美洛昔康片的人体药物动力学及生物利用度

目的 :研究美洛昔康片的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 :采用随机交叉试验设计 ,2 0名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服试验品与参比品 15mg ,以HPLC法测定血药浓度。结果 :试验品和参比品的AUC0→t分别为 (5 2 85± 12 18) ,(5 7 10±15 5 5 )h·μg·mL-1;AUC0→∞ 分别为 (5 7 90± 14 0 3) ,(6 3 98± 19 94)h·μg·mL-1;cmax分别为 (1 493± 0 338) ,(1 6 82± 0 399) μg·mL-1;tmax分别为 (5 6 5± 3 17) ,(4 6 0± 1 82 )h ;T1/ 2 分别为 (2 6 2 9± 4 37) ,(2 8 0 3± 6 75 )h。 2种美洛昔康片的主要动力学参数 :AUC0→t,AUC0→∞ ,cmax,tmax和T1/ 2 经方差分析显示均无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。AUC经双单侧t检验证明 ,试验品与参比品生物等效 ,试验品的相对生物利用度为 (94 46± 14 6 0 ) % (n =2 0 )。结论 :2种药品具有生物等效性     

3种伊曲康唑胶囊的人体相对生物利用度

目的 :比较 3种市售伊曲康唑胶囊的生物等效性 ,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 :15名健康男性受试者 ,随机分为3组 ,采用 3制剂、3周期的拉丁方设计 ,单剂量口服 2 0 0mg伊曲康唑后 ,采用HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度。cmax,tmax采用实测值 ,AUC用梯形法计算 ,并用双单侧t检验评价 3种制剂之间的生物等效性。结果 :口服制剂A ,B和参比制剂后的cmax分别为(197± 92 ) ,(2 16± 76 ) ,(2 72± 10 9) μg·L-1;tmax分别为 (4 17± 1 2 5 ) ,(4 2 7± 1 16 ) ,(4 0 0± 1 0 7)h ;T1/2 为 (2 5 2± 4 9) ,(2 4 6±5 5 ) ,(2 4 9± 3 9)h ;AUC0→ 72h分别为 (32 31± 1195 ) ,(30 38± 980 ) ,(4 2 97± 12 99) μg·h·L-1。制剂A ,B相对参比制剂的生物利用度分别为 (75 2 1± 9 18) %和 (71 72± 14 2 1) %。结论 :制剂A ,B与参比制剂的AUC ,cmax,均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;双单侧t检验结果显示A ,B制剂和参比制剂生物不等效     

2种左甲状腺素钠片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种左甲状腺素钠片的人体生物等效性。方法:按照两制剂两周期随机交叉设计,26名男女健康受试者分别单剂量口服受试制剂(Berlthyrox)或参比制剂(雷替斯)6片(每片含左甲状腺素钠100μg)。采用放射免疫法测定血清中T4、T3浓度,并计算药动学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的T4主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(138.54±16.22)、(147.45±16.92)ng·mL-1,tmax(2.4±1.0)、(2.3±2.2)h,t1/2(253.58±155.94)、(467.97±638.97)h,AUC0～48h(5550.27±679.50)、(5817.83±649.35)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(48065.79±28322.17)、(85248.31±113292.36)ng·h·mL-1;T3的主要药动学分别为:cmax(1.56±0.23)、(1.55±0.18)ng·mL-1,tmax(39.7±16.5)、(35.4±18.8)h,t1/2(117.55±107.94)、(105.29±65.78)h,AUC0～48h(64.09±7.52)、(65.06±7.60)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(330.15±250.21)、(307.33±126.61)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂与参比制剂T4、T3的相对生物利用度分别为(95.9±11.6)%、(99.2±12.6)%。结论:2种左甲状腺素钠片生物等效。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中卡托普利和人体药动学的研究

