结构性心理干预对乳癌围术期患者心理状态的影响

目的 研究体位交替更换对心脏术后气管插管患者生命体征的影响，了解其可行性，以确保体位护理在此类患者中的有效实施。方法 对35例气管插管时间＞24h的心脏手术后患者于清醒后实施半卧位，左、右侧卧位各1h交替及晨、晚问仰卧位各1h的体位护理，比较不同体位HR、SBP、SaO2值及不适情况。结果 不同体位对HR、SBP无显著影响（均P＞0.01）；半卧位，左、右侧卧位即刻及30min时SaO2值均比仰卧位高（均P＜0.05）：半卧位和左、右侧卧位不同时间SaO2值比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0.05）。不适症状除腰痛外，伤口胀痛、胸闷和紧张发生率仰卧位均显著高于其他卧位（均P〈0.05）。结论 体位改变对患者的生命体征无负面影响，可促进肺氧合功能，增加患者舒适度。     

体位变换对妊娠晚期孕妇和胎儿血流动力学的影响

目的探讨不同体位变换对妊娠晚期孕妇和胎儿血流动力学的影响。方法采用脐动脉血流检测仪监测妊娠晚期孕妇仰卧位、左或右侧卧位及半坐卧位时孕妇子宫动脉阻力指数(UtA-RI)、脐动脉S/D值及脐动脉阻力指数(RI),监测不同体位时孕妇和胎儿心率。结果左或右侧卧位及半坐卧时孕妇UtA-RI、S/D值和RI值均显著低于仰卧位(均P<0.05);左或右侧卧位及半坐卧时各项指标比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);各体位孕妇及胎儿心率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。低于S/D标准值下限组孕妇改变体位S/D值升高,反之下降,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论妊娠晚期孕妇半坐卧位具有与左、右侧卧位同等效果,改变体位有利于胎儿血流供应。     

可视喉镜在侧卧位插管中的应用

背景侧卧位时，应用喉镜暴露咽喉部难以达到满意的效果，给气管插管造成一定难度。可视喉镜的应用克服了这一困难，即便喉镜暴露不佳（多发生在侧卧位时），也能比较顺利地完成气管插管。本文中，我们比较了可视喉镜应用于仰卧位及左／右侧卧位时气管插管的效果。方法麻醉后的成年患者随机分为3组，每组43例：仰卧位组、左侧卧位组及右侧卧位组。每组患者先用Macintosh喉镜暴露咽喉部，继之以可视喉镜行气管插管。我们特别对如下假说进行验证：与仰卧位气管插管比较，侧卧位气管插管所需时间延长不会超过10秒。结果总体插管成功率，侧卧位为100％，仰卧位为98％。各组插管时间接近，左侧卧位为24±5秒，右侧卧位为24±6秒，仰卧位为22±7秒。尝试插管次数在左侧卧位及右侧卧位之间、仰卧位及左侧卧位之间是相近的。而仰卧位的插管次数多于右侧卧位，且差异有统计学意义（P=0．004）。各组气管插管并发症的发生率基本一致；未发现低氧血症、牙齿损伤或误入食管现象。左侧卧位及右侧卧位时，改良的Cormack．Lehane及POGO评分在组间比较无显著性差异。但仰卧位时，上述两项指标显著优于侧卧位（P〈0.001）。结论虽然侧卧位时的喉镜显露效果差于仰卧位，但是可视喉镜的应用提高了气管插管成功率。而且，与仰卧位相比，侧卧位时可视喉镜插管时间延长并未超过10秒。因此，当患者需要行侧卧位气管插管时，可视喉镜有望成为一种有效的工具。     

体位变化对机械通气患者膀胱压的影响

目的探讨不同体位对机械通气患者膀胱压的影响,为临床正确监测机械通气患者膀胱压提供参考。方法选择ICU机械通气患者60例,分别测量平卧位、床头抬高30°半卧位及45°半卧位的膀胱压,并监测不同体位患者心率、平均动脉压、呼吸、血氧饱和度。结果3种体位膀胱压比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中平卧位与30°半卧位差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3种体位呼吸、血氧饱和度差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),30°及45°半卧位显著优于平卧位(均P<0.05)。结论测量膀胱压时,可保持机械通气患者原来约30°的体位不变,以维持生命体征平稳,增加患者的安全性和舒适性。     

