。     

阈值改良 Amsler 表与 Humphrey 静态视野分析仪对青光眼视野检查的比较

对５０只正常眼和４７只青光眼进行阈值改良Ａｍｓｌｅｒ表与Ｈｕｍｐｈｒｅｙ静态分析仪视野检查比较，两种方法存在着相关关系，阳性检出率无区别，提示阈值改良Ａｍｓｌｅｒ表对青光眼早期视野损害有较高的检出率。     

眼眶壁血管瘤伴新生骨形成一例

患者男，１５岁。因左眼睑肿胀半年余，于１９９７年３月２５日就诊。既往体健。体检正常。眼部检查：右眼视力０８（－１２５ＤＳ（）－０７５ＤＣ×５°＝１２），左眼０８（－１００ＤＳ（）－０７５ＤＣ×１７５°＝１２）。右眼正常。左眼眼压正常；...     

准分子激光角膜切削术治疗低、中度近视术后五年疗效分析

目的评价准分子激光角膜切削术（ｐｈｏｔｏｒｅｆｒａｃｔｉｖｅｋｅｒａｔｅｃｏｍｙ,ＰＲＫ）治疗低、中度近视的远期疗效。方法对１４８只眼屈光度为－１５０～－６００ＤＰＲＫ术后５年以上患者的视力、屈光度及角膜曲率进行随访观察。结果ＰＲＫ术后５年未矫正视力≥１０者１３６只眼（９１９％）,０８者４只眼（２７％）,≥０６者８只眼（５４％）。术后等值球镜（－０１２±０２２）Ｄ,角膜曲率Ｋ值术前（４３８１±１１０）Ｄ,术后（４１３６±１３０）Ｄ两者间比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００１）。结论ＰＲＫ治疗低、中度近视的远期疗效可靠。     

慢性青光眼的图形视诱发电位

目的探索图形视诱发电位（ｐａｔｅｒｎ－ｖｉｓｕａｌｅｖｏｋｅｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ，Ｐ－ＶＥＰ）对慢性青光眼的诊断价值。方法对７０眼慢性青光眼采用Ｐ－ＶＥＰ检测，以Ｐ１００波峰潜伏期及杯／盘面积比作为观察指标。结果杯／盘面积比（ＳＣ／Ｄ）＞０．２与ＳＣ／Ｄ≤０．２两者Ｐ－ＶＥＰ潜伏期阳性检出率，差异有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＣ／Ｄ与Ｐ－ＶＥＰ潜伏期之间呈正相关关系（ｒ＝０．５０３８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论Ｐ１００波峰潜伏期延长与青光眼视功能损害程度密切相关；青光眼损害轻时，Ｐ－ＶＥＰ潜伏期阳性率低，而青光眼损害重时，Ｐ－ＶＥＰ潜伏期阳性率较高。提示应用Ｐ－ＶＥＰ检查对青光眼的病情追踪观察及疗效评估有一定价值。     

正常人视野视网膜光敏感度的研究

应用国产ＱＺＳ－２型自动视野计全阈值程序对正常者５９人（１１１只眼）进行中心３０°视野和周边３０°～６０°视野视网膜光敏感度测量。被检者年龄１５．０～６８．０岁，平均３８．４岁。结果表明：正常人双眼黄斑光敏感度、中心３０°视野平均光敏感度和周边３０°～６０°视野平均光敏感度的差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。男、女性中心视野和周边视野平均光敏感度差异也无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。平均光敏感度随年龄和视野偏心度增加呈直线下降，年龄每增加１０岁，中心视野平均光敏感度下降０．６０ｄＢ，周边视野下降０．７０ｄＢ；偏心度每增加１０°，光敏感度以２．６０ｄＢ的趋势直线下降，正常人的短期波动为１．３９±０．５６６Ｂ。     

Motion detection threshold and field progression in normal tension glaucoma.

