原生质体诱变及高通量筛选选育链霉素高产菌株

目的 通过诱变和筛选方法的研究，提高灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)生产链霉素的水平。方法 优化灰色链霉 菌的原生质体的生成和再生条件，并对得到的原生质体进行紫外诱变，然后利用微孔板高通量方式对获得菌株进行筛选。结果 经过诱变选育获得一株菌NP-11703，其链霉素产量在100L罐上比出发菌株提高了21.8%。结论 用紫外诱变原生质体，可以有 效提高灰色链霉菌产链霉素的能力。结合高通量筛选模型的应用，可大大加快高产菌株的筛选效率。     

利用原生质体诱变筛选L-亮氨酸产生菌

L-异亮氨酸产生菌钝齿棒状杆菌AS110可产L-异亮氨酸16.4mg/ml,不产生L-亮氨酸。在菌株AS110制备成原生质体再生后,结果发现90%以上的再生菌株可以产生L-亮氨酸。用紫外线诱变处理AS110的原生质体,从再生菌株中筛选出一株L-亮氨酸产生菌AS150,经分离纯化后,可产L-亮氨酸16.4mg/ml,并且不产L-异亮氨酸。     

苏氨酸产生菌原生质体的研究

考察苏氨酸产生菌GSR 8-25的原生质体制备及再生的最佳条件,并用紫外线(uv)诱变处理其原生质体,从再生株中筛选苏氨酸高产菌株。经多次连续诱变处理得一再生株25-20,其苏氨酸产量由出发菌株的15mg/ml提高到21.5mg/ml,提高率达43.3％.     

原生质体再生与诱变在硫霉素产生菌选育中的应用

以硫霉素产生菌卡特利链霉菌３５８（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓｃａｔｌｅｙａ３５８）为原始菌株,用原生质体形成与再生结合物理、化学诱变的方法进行菌种选育。在最适条件下原生质体释放浓度和再生率分别为１．６×１０９／ｍｌ和２９．５％。原生质体再生处理后,硫霉素产量变异向正方向移动,筛选到１株ＰＲ－１１７,相对效价提高６０％。分别以菌株ＰＲ－１１７的孢子和原生质体进行紫外线及亚硫酸氢钠诱变,原生质体对诱变剂的敏感性强于孢子,致死率增加,效价分布更分散。原生质体与孢子紫外线诱变正变率分别为１６．５％和９％,亚硫酸氢钠诱变的正变率都为４％。从原生质体紫外线诱变株中筛选到１株ＰＲｕ－３３６,相对效价比原始菌株提高９０％。     

环孢菌素A两种不同产生菌原生质体的制备和再生

以环孢菌素A两种不同产生菌——雪白白僵菌和茄病镰刀菌为出发菌株，开展了原生质体制备和再生条件的研究，并分别实现了两个不同种的菌株原生质体再生。     

麦考酚酸产生菌的诱变育种及发酵的研究

麦考酚酸(MPA)经过酯化后形成的麦考酚酸酯(MMF)是一种新型的免疫抑制剂。麦考酚酸在发酵液中的含量较低，仅200u／ml。以Penicillium brevicompactum D-4为出发菌株，经紫外线诱变和自然分离纯化的分离．筛选出一株MPA的产量明显地高于出发菌株的突变株U8-S-5。它在10m^3发酵罐上的MPA效价可以达到1600u／m1．较出发菌株提高8倍多。     

2-酮基-L-古龙酸产生菌原生质体的属间融合

用配对法筛选得一株氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans)10-3的优良伴生菌短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus)97002，混合菌发酵产生2－酮基－L－古龙酸，山梨糖的转化率达90％左右，两菌分别经诱变处理，获得耐利福平B.pumilus 97002-1-6 Rif^r和耐红霉素G.oxydans 10-3-20 Em^r遗传标记菌株，并确定B.pumilus 97002-1-6Rif^r菌原生质体形成和再生最佳条件。初步尝试两菌属间原生质体融合。     

利用亚硝酸诱变原生质体筛选L—亮氨酸高产菌株的研究

本实验以Ｌ－亮氨酸产生菌黄色短杆菌ＣＦＮ－１９为出发菌株。我们首先对ＣＦＮ－１９菌株制备原生质体，原生质体制备率为９５．１％，再生率为２５％，然后对原生质体进行亚硝酸、利福平、氯化锂复合诱变处理，从再生菌株中筛选出一株高产菌株Ｈ６－６６，产酸量由原来的２３．１ｍｇ／ｍｌ提高到３２．６ｍｇ／ｍｌ，提高率达４１％。同时又对Ｈ６－６６菌株进行遗传稳定性考察，考察结果Ｈ６－６６菌株是高产稳定菌株。     