右美托咪啶对高血压患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术全麻期血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪啶在合并高血压行腹腔镜胆囊切除患者全麻期血流动力学的影响。方法:120例ASAⅠ-Ⅲ级合并高血压腹腔镜胆囊切除患者,随机分为右美托咪定组(右美组)和对照组。两组患者全麻诱导和维持相同,术前10mi n右美组患者10mi n内静脉泵注0.5ug/kg右旋美托咪啶,对照组患者以相同速率静脉泵注等量生理盐水。观察并记录围插管期和围拔管期SBP和HR、苏醒时间、拔管时间。结果:与给药前相比,对照组在气管插管即刻和拔除气管导管时以及气管拔管1mi nSBP和HR均显著性升高(P<0.05);右美组中,在气管插管即刻、拔除气管导管时、气管拔管1mi n和5mi nSBP和HR均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与对照组比较,气管插管即刻、拔管时、拔管后1mi n,右美组SBP和HR明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:右美托咪啶能有效减轻合并高血压行腹腔镜胆囊切除患者全麻插管期的心血管应激反应。     

术后体位改变方式对贲门癌患者生命体征的影响

目的探讨术后体位改变方式对贲门癌患者生命体征的影响。方法通过计算机产生的随机序列将105例贲门癌根治术患者随机分为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组各35例。在术后生命体征平稳的前提下,改变体位,Ⅰ组由仰卧位0°改为50°半卧位;Ⅱ组由仰卧位0°改为30°半卧位,10min后再将体位改为50°半卧位;Ⅲ组仰卧位0°改变为15°低坡卧位,10min后改为30°半卧位,再10min后改为50°半卧位。分别记录三组患者体位改变前后的体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压变化及恶心发生情况。结果体位改变后三组脉搏、呼吸、收缩压、舒张压测量值及恶心发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);Ⅰ组脉搏、呼吸、收缩压、舒张压及恶心发生率相对较高;组内比较,Ⅰ组除体温外,其余各项指标体位改变前后差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ组各项指标体位改变前后组内比较差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论术后逐步改变体位方式(先由0°至30°,10min后再改变至50°)可避免由体位突然改变而引起的生命体征波动,减轻患者的不舒适感。     

前房积血患者采取交替左右侧卧的临床观察

７４例前房积血患者随机分为交替左、右侧卧体位和半坐卧体位。两组观察前房积血吸收时间、患者的不适应及并发症。结果１、２级前房积血患者交替左、右侧卧位比半坐卧位的积血吸收时间短，而且患者感到舒适，并发症发生率无差异。提示两侧侧卧位是治疗前房积血的较为理想的体位。     

体位干预对胎粪吸入综合征患儿疗效的影响

目的 探讨体位护理对胎粪吸入综合征患儿的干预效果.方法 将90例胎粪吸入综合征(中型)患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各45例,对照组按常规取仰卧位头偏向一侧或侧卧位,观察组进行体位变更护理,即每4小时按仰卧位、左侧卧位、俯卧位、右侧卧位、仰卧位顺序变更.于实施体位护理后1、5、9、13、17 h行血气分析、SpO2值检测,观察同时间段患儿的临床表现.结果 1 h时SpO2、PaO2、PaCO2值两组差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05),在5、9、13、17h时,观察组SpO2、PaO2显著高于对照组,PaCO2显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05),且临床症状的消失时间显著缩短(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 对新生儿胎粪吸入综合征患儿行体位变更护理,可有效改善患儿氧合和临床症状.     

转变体位护理对新生儿肺炎患儿的影响

目的探讨转变体位护理对新生儿肺炎治疗效果的影响。方法将符合纳入标准的新生儿肺炎患儿69例,随机分为观察组35例和对照组34例。对照组给予常规体位及气道护理;观察组在常规护理基础上采用转变体位护理,即按照头高脚低斜坡卧位30min、仰卧位或自由体位3h、30°头低脚高的左侧卧位30min、仰卧位或自由体位3h、30°头低脚高的右侧卧位30min、仰卧位或自由体位3h、头低脚高俯卧位30min、仰卧位或自由体位3h的顺序轮换体位。比较两组治疗效果,入院1d、3d、7d血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、心率以及住院时间。结果观察组干预后血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、心率显著改善,治疗效果显著优于对照组,住院时间显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论采用转变体位护理能促进新生儿肺炎患儿痰液排出,改善患儿肺功能,缩短住院时间。     