Psychophysical tests may demonstrate abnormalities of visual function before the appearance of conventional visual field loss in glaucoma. Motion detection thresholds (MDT) were measured in the normal fellow eye of 51 patients with confirmed normal tension glaucoma and initially unilateral field loss. Humphrey visual fields from the initially normal eye covering a mean follow up of 3.4 years were assessed using pointwise linear regression analysis. In 22 of the 51 eyes with normal visual fields at presentation, field deterioration occurred at one or more Humphrey locations within a mean of 1.7 (SD 1.6) years. An initially abnormal MDT test showed a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 90% in predicting field deterioration within the cluster of four Humphrey locations closest to the original MDT test site. Sensitivity was lower (40%) in predicting progression at retinal locations distant from the MDT test site, though specificity remained high (90%).     

First and second-order motion perception after focal human brain lesions

Perception of visual motion includes a first-order mechanism sensitive to luminance changes and a second-order motion mechanism sensitive to contrast changes. We studied neural substrates for these motion types in 142 subjects with visual cortex lesions, 68 normal controls and 28 brain lesion controls. On first-order motion, the visual cortex lesion group performed significantly worse than normal controls overall and in each hemifield, but second-order motion did not differ. Only one individual showed a selective second-order motion deficit. Motion deficits were seen with lesions outside the small occipito-temporal region thought to contain a human homolog of motion processing area MT (V5), suggesting that many areas of human brain process visual motion.     

The Characteristics of Interaction between Color and Motion Perception in PrimaryOpen Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of interaction between color and motion perception in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and measure motion perception of B,G and R cones, thus find a more sensitive method to diagnose the visual nerve damage in POAG. Methods : Motion perceptions of B,G and R cones were isolated by blue , green and red vertical line stimulus displayed on the yellow , purple and blue background respectively, then measured the displacement threshold and flicking threshold of motion perception from each cones in POAG, and compared it with the age-match normals.Results:The displacement threshold and flicking threshold of motion perception from B,G and R cones were all damaged in POAG compared with the normals, and the motion perception of G and B cones was deficits more obviously than the R cones.Conclusion: These findings support the suggestion that color provides an input to human motion perception. Magnocellular and parvocellular pathway may be significandy damaged in POAG, whi     

Adjacency and attention as determiners of perceived motion

Motion induction was investigated as a function of depth adjacency and attention. Moving induction objects producing opposing induction effects in a test object were presented simultaneously at different distances in the visual field with the apparent distance of the test object varied relative to the induction objects. In agreement with the adjacency principle, it was found that separating the test and induction object in apparent depth decreased the induction effect. Instructions to attend to one and to ignore the other induction object while looking at the test object clearly modified the induction effect and accounted for about half of the total effect produced by depth adjacency. The results are discussed in terms of the measurement of attention and the ability to perceptually organize the visual world.     

