健侧胫后血管皮瓣桥携带游离皮瓣临床应用

目的 探讨下肢大面积软组织缺损采用游离组织移植修复而受区载供血管可以供缝接时的解决办法,方法 在形态学观察及动脉压和血流量测定的实验基础上,设计以健侧胫后血管形成单一顺行皮瓣成桥及顺,逆行两皮瓣桥作为血管蒂而携带游离皮瓣移植修复。结果 采用健侧胫后血管形成顺行皮瓣桥携带游离皮瓣移植修复伤肢一处创面缺损８例,皮瓣全部成活,创面修复,采用健侧胫后血管形成顺－逆行两个皮瓣桥分别携带两个游离皮瓣同时修复伤     

Nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap for repairing large soft tissue defects at the heel or inferior segment of the shank

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of the nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap on repairing large soft tissue defects at the heel or inferior segment of the shank.Methods: Totally 14 cases were followed up for 8-22 months (mean 15.5 months) to observe the clinical effects of nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap on repairing large soft tissue defects of the heel or inferior segment of the shank. Among them, there were 3 patients afflicted with infection and cutaneous defects in the middle and inferior segment of the shank after internal fixation of open fracture, 4 patients with soft tissue defects of the ankle and uncovered tendo calcaneus, and 7 patients with soft tissue defects of the heel and exposed calcaneus.Results: The flaps survived well in 13 cases and partial necrosis occurred in 1 case that was thereafter cured with changing dressing. Various extents of pain and stiffness of the knee joints were present in all cases and disappeared through 1-8 weeks' (mean 3.2 weeks) functional exercises. The last follow-up showed that all the flaps kept good texture and satisfactory appearance.Conclusions: The nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap, having the advantages of simple surgical procedures, anastomosing the nerves and restoring the sensation of recipient site, can be used for recovering large soft tissue defects of the shank and ankle.     

Nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap for repairing large soft tissue defects at the heel or inferior segment of the shank

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of the nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap on repairing large soft tissue defects at the heel or inferior segment of the shank.Methods: Totally 14 cases were followed up for 8-22 months (mean 15.5 months) to observe the clinical effects of nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap on repairing large soft tissue defects of the heel or inferior segment of the shank. Among them, there were 3 patients afflicted with infection and cutaneous defects in the middle and inferior segment of the shank after internal fixation of open fracture, 4 patients with soft tissue defects of the ankle and uncovered tendo calcaneus, and 7 patients with soft tissue defects of the heel and exposed calcaneus.Results: The flaps survived well in 13 cases and partial necrosis occurred in 1 case that was thereafter cured with changing dressing. Various extents of pain and stiffness of the knee joints were present in all cases and disappeared through 1-8 weeks' (mean 3.2 weeks) functional exercises. The last follow-up showed that all the flaps kept good texture and satisfactory appearance.Conclusions: The nervus cutaneus femoris posterior pedicle flap, having the advantages of simple surgical procedures, anastomosing the nerves and restoring the sensation of recipient site, can be used for recovering large soft tissue defects of the shank and ankle.     

Free flap transfer bridged by antegrade and retrograde posterior tibial vessel flaps temporally borrowed from the healthy leg

ＳＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｒｔｈｏｐａｅｄｉｃｓａｎｄＴｒａｕｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ,ＮａｎｆａｎｇＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ,ＦｉｒｓｔＭｉｌｉｔａｒｙＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０５１５,Ｃｈｉｎａ（ＰｅｉＧＸ,ＺｈａｏＤＳ,ＷａｎｇＱ）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＡｎａｔｏｍｙ,ＦｉｒｓｔＭｉｌｉｔａｒｙＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０５１５,Ｃｈｉｎａ（ＺｈｏｎｇＳＺ）ｉｎｃｅ１９７９,ｂｒｉｄｇｅｄｔｉｓｓｕｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ,ｗｈ…     

上臂外侧骨皮瓣移植修复手部复合伤

目的 介绍应用游离上臂外侧骨皮瓣移植修复手部软组织并掌骨缺损的手术疗效。方法 对7例手部软组织及掌骨缺损的患者，设计带桡侧副动脉后支的肱骨下段骨皮瓣一期修复皮肤和骨缺损。结果 骨皮瓣全部存活，术后随访6～12个月，皮瓣质地优，移植骨块全部骨性愈合，手功能按手外科学会上肢功能评定标准，优6例，良1例。结论 本组骨皮瓣切取方便，血供可靠且不损伤主要血管，是修复手部软组织伴骨缺损的较好方法。     