保留灌肠治疗放射性直肠炎时插管深度及体位的探讨

目的：探讨不同插管深度及体位保留灌肠治疗放射性直肠炎的疗效。方法：选择2019年12月至2021年10月于我院接受保留灌肠治疗的128例放射性直肠炎患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各64例。对照组常规保留灌肠,插管深度16～20cm,灌肠后患者左侧卧位、右侧卧位、俯卧位等交替变换;观察组灌肠时插管深度8～15cm,灌肠后床头抬高45°、患者半坐卧位与半俯卧位交替变换。比较2组灌肠液体内保留时间、治疗总有效率及治疗有效者症状消退时间。结果：观察组灌肠液体内保留时间为（3.34±1.05）h,对照组为（3.19±1.12）h,2组比较差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。观察组治疗总有效率（93.75%,60/64）明显高于对照组（81.25%,52/64）,P <0.05。观察组治疗有效者症状消退时间[（9.32±3.25）d]明显短于对照组[（10.95±3.05）d],P <0.05。结论：保留灌肠治疗放射性直肠炎时缩短插管深度（8～15cm）,灌肠后半坐卧位与半俯卧位交替保留药液,可提高治疗疗效,促进症状消退。     

Blood Flow After Peripheral Arterial Reconstruction:V. Effect of Body Position on Leg Blood Flow at Rest and during Exercise

Common iliac arterial blood flow was measured with implanted electromagnetic flow probes in 6 patients after reconstruction of the aorto-iliac-femoral region. On the 3rd, 4th or 5th day after operation heart rate, oxygen uptake and local leg blood flow were studied at rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer in supine and sitting position. Heart rate at rest was 10 beats/min higher in sitting than in supine position. During exercise there was no significant difference in heart rate between the two postures. Oxygen uptake was 8% higher in sitting than in supine position at rest. During exercise oxygen uptake did not differ significantly between the two postures. Local leg blood flow was significantly lower in sitting position both at rest and during exercise.     

Baseline heart rate may predict hypotension after spinal anesthesia in prehydrated obstetrical patients

PURPOSE: Hypotension is the most frequent complication of spinal anesthesia in pregnant patients. This study was designed to identify patients at risk for postspinal hypotension based on preoperative vital signs before and after an orthostatic challenge. METHODS: Forty healthy women scheduled for elective Cesarean section were enrolled in this prospective trial. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded with the patient in the lateral supine position and after standing up. After a bupivacaine spinal anesthetic, BP was obtained every two minutes for 30 min. Ephedrine treatment was administered based on the degree of hypotension observed. Hemodynamic parameters were correlated to ephedrine requirements (Spearman's rank order correlation). RESULTS: There was a significant correlation in baseline maternal HR and ephedrine requirements (P=0.005). The degree of orthostatic changes in mean arterial BP and HR did not correlate with postspinal hypotension. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline HR may be predictive of obstetric spinal hypotension. Higher baseline HR, possibly reflecting a higher sympathetic tone, may be a useful parameter to predict postspinal hypotension.     

膈肌折叠术治疗婴幼儿心内直视术后膈肌麻痹的护理

目的探讨膈肌折叠术在婴幼儿心内直视术后膈肌麻痹中的应用及护理。方法对9例心内直视术后膈肌麻痹患儿实施膈肌折叠术治疗,术后密切监测患儿生命体征变化,定时复查动脉血气,纠正水、电解质酸碱平衡紊乱,加强循环系统的观察及处理,常规进行气道管理、胃肠道的护理、营养支持等。结果术中无并发症。9例患儿中除1例二次插管外,其余8例一次性顺利脱离呼吸机,胸片显示膈肌均恢复到正常位置,康复出院。结论密切的病情观察、积极有效的护理对于膈肌折叠术后先心病患儿康复十分有利。     