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变视野表现分析

目的 观察分析非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)视野损伤特征及其影响因素.方法 确诊为NAION并有完整视野检查记录的139例患者纳入研究.其中,男性65例,占46.7%;女性74例,占53.3%.平均发病年龄(56.2±10.8)岁.所有患者均行视力、屈光状态、屈光间质检查,裂隙灯显微镜加前置镜眼底检查、眼底彩色照相、视野检查,其中125例患者进行了荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查,同时行血压、实验室血常规及血生物化学检查.对所有患者的视野表现及其影响因素进行统计学分析;对77只眼的FFA检查结果与视野检查结果一致性进行对比分析.结果 视野检查结果显示,典型下半视野缺损者48只眼,占34.5%;弓形暗点者24只眼,占17.3%;不典型弓形暗点者24只眼,占17.3%;全视野缺损者20只眼,占14.4%;上半视野缺损者10只眼,占7.2%;上半视野缺损+下方弓形暗点者5只眼,占3.6%;下半视野缺损+上方弓形暗点者8只眼,占5.8%.患眼视野平均缺损值(MD值)为-3.0～-32.0,平均MD值为-17.9±7.9.77只眼中,FFA荧光缺损区与视野缺损区非常一致者7只眼,占9.1%;大部分一致者26只眼,占33.8%;小部分一致者39只眼,占50.6%;完全不一致者5只眼,占6.5%.多元线性回归分析结果显示,红细胞平均体积(MCV)(β=0.203,t=2.005)、胆固醇(CHOL)(β=0.230,t=2.244)是影响患眼视野MD值的因素(P＜0.05).结论 NAION视野损害呈现多样化表现;血MCV、CHOL可能是影响视野缺损程度的主要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To study the visual field defects and its correlation factors in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods One hundred and thirty-nine patients of NAION with complete visual field examination results were included in this study. There were 65 males (46.7%)and 74 females (53.3%), with an average age of (56.2±10. 8) years. All the patients had undergone the examinations of visual acuity, refraction, refractive media, slit lamp ophthalmoscope, color fundus photography, visual field, blood pressure, blood routine test and blood biochemistry test. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was carried out in 125 patients. The visual field characteristics and its correlation factors were statistically analyzed, and the FFA and visual field results of 77 eyes were comparatively analyzed. Results The visual field examination showed typical inferior defect in 48 eyes (34. 5%), arcuate scotoma in 24 eyes (17.3%), atypical arcuate scotoma in 24 eyes (17. 3%), defuse defect in 20 eyes ( 14.4% ), superior defect in 10 eyes (7. 2 % ), superior defect with inferior arcuate scotoma in five eyes (3.6 %), inferior defect with superior arcuate scotoma in eight eyes (5.8%). The mean defect (MD) value ranged from -3.0 to -32.0,with an average of - 17.9±7.9. Among 77 eyes with FFA data,the FFA and visual field defect area were highly consistent seven eyes (9. 1%), consistent in 26 eyes (33.8%), some kind of consistent in 39 eyes (50. 6%), completely inconsistent in five eyes (6.5%).Multiple lineal regression analysis showed that mean red cell volume (MCV) (β=0. 203, t= 2. 005) and cholesterol level (CHOL) (β=0. 230, t=2. 244) were correlation factors of MD (P＜0. 05). Conclusion The visual field defect of NAION shows a variety of patterns which may be mainly influenced by MCV and CHOL.     

Spatial relationship of motion automated perimetry and optic disc topography in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the spatial relationship of focal motion automated perimetry (MAP) visual field defect with focal defect in optic disc topography. METHODS: Patients (n = 12) with focal MAP visual field loss and focal change in optic disc topography were studied. The MAP visual field was divided into 12 field zones representing retinal nerve fiber layer arcuate bundles. Zones of MAP loss were related to rim area ratio (RAR), which was obtained by dividing the rim area, measured by the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), into 36 10 degrees sectors and then dividing the area of each sector by the total rim area for each subject. Rim area ratio was compared to a normative database (n = 76) to quantify change in optic disc topography. In these same patients, the spatial relationship between standard automated perimetry (SAP) and short-wavelength perimetry (SWAP) and optic disc topography was also assessed. RESULTS: Motion automated perimetry superior visual field zones 14 through 19 were most often associated with a reduction in RAR for inferior sectors 24 through 29, and inferior visual field zones 4 through 7 were most often associated with a reduction in RAR for superior temporal sectors 11 through 16. Similar spatial relationships were found between SWAP and SAP and the RAR. CONCLUSION: Focal MAP visual field loss and focal changes in optic disc topography are spatially related. This relationship is similar to that found between SWAP and SAP with optic disc topography. Focal thinning or notching detected by RAR analysis might be independent of the specific functional test employed.     