洛伐他汀产生菌原体质体诱变育种及发酵配方优选的研究

采用紫外线－氯化理复合诱变洛伐汀产生菌原生质体,经原生质体再生获得高产菌株ＢＴＬ２３、ＢＴＬ５６。在对菌株ＢＴＬ２３进行碳、氮源考察的基础上,采用均匀设计方法对培养基进行优化,使ＢＴＬ２３成功用于洛伐他汀生产实际。     

普那霉素产生菌的原生质体诱变育种

普那霉素产生菌始旋链霉菌（Streptomyces pristinaespiralis ）11．2在含0．5％甘氨酸的种子培养基中培养到对数生长期，收集菌丝体，经2mg／ml溶菌酶在30℃下作用90min可获得大量的原生质体，其再生率为5．1％。始旋链霉菌11.2原生质体经UV诱变并在含普那霉素的再生平板上筛选普那霉素抗性菌株，从中获得一高产：突变株始旋链霉菌ZP-07，普那霉素产量达到1．59g／L，比出发菌株提高101．3％。     

霉酚酸高产菌株短密青霉菌的选育

以短密青霉菌UH35-58为出发菌株,紫外线为诱变剂,采用摇瓶一级发酵补水工艺(64h补水20%)淘汰大量低产菌株,获得高产突变株N110-N76.用HPLC测定其发酵液的霉酚酸含量,发酵单位比出发菌株UH35-58提高120%.经过连续传代试验,该菌株的遗传性状稳定.     

霉酚酸产生菌短密青霉菌UA-32的发酵研究

研究短密青霉菌UA-32产生霉酚酸的发酵条件。改良了种子培养基,并对发酵所需的氨基酸、碳源进行了考察;采用正交设计优化得到发酵培养基配方。优化后的摇瓶发酵单位比优化前提高90%。     

紫外诱变复合重金属离子抗性突变选育霉酚酸高产菌株

以霉酚酸产生菌1321#为出发菌株,采用紫外线诱变并复合重金属Cr6 、Cu2 抗性株筛选,获得一株遗传性状稳定且摇瓶发酵水平提高86.6%的164#高产菌株。经发酵配方优化,该菌株的摇瓶单位再度提升了5.5%,显示出了高产潜力。     

Inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in mouse lungs exposed to purified toxins from building isolated Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx and P. chrysogenum Thom.

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that building-associated Penicillium spores and spore extracts can induce significant inflammatory responses in lung cells and animal models of lung disease. However, because spores and spore extracts comprise mixtures of bioactive constituents often including toxins, it is impossible to resolve which constituent mediates inflammatory responses. This study examined dose-response (0.5 nM, 2.5 nM, 5.0 nM, 12.5 nM/g body weight (BW) animal) and time-course (3, 6, 24 and 48 h post instillation (PI)) relationships associated with inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in mouse lungs intratracheally instilled with pure brevianamide A, mycophenolic acid, and roquefortine C. High doses (5.0 nM and/or 12.5 nM/g BW animal) of brevianamide A and mycophenolic acid, the dominant metabolites of P. brevicompactum, and roquefortine C, the dominant metabolite of P. chrysogenum, induced significant inflammatory responses within 6 h PI, expressed as differentially elevated macrophage, neutrophil, MIP-2, TNF, and IL-6 concentrations in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of intratracheally exposed mice. Macrophage and neutrophil numbers were maximal at 24 h PI; responses of the other inflammatory markers were maximal at 6 h PI. Except for macrophage numbers in mycophenolic acid-treatment animals, cells exhibited significant dose-dependent-like responses; for the chemo-/cytokine markers, dose dependency was lacking except for MIP-2 concentration in brevianamide A-treatment animals. It was also found that brevianamide A induced cytotoxicity expressed as significantly increased LDH concentration in mouse BALF, at concentrations of 12.5 nM/g BW animal and at 6 and 24 h PI. Albumin concentrations, measured as a nonspecific marker of vascular leakage, were significantly elevated in the BALF of mice treated with 12.5 nM/g nM brevianamide A/animal from 6 to 24 h PI and in > or =5.0 nM/g mycophenolic acid-treated animals at 6 to 24 h PI. These results suggest that these three toxins from Penicillium species common on damp materials in residential housing provoke compound-specific toxic responses with different toxicokinetics. Moreover, that these toxins can stimulate significant inflammatory responses in vivo might help explain some of the indoor effects associated with Penicillium spore exposures in indoor environments.     