目的　建立简便的测定人血浆中卡托普利血药浓度的高效液相色谱法 ,研究卡托普利在健康人体中的药动学参数。方法　以对溴苯乙酰基溴为紫外衍生化试剂 ,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定 18名健康志愿受试者口服单剂量卡托普利受试制剂和参比制剂 ( 5 0mg)后血药浓度。结果　卡托普利的血药浓度标准曲线的线性范围为 2 5～ 12 0 0ng·mL- 1 ,其最低定量限为 2 5ng·mL- 1 ,日内及日间RSD均小于 8%。应用所建立的血药浓度检测方法测定 18名健康志愿受试者口服单剂量卡托普利受试制剂和参比制剂 ( 5 0mg)后血药浓度 ,并计算药动学参数。结果表明口服受试制剂或参比制剂后的tmax分别为( 0 6 4± 0 18)h和 ( 0 82± 0 4 1)h ;Cmax分别为 ( 6 0 0 2± 194 3)ng·mL- 1 和 ( 5 82 7± 175 3)ng·mL- 1 ;AUC0→ 8h分别为 ( 14 4 8 5± 4 83 7)ng·h·mL- 1 和 ( 1389 9± 392 5 )ng·h·mL- 1 ;AUC0→∞ 分别为 ( 186 9 4± 70 1 6 )ng·h·mL- 1 和 ( 1781 8± 6 15 5 )ng·h·mL- 1 。结论　本方法操作便捷 ,灵敏度高 ,为血药浓度监测及药代动力学研究提供了方法学基础     

缬沙坦胶囊在人体的药物动力学及相对生物利用度

目的 :了解国产缬沙坦胶囊在人体的药物动力学和相对生物利用度。方法 :采用随机交叉试验设计 ,2 0名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服试验品与参比品各 80mg ,用HPLC法测定血药浓度。结果 :试验品与参比品主要药物动力学参数为T1/ 2α:(1 86± 0 93)h与 (1 94± 0 80 )h ,T1/ 2 β:(9 93± 3 41)h与 (9 81± 4 18)h ,tmax:(2 33± 0 80 )h与 (2 2 8± 0 47)h ;cmax:(2 6 1±1 15 ) μg·mL-1与 (2 43± 1 0 4) μg·mL-1,AUC0→T:(17 2 5± 6 90 ) μg·h·mL-1与 (16 92± 6 34 ) μg·h·mL-1。经交叉试验方差分析 ,上述药物动力学参数无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。试验品的相对生物利用度为 (10 2 2 7± 14 2 6 ) %。结论 :试验品与参比品的cmax与AUC0→t经双单侧t检验分析 ,结果表明两者具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口二甲双胍片剂人体生物等效性

目的 :评价国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片剂的生物等效性。方法 :采用随机交叉试验方法 ,用HPLC法对国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片在 2 0名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行了测定。药动学参数用 3P97程序进行模型拟合。结果 :国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片的AUC0→t,AUC0→∞ ,cmax,tmax,T1/ 2 分别是 :(10 189± 2 743) ,(10 436± 30 0 4)h·ng·mL-1;(112 6 9± 30 77) ,(11486± 32 38)h·ng·mL-1;(16 5 0± 493) ,(16 2 4± 46 9)ng·mL-1;2 2 5 (1 5～ 3 0 ) ,2 0 (1 5～ 3 0 )h ;(4 34± 1 2 3) ,(4 70±1 0 8)h。国产盐酸二甲双胍片的相对生物利用度是 98 4 2 %。国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片的主要药动学参数经统计学 (SPSS10 0软件的ANOVA)处理均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。AUC对数转换后的双单侧t检验结果表明无显著差别。结论 :国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片具有生物等效性。     

吡嗪酰胺片剂的人体生物等效性

目的 :研究吡嗪酰胺片剂的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法 :2 0名健康受试者交叉口服单剂量 10 0 0mg吡嗪酰胺的2种片剂 ,分别在服药前及服药后 0 .2 5 ,0 .5 ,0 .75 ,1,1.5 ,2 ,4 ,6 ,9,12 ,2 4 ,36h取血样 ,以HPLC法测定吡嗪酰胺的血药浓度 ,并评价其生物等效性。结果 :口服受试制剂与参比制剂的药动学参数 :cmax分别为 (2 1.6 6± 3.0 4 ) ,(2 2 .4 5± 2 .97)mg·L-1;tmax分别为 (1.11± 0 .5 3) ,(1.0 6± 0 .39)h ;消除半衰期 (T1/2 β)分别为 (11.6 5± 2 .80 ) ,(10 .4 7± 1.6 7)h ;AUC0→ 13h分别为 (2 80 .89± 4 1.12 ) ,(2 87.4 3± 4 1.79)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞ 分别为 (312 .14± 4 6 .17) ,(315 .92± 5 0 .14 )mg·h·L-1;受试制剂相对生物利用度为 (99.0±16 .9) %。对参数cmax,AUC0→ 13h进行方差分析 ,并进行双单侧t检验 ,tmax经非参数检验均无统计学差异。结论 :2种制剂具有生物等效性     