Assessment of false positives with the Humphrey Field Analyzer II perimeter with the SITA Algorithm

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of false-positive (FP) response errors on mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), glaucoma hemifield test (GHT), and test duration in the Humphrey Field Analyzer's (HFA II) Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). METHODS: Five individuals with glaucoma (ages 52, 63, 69, 77, and 78 years) and five individuals with normal, healthy eyes (ages 25, 34, 43, 45, and 52 years), participated in the study. Each subject was experienced in automated perimetry and performed multiple, monocular baseline SITA-standard (SITA-S) 24-2 visual field tests. In addition, normal subjects completed SITA-S 24-2 field examinations in which known frequencies of FP error were introduced (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 33% frequency). Likewise, the subjects with glaucoma completed visual field examinations with 0%, 20%, and 33% error introduced during the test. RESULTS: Reported FP errors were significantly lower than the introduced frequency of error. The SITA algorithm more accurately identified FP errors when the MD and PSD diverged from normal. Test duration increased as introduced error frequencies increased. The Statpac single-field analyses indicated that two thirds of the tests with introduced errors produced a "low-patient-reliability" determination. CONCLUSIONS: HFA II SITA-S underestimates patients' FP errors, particularly among normal patients. High FP error frequencies can have adverse effects on MD and PSD, leading clinicians and researchers to an inaccurate determination of the amount and severity of visual field loss.     

Baseline visual field characteristics in the ocular hypertension treatment study

PURPOSE: The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) seeks to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical ocular hypotensive medication in preventing or delaying the onset of visual field loss and/or optic nerve damage in ocular hypertensive subjects at risk for developing primary open-angle glaucoma. This study evaluates the baseline visual field test characteristics (visual field status, reliability properties, etc.) of patients who underwent eligibility visual field testing for entry to the OHTS. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of baseline data as part of a longitudinal randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand eight hundred nineteen ocular hypertensive individuals, aged 40 to 80 (mean age, 55). METHODS: Subjects underwent at least two Humphrey Field Analyzer Program 30-2 Full Threshold visual field examinations in both eyes for study eligibility. A third examination was performed if a prior test was abnormal, questionable, or unreliable. For final eligibility, two sets of visual field examinations had to meet OHTS criteria for reliability and had to be classified as "normal." All OHTS visual field tests of potential subjects were submitted for eligibility assessment to the OHTS Visual Field Reading Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The percentage of visual fields that were normal and reliable according to OHTS criteria. RESULTS: Of the subset of 2304 subjects who completed the eligibility assessments, 1828 (79%) were OHTS-eligible based on visual field test requirements. A third eligibility test was required for 11% of all eyes because of unreliable, questionable, or abnormal test results. With the 33% fixation loss cutoff in the OHTS, 97% of all eligibility visual field examinations were reliable and 3% were unreliable. The most frequent cause (69.5%) of unreliability was excessive fixation losses. CONCLUSIONS: Permitting one repeat test after an abnormal or unreliable test allowed an extra 560 patients to be "eligible" for the study based on visual field tests. A clinical screening review of otherwise normal and reliable tests was not restrictive. The adoption of a 33% fixation loss cutoff significantly reduced the number of required retests and prevented study rejection of 89 patients.     

Perception of stabilized retinal stimuli in dichoptic viewing conditions

Perception of stabilized retinal stimuli was studied both in monocular and dichoptic viewing conditions. When identical stabilized stimuli of large size and high luminance were presented to both eyes, the phenomena characteristic of monocular perception (rapid fading of perceived images within a few seconds or their episodic disappearance and regeneration) failed to be observed: the visual images were perceived as decaying only gradually and slowly within several minutes. The results suggest that rapid changes and fluctuations of visual images perceived monocularly may be due to the effects of binocular interaction (cooperation/rivalry), episodic darkenings of the visual field seeming to be caused by temporary predominance of the occluded eye.     