复方利多卡因乳膏用于脑动脉瘤夹闭术麻醉预防心血管应激反应研究

目的观察复方利多卡因乳膏用于脑动脉瘤夹闭术全麻插管患者,旨在评价对抑制气管导管刺激引起的心血管应激反应的效果。方法选择40例急、慢诊脑动脉瘤夹闭术患者,ASA为Ⅱ~Ⅳ级,拟施全麻气管插管行动脉瘤夹闭术,并随机分为两组,每组20例。对照组(I组),不使用复方利多卡因乳膏涂抹气管导管,实验组(II组),将复方利多卡因乳膏均匀涂抹气管导管套囊及前端,麻醉诱导后行气管内插管。分别记录患者在麻醉前、插管前、插管时、变动体位、抬头消毒和拔管时平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。结果插管时与插管前,I组患者明显出现一过性MAP升高和HR增快。而II组插管刺激反应弱于I组。组间与同时刻比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在变动体位和抬头消毒时与插管前I组仍出现MAP升高和HR增快现象。而II组却无明显变化,组间与同时刻比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在拔管时与插管前,I组患者明显出现MAP升高和HR增快现象,而II组却弱于I组,组间与同时刻比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论将复方利多卡因乳膏均匀涂抹气管导管用于脑动脉瘤夹闭术全麻插管患者,可以有效抑制气管导管刺激引起的心血管应激反应。     

Associations of On-arrival Vital Signs with 24-hour In-hospital Mortality in Adult Trauma Patients Admitted to Four Public University Hospitals in Urban India: A Prospective Multi-Centre Cohort Study

IntroductionIn India, more than a million people die annually due to injuries. Identifying the patients at risk of early mortality (within 24 hour of hospital arrival) is essential for triage. A bilateral Government Australia-India Trauma System Collaboration generated a trauma registry in the context of India, which yielded a cohort of trauma patients for systematic observation and interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the independent association of on-arrival vital signs and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) with 24-hour mortality among adult trauma patients admitted at four university public hospitals in urban India.MethodsWe performed an analysis of a prospective multicentre observational study of trauma patients across four urban public university hospitals in India, between April 2016 and February 2018. The primary outcome was 24-hour in-hospital mortality. We used logistic regression to determine mutually independent associations of the vital signs and GCS with 24-hour mortality.ResultsA total of 7497 adult patients (18 years and above) were included. The 24-hour mortality was 1.9%. In univariable logistic regression, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and the vital signs systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) had statistically significant associations with 24-hour mortality. These relationships held in multivariable analysis with hypotension (SBP<90mm Hg), tachycardia (HR>100bpm) and bradycardia (HR<60bpm), hypoxia (SpO2<90%), Tachypnoea (RR>20brpm) and severe (3-8) and moderate (9-12) GCS having strong association with 24-hour mortality. Notably, the patients with missing values for SBP, HR and RR also demonstrated higher odds of 24-hour mortality. The Injury Severity Scores (ISS) did not corelate with 24-hour mortality.ConclusionThe routinely measured GCS and vital signs including SBP, HR, SpO2 and RR are independently associated with 24-hour in-hospital mortality in the context of university hospitals of urban India. These easily measured parameters in the emergency setting may help improve decision-making and guide further management in the trauma victims. A poor short-term prognosis was also observed in patients in whom these physiological variables were not recorded.     

右星状神经节阻滞对全麻插管期心血管反应的影响

目的：观察右星状神经节阻滞（R-SGB）对全身麻醉气管内插管期心血管反应的影响。方法：ASAⅠ—Ⅱ级择期全麻病人40例．随机分为两组。研究组于全麻诱导前15分钟用1％利多卡因10ml经c6入路行R-SGB,对照组诱导前同法注射10mf生理盐水。观察气管插管前后SBP、DBP．MBP、HR、ECG,Sp02和RPP的变化。结果：研究组各时点与入室基础值比较,仅诱导后SBP．DBP、MBP鼠著降低．窥喉时HRP和RPP显著升高（P〈0．01）;在插管3min后已恢复至基础值。而对照组诱导后SBP、DBP,MBP显著降低（P〈0．01）;窥喉时SBP、DBP、MBP．HR、RPP均显著升高（P〈0．01）．并持续至播管后5分钟。组间比较．对照组升高的程度显著高于研究组（P〈0．05或P〈0.01）。结论：R-SGB对全麻气管插管期的心血管反应有一定抑制作用,可用于调控全麻插管期心血管不良反应。     

A comparative study between the effects of 4% endotracheal tube cuff lignocaine and 1.5 mg/kg intravenous lignocaine on coughing and hemodynamics during extubation in neurosurgical patients: a randomized controlled double-blind trial