淡紫灰链霉菌X33水溶性抗真菌产物高产菌株的诱变选育

以淡紫灰链霉菌X33(Streptomyces lavendulae X33)野生菌为出发菌株，柑橘致病菌指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)为指示菌，诱变选育对柑橘采后致病青霉具有显著抑制作用的水溶性抗真菌产物的高产菌株。经自然分离选育后，采用紫外线、亚硝基胍、五溴尿嘧啶与二氨基嘌呤混合三轮系列诱变处理，筛选获得一株性能稳定的高产诱变菌株BP39，其相对抑菌效价较出发菌株X33提高了279%。表明传统的物理、化学诱变选育方法，可大幅提高野生菌株活性产物产量，是一种简便、快速的育种手段。     

拉曼被孢霉γ-亚麻酸高产突变株的选育

目的诱变、筛选γ 亚麻酸 (GLA)高产菌株。方法采用 5 氟尿嘧啶、紫外线、氯化锂复合诱变及自然分离的方法 ,对拉曼被孢霉AS 3.34 13进行诱变筛选。结果获得一株GLA高产突变株F5。该菌株GLA产量较原始菌株提高了 30 0 %。传代实验证明该菌株遗传性质稳定。经对其发酵培养基及发酵条件的优化 ,该菌株GLA生产能力可达 115 3.6 3mg/L ,较原始菌株提高 335 .87%。结论拉曼被孢霉GLA高产突变株F5已达工业生产菌株要求。     

产黄青霉高产菌株的选育

目的:对现生产用产黄青霉菌诱变育种以获得稳定高产菌株。方法:用化学诱变剂对菌种进行诱变育种,筛选得到的菌株通过摇瓶试验考察其产抗能力与传代稳定性。结果:选育得到的259#菌株摇瓶效价比出发菌株提高,传代三代后仍稳定。结论:通过诱变育种得到259#菌株是高产优质菌株。     

Mycophenolate mofetil in islet cell transplant: variable pharmacokinetics but good correlation between total and unbound concentrations

The authors investigated the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid over 1 year in 8 Caucasian women undergoing islet cell transplantation. Total mycophenolic acid AUC(0-12) mcg x h/mL before day 60 was 62.1-67.8, declining to 33.6-64.7 thereafter (P = .61). Median total trough concentrations were 1.16-2.90 mcg/mL. Unbound AUC(0-12) was 412-673 ng x h/mL and did not change over time (P = .30). Median percent unbound mycophenolic acid was 0.95% of total concentrations. Individual unbound and total mycophenolic acid concentrations were highly correlated (r2 = 0.94). Total mycophenolic acid trough concentration and total AUC(0-12) were modestly correlated (r2 = 0.65). Intra- and interpatient variability of systemic mycophenolic acid exposure was high. Six patients required dose reductions prior to day 60 due to adverse effects. All subjects achieved insulin independence; 3 later lost graft function. The trend toward higher exposure in the early periods followed by dose reductions suggests that lower initial doses and therapeutic drug monitoring may be necessary.     

产紫青霉G59的庆大霉素抗性突变株新产抗肿瘤活性产物研究

目的阐明真菌无活性野生株产紫青霉G59的庆大霉素抗性突变株2-5-3-1新产抗肿瘤活性产物。方法在活性跟踪和薄层检测指导下,通过与原始菌样品直接对照,利用液液萃取、柱层析、制备薄层层析、重结晶等技术,分离纯化活性产物。根据理化常数和波谱数据鉴定化合物结构。用MTT法测试样品对K562细胞的抑制活性。结果从突变株2-5-3-1发酵物中分离鉴定了麦角甾醇（1）、fructigenine A（2）、rugulosuvine A（3）、大黄素（4）和ω-羟基大黄素（5）。化合物1~5在100μg/ml浓度下对K562细胞的抑制率分别为52.8%、60.8%、41.2%、84.6%和37.1%,其中1、2和4的IC50分别为93.1、58.4和30.0μg/ml。结论化合物1~5均为产紫青霉G59不生产而突变株新产抗肿瘤活性产物。用DMSO介导的庆大霉素抗性筛选方法可以将无活性真菌野生株转化成活性突变株并供新产活性产物研究。     

青霉素高产菌株的理性筛选

以青霉素生产菌种87117#为出发菌种，采用紫外线诱变复合前体动态后处理的方法，结合限氧条件下的摇瓶筛选，从177支前体抗性株中筛出XY-137#高产突变株。该菌株摇瓶效价平均提高了8．8％，且遗传特性稳定，单位菌丝产物合成能力强。XY-137#菌株在百吨罐中经过近百批的生产验证，其放罐效价、发酵指数、罐批产量平均提高了3．83％、5．66%和2．69％。