AccuMaP多焦视觉诱发电位客观视野检查在黄斑疾病视功能检测中的应用

目的 探讨AccuMap多焦视觉诱发电位(mfVEP)客观视野检查在黄斑疾病视功能检测中的应用价值.方法 临床确诊为黄斑疾病的37例患者46只眼纳入研究.采用AccuMap mfVEP客观视野计检测患者半径为2.0°、5.5°、10.0°、15.5°和24.0°中心视野的平均反应振幅值.应用概率灰度图和系统自动计算出的AccuMap视野损伤严重程度指数(ASI)表示视野区域缺失情况.同时,采用MP-1微视野计检测患者半径为2.0°、4.0°、6.0°、8.0°和10.0°中心视野的平均光敏感度(MS)和半径为10.0°中心视野的平均缺失敏感度(MD).对比分析患者最小视角对数(logMAR)最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、平均反应振幅、MS、ASI及MD之间的相关性.结果 AccuMap mfVEP客观视野计检测显示,46只患眼中43只眼ASI异常,且概率灰度图上有明确的视野缺失,占93.45%;3只眼ASI正常,且概率灰度图上无视野缺失,占6.55%.半径为2.0°、5.5°、10.0°、15.5°和24.0°中心视野的平均反应振幅值分别为(120.78±52.91)、(134.31±54.67)、(149.99±52.42)、(156.69±48.30)和(157.54±45.07)nV;ASI值平均为74.26±52.43.MP-1微视野计检测显示,半径为2.0°、4.0°、6.0°、8.0°和10.0°中心视野的MS值分别为(10.97±5.91)、(12.71±5.13)、(13.71±4.53)、(14.23±4.18)、(14.48±3.86)dB;半径为10.0°中心视野的MD值为(4.49±3.07)dB.ASI、各半径中心视野的平均反应振幅与患眼logMAR BCVA间均存在明显相关性(P＜0.05).半径为2.0°、5.5°、10.0°中心视野的平均反应振幅与半径为2.0°、6.0°和10.0°中心视野的MS呈明显正相关(r=0.477,0.432,0.433;P=0.001,0.003,0.003).ASI与半径为10.0°中心视野的MD呈明显正相关(r=0.729,P=0.000).结论 AccuMap mfVEP客观视野检查能客观反映黄斑功能改变,可应用于黄斑疾病的视功能检测.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the value of AccuMap multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) objective perimetry in measuring visual function of macular diseases. Methods Forty-six eyes (37 patients)with macular diseases were studied. The mean mfVEP amplitudes of central visual field within radius 2.0°,5.5°, 10.0°, 15.5° and 24.0°were measured by AccuMap mfVEP objective perimetry. Automatically calculated AccuMap severity index (ASI) represented the visual field defects. Meanwhile, the mean sensitivity (MS) of central visual field within radius 2. 0°, 4.0°, 6.0°, 8. 0° and 10. 0° and mean defect (MD) of central visual field within radius 10.0° were assessed by MP-1 microperimeter. The correlations among those parameters including logMAR visual acuity, mean mfVEP amplitudes, MS, ASI and MD were analyzed. Results Among 46 affected eyes, AccuMap mfVEP objective perimetry showed abnormal ASI with visual field defects in 43 eyes (93.45%), normal ASI without visual field defects in three eyes (6. 55 %). The mean mfVEP amplitudes value of the central visual field within radius of 2.0°, 5.5°, 10. 0°,15.5°and 24.0° were (120.78±52.91), (134.31±54.67), (149.99±52.42), (156.69±48.30),(157.54±45.07) nV respectively. The mean ASI value was 74. 26±52.43. MP-1 showed that the MS values of central visual field within radius 2.0°, 4.0°, 6.0°, 8. 0° and 10. 0° were (10. 97±5.91), (12. 71±5. 13), (13. 71±4. 53), (14.23±4. 18), (14.48±3. 86) dB respectively. The MD value of central visual field within radius 10° was 4.49± 3.07. There was a significant correlation among ASI, the mean mfVEPamplitudes of central visual field with every radius and logMAR best corrected visual acuity (P＜0. 05). The mean mfVEP amplitudes of central visual field within radius 2. 0°, 5. 5°, 10.0° were positively correlated with the MS of central visual field within radius 2. 0°, 6. 0°, 10.0° (r=0. 477, 0. 432, 0. 433; P=0. 001,0. 003, 0. 003). Furthermore, ASI was also correlated with MD of central visual field within radius 10.0°(r=0. 729, P = 0. 000). Conclusions AccuMap mfVEP objective perimetry can reflect the changes of macular function objectively and can be used to assess the visual function of macular diseases.