A prospective, randomized double-blind trial was performed to compare the effects of 4% endotracheal tube cuff lignocaine and 1.5 mg/kg intravenous (IV) lignocaine on coughing and hemodynamics during extubation in patients undergoing elective craniotomies in supine position. Forty-one patients received 4% lignocaine into the endotracheal tube cuff after intubation (ETT group) and 41 patients received IV lignocaine at 1.5 mg/kg before extubation (IV group). Coughing was assessed by a scale of 3 at the time of extubation. Hemodynamic parameters recorded at 1-minute interval after extubation for 5 minutes were compared with the baseline values recorded before skin closure. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of coughing or the hemodynamic response to tracheal extubation. In conclusion, 4% endotracheal tube cuff lignocaine was not superior to 1.5 mg/kg IV lignocaine in attenuating coughing and hemodynamic changes during extubation.     

Lung isolation techniques

Left-sided double-lumen endotracheal tubes should be the tube of choice for most cases in which lung isolation is required. A right-sided double-lumen endotracheal tube can be used effectively when a contraindication to placing a left-sided double-lumen endotracheal tube exists. The method of choice to select left-sided double-lumen endotracheal tubes is based on chest radiograph or CT scan measurements of the trachea or bronchus. Based on clinical reports, Univents or WEB blockers may be a better choice for patients with difficult airways who require one-lung ventilation or for when a selective lobar blockade is needed. For all selective intubation, the method of choice for proper tube placement and bronchial blockade is fiberoptic bronchoscopy with the patient in a supine position at first or in a lateral decubitus position later, or if a malposition occurs.     

The effect of thoracic epidural analgesia on respiratory function after cholecystectomy

To assess the effect of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on postoperative respiratory function and pulmonary complications, a prospective randomized trial was conducted in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. One hundred patients were allocated to TEA (n = 30), TEA + general anesthesia (TEA + GA) (n = 30), or general anaesthesia (GA) (n = 40) groups. Respiratory function was analysed by measuring forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the supine and sitting postures, and arterial blood gases. Postoperative pulmonary complications were carefully documented. TEA significantly prevented the postoperative deterioration of respiratory function as compared with general anaesthesia. FVC, FEV1 and PEF decreased by 20% in patients receiving TEA, in contrast to 55% in patients after GA on the day of operation. This improvement continued until the 2nd day after operation, when FVC, FEV1 and PEF and their recovery rates were equal in all groups. In the sitting posture the preoperative FVC, FEV1 and PEF were about 10% greater than in the supine position. After operation, this difference was further increased. The preoperative difference of 27% in FRC between the sitting and supine postures was maintained after operation. PaO2 decreased by 0.8 kPa after TEA, by 1.5 kPa after TEA + GA with the lowest value on the 2nd postoperative day and by 1.5 kPa after GA, with the lowest value immediately after operation. Simultaneous hypercarbia indicated hypoventilation, which may have contributed to impaired respiratory function on the following days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

喉罩与气管插管在全麻或复合硬膜外阻滞时的心率和血压改变

目的比较喉罩与气管插管用于全麻或全麻复合硬膜外阻滞患者的HR和BP变化.方法妇科手术80例,随机分为全麻气管插管(T)组、全麻喉罩(L)组、硬膜外阻滞 全麻气管插管(ET)组、硬膜外阻滞 全麻喉罩(EL)组,每组20例.硬膜外阻滞用1%利多卡因 0.15%丁卡因.全麻诱导咪唑安定2 mg、芬太尼0.2 mg、丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg、琥珀胆碱1.5 mg/kg后插气管导管或喉罩.全麻维持50%N2O O2 异氟醚,静注阿曲库铵、芬太尼.于麻醉前(基础,入室静卧10 min后)、插管后1 min、切皮、进腹探查后5 min、拔管后1 min记录MAP、SpO2、HR、PETCO2.结果插管时HR和MAP均低于基础值,而两组喉罩HR低于插气管导管者,硬膜外复合全麻喉罩组MAP低于气管插管组.切皮时两组全麻MAP高于复合硬膜外组.探查时两组复合硬膜外者HR和MAP均低于基础值,且MAP低于单纯全麻者(P＜0.05).拔管时各组HR均显著高于基础值,MAP未复合硬膜外者显著高于基础值.结论(1)插喉罩对BP和HR的影响不如气管导管剧烈;(2)复合硬膜外阻滞时气管插管或喉罩置入应激反应轻,也可减轻探查时的BP波动.