桥式交叉"T"形血管吻合游离背阔肌皮瓣移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的 介绍改进桥式交叉游离皮瓣移植的手术方法并总结分析.方法 2003年9月至2007年5月,应用桥式交叉"T"形血管吻合游离背阔肌皮瓣移植方法修复小腿软组织缺损患者6例.男5例,女1例;年龄21～48岁(平均32岁).软组织缺损范围20 cm×9 cm～32 cm×11 cm.皮瓣血管蒂切取时携带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,使蒂呈"T"形,将其与健侧小腿胫后动脉两断端行端端吻合,血管蒂行中厚网状游离植皮包裹,未用皮管,小腿供区切口直接缝合.结果 1例术后皮瓣远端发生小的表浅感染,换药2周后愈合,皮瓣全部成活,术后经过顺利,获得较满意的效果.随访6个月～4年(平均2.7年),未发现明显的供区功能障碍.供区与皮瓣外形较好,供区小腿经临床观察与多普勒检查证实胫后动脉通畅.结论 利用"T"形血管与胫后血管吻合,降低对侧小腿供区的损伤,只要血管吻合质量好,对皮瓣血供无影响.这种技术特别适用于小腿软组织缺损须行血管吻合的皮瓣修复、但肢体仅有一根主要血管的病例.     

股后侧岛状皮瓣和肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨应用股后侧岛状皮瓣修复大转子、骶部等处软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 应用顺行股后侧岛状皮瓣修复大转子软组织缺损4例、骶部2例;逆行股后侧岛状皮瓣修复腘窝部皮肤缺损2例;肌皮瓣修复坐骨结节褥疮4例;供区直接缝合.结果 除 1例岛状皮瓣远端发生尖部坏死经植皮愈合外,余病例术后全部成活.随访1～5年,供区愈合良好、受区外形、质地及厚薄均较满意.结论 该皮瓣以臀下动脉股后皮支及股深动脉穿动脉为其血供,解剖恒定,具有血运丰富、血管蒂长和切取容易等优点,适宜修复大转子、骶部坐骨结节及腘窝部等处软组织缺损.     

Therapie eines osteo-fascio-cutanen Femurdefektes mit in Reihe geschalteter Durchflusslappenplastik

Covering large osteo-fascio-cutaneous defects after debridement often calls for elaborate soft tissue reconstruction. Large tissue loss or structural damage that requires distinct repair is rarely coverable by a single conventional flap. Here, we report the case of serial flap coverage using sequentially connected fibular and latissimus dorsi free flaps.     

The two-handed template for planning fibular free flap reconstruction of the head and neck

Fibular free flap reconstruction of head and neck defects is complex, and the anatomic relationships among components of the fibular flap pose challenges to reconstructive surgeons. Various techniques have been employed in planning for fibular free flap procedures, but these are often cumbersome and difficult to implement in clinically. We devised a simplistic tool for pre-operative leg selection, wherein the surgeon uses two hands to represent the various components of the fibular flap. The senior author has used this method to aid in leg selection for fibular free flaps. In all cases, utilization of this technique allowed for appropriate leg selection relative to the location of the vascular pedicle and posterior crural septum. The two-handed template for fibular free flap reconstruction is a simple, reproducible, and affordable tool that can aid reconstructive surgeons when they are planning to use a fibular flap.     