多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊与片剂的人体生物等效性

目的 :研究多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊和多西环素片的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法 :2 0名男性健康志愿者随机分 2组 ,按双周期交叉口服单剂量 2 0 0mg多西环素的 2种制剂 ,分别于服药前及服药后 0 5 ,1,1 5 ,2 ,2 5 ,3,4,6 ,8,12 ,2 4,48,72h取血样 ,以HPLC法测定血浆中多西环素浓度 ,计算 2种制剂相对生物利用度参数 ,并评价其生物等效性。结果 :口服受试制剂多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊和参比制剂多西环素片的药动学参数 :cmax分别为 (3 6 5± 0 81) μg·mL-1和 (3 6 5± 0 73) μg·mL-1,tmax分别为 (2 5± 0 3)h和 (2 2± 0 7)h ,T1/ 2 (消除半衰期 )分别为 (2 1 4 8± 3 2 0 )h和 (2 1 85± 3 11)h ,AUC0→ 72 分别为 (72 18±2 2 6 8) μg·h·mL-1和 (72 0 6± 2 1 0 8) μg·h·mL-1,AUC0→∞ 分别为 (81 4 4± 2 4 94) μg·h·mL-1和 (81 82± 2 3 19) μg·h·mL-1,多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊相对生物利用度为 (10 1 9± 2 5 2 ) %,对参数cmax,AUC0→ 72 先进行方差分析 ,再进行双单侧t检验 ,表明 2种制剂的参数生物等效 ,tmax经非参数检验表明无统计学差异。结论 :多西环素肠溶微胶囊和多西环素片具有生物等效性。     

盐酸格拉司琼胶囊的人体药物动力学和相对生物利用度

目的 :研究盐酸格拉司琼胶囊在健康人体内的药物动力学和相对生物利用度。方法 :12名健康男性志愿受试者单剂量口服盐酸格拉司琼胶囊或市售片 12 mg后 ,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中格拉司琼浓度。结果 :经 3P87药物动力学程序处理 ,以格拉司琼胶囊和片剂的 AUC0→ t分别为 (133.7± 6 1.8)、(131.1± 5 7.4) ng· h/m l;AUC0→∞ 分别为 (15 0 .9± 6 9.8)、(15 0 .6± 6 7.5 ) ng· h/m l,tmax分别为 (2 .9± 0 .4)、(2 .9± 0 .3) h,cmax分别为 (2 4.6± 9.3)、(2 4.6± 8.7) ng/ml。经配对 t检验两种盐酸格拉司琼制剂的 AU C及 cmax无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。以盐酸格拉司琼片为标准参比制剂 ,盐酸格拉司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为 F0→ t(10 1.5± 11.2 ) % ;F0→∞ (10 0 .2± 13.5 ) %。结论 :盐酸格拉司琼胶囊和片剂为生物等效制剂。     

达那唑胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的　研究达那唑胶囊的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法　 18名健康女性志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服达那唑胶囊的受试制剂和参比制剂 2 0 0mg ,用HPLC法测定血浆中达那唑浓度。结果　口服达那唑胶囊的受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数 :t1/ 2 (消除半衰期 )分别为 (8 73± 3 33)h和 (8 0 4± 4 19)h ;达峰时间分别为 (3 5± 1 3)h和 (3 7± 1 7)h ;达峰浓度分别为 (112 4 0± 6 7 34)ng·ml 1和 (12 4 79± 73 91)ng·ml 1;AUC0 2 4分别为 (976 5 4± 6 33 6 )ng·h·ml 1和 (94 6 6 4± 6 0 5 85 )ng·h·ml 1;AUC0 ∞ 分别为 (1189 2 2± 6 92 75 )ng·h·ml 1和 (1118 5± 6 37 11)ng·h·ml 1;达那唑胶囊的相对生物利用度F为(10 4 4± 17 9) %。对参数经统计学处理 ,两种制剂的药代动学参数相近。结论　两种达那唑胶囊具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.