Propeller flap: Orthoplastic approach for coverage of distal leg and ankle defects

BackgroundCovering soft tissue defects of the distal one-third of the leg and the Achilles tendon region and is a challenging problem for an orthopedic surgeon. With recent advancements in the anatomical knowledge of perforating vessels, perforator-pedicled propeller flaps have become increasingly popular in recent decades. We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of our patients whose soft tissue defects in the distal leg were reconstructed with propeller flaps and assessed association of complications with age, gender, flap size and arc of rotation.MethodsPatients that had a reconstruction with a propeller flap at the ankle from 2013 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The main indications for the propeller flap were small- and medium-sized soft tissue defects of the distal lower limb. 20 propeller flaps were applied to 19 patients (14 male, 5 female) for various lower extremity defects.ResultsThe mean follow-up duration was 2 years (range, 6 months to 6 years). The average flap size was 82 cm² (range, 48–125 cm²). The flap was rotated 180 degrees in nine patients The source of the perforator vessel was the tibialis posterior artery in 14 cases, the peroneal artery in 4 cases, both the tibialis posterior and peroneal arteries in 1 case. Four complications (20 %) occured postoperatively. Two patients developed partial necrosis at the tip of the flap, and two patients developed superficial epidermolysis. No correlations were found between complications and flap size and the arc of rotation.ConclusionsThe propeller flap is a reliable option for reconstruction of small to moderate defects in the lower extremity with good clinical results and minimal donor-site morbidity. It is applicable for orthopedic surgeons who do not have microsurgical experience or an available microscope in the operating room.     

前锯肌肌肉筋膜瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的 总结游离前锯肌肌肉筋膜瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损的临床应用经验.方法 2006年9月至2009年1月应用游离前锯肌肌肉筋膜瓣桥式移植修复7例小腿软组织缺损.肌肉筋膜瓣切取连带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,血管蒂呈T形,与健侧小腿胫后动脉两断端行端端吻合,肌肉筋膜瓣及其血管蒂用中厚皮片网状移植覆盖.结果 7例肌肉筋膜瓣全部成活.术后经过顺利,取得了较满意的效果.随访9～42个月,供区无明显功能障碍,且供、受区外形均较好.健侧小腿经临床观察与多普勒超声血流探测仪检查,胫后动脉通畅.结论 该术式适宜修复小腿软组织缺损仅有1条主要动脉者,不损伤健侧小腿胫后动脉,且对供区的损伤也较轻.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the application of free anterior serratus musculo-fascial flap in bridge style for the soft tissue defect at leg.Methods From Sept.2006 to Jan.2009,the free anterior serratus musculo-fascial flaps were used in bridge style in 7 cases with soft tissue defects at legs.The anterior serratus musculo-fascial flaps were elevated with subscapular and circumflex scapular vessels forming a T-shaped vascular pedicles.The T-shaped pedicle was end-to-end anastomosed with the two ends of the posterior tibial artery at the healthy leg.The musculo-fascial flap and its pedicle were covered with skin graft.Results All the 7 flaps survived completely with satisfactory result.The patients were followed up for 9-42 months with good functional and esthetic result both in donor site and recipient site.The patency of posterior tibial artery was demonstrated by clinical and Doppler examination.Conclusions This technique is particularly useful in leg reconstructive surgery when only one vessel remains.The patency of the posterior tibial artery at the healthy leg is preserved and the morbidity in donor site is minimal.     

Posterior Interosseous Artery Flap for Resurfacing Posttraumatic Soft Tissue Defects of the Hand

The need for soft tissue coverage of large defects in the hand and the wrist following trauma is a common problem for hand surgeons. Flap coverage of these defects can be either in the form of distant or regional flaps. The posterior interosseous artery flap recently has emerged as a front runner in these situations by its virtue to preserve both the major arteries to the hand. Thirty-two posterior interosseous artery flaps were used in 32 patients with complex soft tissue defects of the hand. All these defects were posttraumatic. There were associated skeletal and soft tissue injuries in 20 patients. The donor site was closed either primarily or by a split skin graft depending on the size of the defect. All flaps healed well, and there were no incidences of flap necrosis. The donor site required a split skin graft in 24 patients. The flap was bulky in one patient and transient extensor carpi ulnaris weakness was seen in three patients. The posterior interosseous artery flap is a versatile flap for coverage of soft tissue defects of the hand. Good aesthetic results can be achieved with minimal donor site morbidity. Harvesting the flap requires a precise surgical technique and as many perforators as possible should be preserved to ensure flap viability.     

应用带蒂皮瓣修复皮肤软组织缺损

 目的 探讨带蒂皮瓣修复皮肤软组织缺损的效果。方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2010年9月,因创伤造成皮肤软组织缺损的具有完整随访资料的87例患者的病例,男61例,女26例;年龄14～61岁,平均40岁。患者均采用不吻合血管的带蒂皮瓣进行修复。致伤原因：车祸伤23例,高压电损伤46例,碾压撕脱伤18例。缺损部位：手部21例,下肢66例。皮瓣种类：邻近转位皮瓣50例,远位转移皮瓣37例。皮瓣面积：2.0 cm×1.5 cm～18 cm×12 cm。供区部位：小腿61例,腹部18例,手部8例。术前25例患者合并骨髓炎,其中骨和（或）钢板外露23例,高压电损伤2例。钢板外露患者皮瓣移植前均取出内置物。结果 术后3例患者出现皮瓣下血肿,经手术清除,未对皮瓣成活造成影响。1例术后因肢体固定位置移动造成蒂部受压,导致皮瓣远端宽约2 cm组织发生血运障碍,经6周换药皮瓣成活。37例远位转移皮瓣于术后3周行二期断蒂手术。27例皮瓣一期愈合;47例二期愈合;13例皮瓣移植前取出钢板的患者术后发生感染,皮瓣不愈合,9例在1年内经清除坏死病灶,皮瓣愈合,另4例目前仍未愈合。87例患者均获得随访,随访时间3～60个月,平均13个月,患者满意率为90.80%（79/87）。结论 带蒂皮瓣较少受手术设计的限制,术中操作简单,皮瓣成活率高,可以较好地应用于皮肤软组织缺损的修复。     

Reconstruction of distal lower extremities defect using the free peroneal artery perforator vessel based flap

Soft tissue defects of the distal lower extremities are challenging. The purpose of this paper is to present our experiences with the free peroneal artery perforator flap for the reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the distal lower extremity. Nine free peroneal artery perforator flaps were used to reconstruct soft tissue defects of the lower extremities between April 2006 and October 2011. All flaps were used for distal leg and foot reconstruction. Peroneal artery perforator flaps ranged in size from 2 cm × 4 cm to 6 cm × 12 cm. The length of the vascular pedicle ranged from 2 to 6 cm. Recipient vessels were: medial plantar vessels in seven cases, the dorsalis pedis vessel in one, metatarsal vessel in one. All flaps survived completely, a success rate of 100%. Advantages of this flap are that there is no need to sacrifice any main artery in the lower leg, and minimal morbidity at the donor site. This free perforator flap may be useful for patients with small to medium soft tissue defects of the distal lower extremities and feet. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:629–632, 2014.     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的　观察应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法　对 1 8例足部软组织缺损患者 ,以其腓肠神经营养血管为蒂 ,于小腿后侧切取皮瓣逆行转移修复缺损区。观察术后患者皮瓣成活情况及供区创面愈合情况。　结果　术后皮瓣均成活 ,切取的最大皮瓣为 1 0 .5cm× 1 6.5cm。供区创面愈合良好 ,除外观略受影响外活动功能基本正常。　结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣切取简便 ,移植成活率高 ,是修复足部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损

目的介绍4种颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损的方法。方法1982年1月~2003年12月,172例口腔颌面部肿瘤,其中口腔黏膜鳞癌165例,唾液腺癌7例。I期21例,Ⅱ期116例,Ⅲ期35例。病变主要部位:舌59例、颊黏膜55例、下颌牙龈26例、口底25例、腮腺4例及口咽区3例。肿瘤切除术与颈淋巴结清扫术后,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复45例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复59例,舌骨下肌皮瓣修复60例,颏下岛状瓣修复8例;切取肌皮瓣皮岛范围2.5 cm×5.0 cm~5.0 cm×8.0 cm。结果术后153例皮瓣全部成活,其中舌骨下肌皮瓣55例,颈阔肌皮瓣40例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣52例,颏下岛状瓣6例;完全坏死11例,部分(皮岛1/4~1/2)坏死8例。4种皮瓣成功率分别为91.67%、88.89%、88.14%和75%。101例获随访3~11年,平均5.7年,原位复发18例,颈部复发4例,远处转移2例;3年生存84例,占83.17%。结论颈部带蒂组织瓣适用于修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后中小型软组织缺损。     

The Distally Pedicled Peroneus Brevis Muscle Flap Anatomic Studies and Clinical Applications

Defects in the distal third of the lower leg with bone or tendon exposure may require local or free flap reconstruction. For small and moderate lesions, the distally pedicled peroneus brevis muscle flap may be an effective procedure with less morbidity than a free tissue transfer. Six cadaveric specimens were dissected to determine the location of distal pedicles and the flap type. This flap was found to be a Type IV flap, and the location of distal pedicle was always located within 6 cm from the fibula tip. This flap was performed on 6 patients to cover defects in the distal third of the lower leg. The defect areas were the pretibial region in 2 cases, the lateral malleolus in 3 cases, and the Achilles tendon in 1 case. The peroneus brevis muscle was detached from the uppermost point of the fibula to obtain enough length to cover the defect. All flaps survived except 1 that experienced distal flap necrosis. Minor complications included skin graft failure in 2 cases. However, the final results demonstrated a smooth contour that eliminated dead space. Limited donor site morbidity was obtained in all cases. The distally peroneus brevis muscle flap therefore offers an alternative for reconstructive surgeons dealing with soft tissue defects of the lower leg.     

前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣在多指缺损中的临床应用

目的 探讨前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣在多指缺损中的临床应用.方法 临床对38例手部皮肤软组织缺损伴多指缺损行前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复.其中2指缺损9例,3指缺损12例,4指缺损17例,均伴有皮肤缺损.结果 术后36例皮瓣顺利成活,2例皮瓣部分坏死,进行游离植皮后成活.术后经1年随访,手部功能恢复良好,皮瓣外形良好,供区遗留线性瘢痕.结论 前臂骨间后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣是修复手部软组织缺损合并手指缺损较为理想的手术方法.     

胫后血管蒂小腿内侧复合组织瓣的临床应用

目的探讨以胫后血管为蒂小腿内侧复合组织瓣的临床应用效果和有关问题。方法1992年9月～1999年5月应用小腿内侧复合组织瓣修复四肢骨和软组织缺损12例,其中开放性骨折并骨和软组织缺损7例,慢性溃疡并骨髓炎2例,恶性黑色素瘤2例,骨肿瘤切除术后骨和软组织缺损1例。缺损范围2.5cm×5.0cm～4.5cm×11.0cm。游离移植5例,桥式转移3例,逆行移位4例,其中骨膜肌皮瓣加自体松质骨或同种异体脱钙骨移植8例,肌皮瓣4例。皮瓣最大12cm×25cm,最小6cm×8cm。结果10例皮瓣全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合;2例皮瓣远端小部分坏死,经切除坏死痂皮后换药,创面Ⅱ期愈合。10例创面修复后16周X线片示骨愈合。术后经6～18个月随访,除1例术后2个月死于肿瘤转移外,其余均取得满意效果。结论小腿内侧复合组织瓣血供充分,血管口径粗,蒂长,皮瓣切取面积大,是修复肢体大面积软组织缺损合并骨缺损的理想组织瓣。     

组合皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用组合皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损的临床应用价值和手术技巧. 方法 2005年1月至2008年12月采用组合皮瓣移植治疗36例小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损患者,其中采用游离股前外侧肌皮瓣组合携带健侧胫后血管的单桥式皮瓣修复14例,游离股前外侧肌皮瓣组合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复11例,游离背阔肌皮瓣组合带健侧胫后血管的单桥式皮瓣修复6例,游离胸脐皮瓣组合局部转移腓肠肌皮瓣修复3例,游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣组合游离胸脐皮瓣修复1例,游离股前外侧肌皮瓣、游离胸脐皮瓣分别组合携带顺、逆行健侧胫后血管的双桥式皮瓣修复1例. 结果 本组有3例术后出现血管危象并进行了血管探查,解除动脉危象后1例游离皮瓣成活,1例游离皮瓣边缘坏死经换药后创面愈合,另1例静脉栓塞探查术后游离皮瓣部分坏死.其余33例患者移植组织令部成活,创面一期修复,总成功率为97.2%(35/36).术后随访4～36个月,平均16个月,皮瓣质地柔软,外形良好,患肢足踝功能恢复满意. 结论 采用不同形式的组合皮瓣移植,为小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损的修复提供了一个可行且有效的技术方法 ,手术虽有一定风险,但可有效降低伤残率,恢复肢体功能,缩短疗程.