Primary aneurysmal bone cyst of the maxillary sinus in a child: case report and review of the literature

Our case report describes a primary aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) of the maxillary sinus in a 12-year-old girl. The young patient presented with progressive diplopia, strabismus, and rapidly growing painless swelling of the left cheek. Imaging studies showed a heterogeneous contrast enhancing mass expanding the left maxillary sinus. The lesion was completely resected endoscopically and histological examination reported it as an ABC. The patient recovered well and is free of recurrence 9 months following surgery. ABC is a benign lesion usually associated with other bone pathology (fibrous dysplasia). It may behave aggressively and invade the orbit; so resection is necessary. Minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic sinus surgery can be performed successfully in select cases. Long follow up is important because recurrence may occur, in which case further resection is warranted.     

A rare aneurysmal bone cyst of the maxillary sinus: a case report

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a non-neoplastic expansile bone lesion that is common in the long bones; only 2% occurs in the head and neck. We present a case of ABC in a 23-year-old male and describe the clinical and radiological features, histopathology and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple internal septations, cysts with fluid-fluid levels of varying intensity, and an intact rim of low-intensity signal completely surrounding the lesion. The tumor was removed by enucleation with resection of the lateral nasal cavity. Histopathologic diagnosis was ABC and fibrous dysplasia. We suggest that MRI is very useful for the diagnosis of ABC. ABC is thought to follow other lesions, and thus when treating ABC, it is important to determine whether any pre-existing lesion has preceded or not; in particular, if the lesion site is in the head and neck region.     

鼻内镜下上颌骨囊肿开放术

目的:探讨鼻内镜下上颌骨囊肿开放术的有效性和可行性。方法:对13例侵犯上颌窦或鼻腔底的上颌骨囊肿在鼻内镜下行上颌骨囊肿开放术,即行鼻内镜下囊肿下鼻道或鼻腔底开放术,囊肿囊壁被全部或部分切除。结果:随访6～36个月,13例患者未出现面部隆起、鼻塞及鼻腔溢液等症状,囊肿无复发。结论:鼻内镜下上颌骨囊肿开放术适用于侵犯上颌窦或鼻腔底的上颌骨囊肿,较传统手术创伤小,简单高效,受侵牙齿可尽量保存。     

鼻内窥镜下蝶筛区域手术51例临床分析

目的:探讨蝶筛区域病变的特点,提高对本病的诊断及治疗水平。方法:经鼻内窥镜行蝶筛区域手术51例,41例蝶筛窦同时受累者采用经筛窦进路,10例孤立性蝶窦病变采用经鼻腔进路。结果:均无大量出血及其它严重并发症。随访6～36个月,48例痊愈,3例复发,经再次手术后痊愈。结论:蝶筛区域位置隐蔽,早期无特征性症状,易被临床医师忽视。CT检查对本病有较大价值,且对手术具有指导作用;经鼻内窥镜对蝶筛区域病变进行手术治疗,具有创伤少,痛苦小,面部不遗留瘢痕的优点。     

鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

目的探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分别为９２．９％和８０．４％（随访６个月时）。回顾性观察５１例施ＣａｌｄｗｅｌＬｕｃ术的患者，下鼻道造口的术后开放率仅为４０．６％。分析３８张单侧鼻窦炎或鼻息肉的鼻窦ＣＴ片，测量对照侧与病变侧的上颌窦口膜样部的上下径和前后径，差异无显著性。病变侧上颌窦口周围的中鼻甲气化、增生及钩突偏曲、筛泡骨性增生等解剖结构异常的发生率明显高于对照侧（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论鼻内窥镜下处理上颌窦自然开口的关键是窦口周围的解剖异常因素。     

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the maxillary sinus

Aneurysmal bone cyst is a cystic vascular osseous tumour which destroys and expands bone. The skeleton may be affected, the femur, tibia and the vertebral column being most commonly involved. It has previously been reported in the sphenoid sinus, this is the first reported case of such pathology in the maxillary sinus.     

鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎，鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法 配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎，鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果 窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分分别为９２．９％和８０．４％。     

鼻内镜下上颌窦口处理方法的探讨

目的：探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术中上颌窦自然开口处理方法与预后的关系。方法：对慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者682例采用不同途径寻找上颌窦开口并根据窦口的形态和上颌窦本身的病变情况,决定开口方式与处理方法。结果：随访6个月,发现窦口开发率为84.22%(574/682例),闭锁率为16.88%（106/682）。结论：上颌窦口的处理方法是鼻内窥镜手术重要步骤,也是影响疗效与预后的关键因素之一。     

鼻内镜手术中上颌窦口的识别与处理

鼻内镜鼻窦手术的关键是处理窦口鼻道复合体，建立与恢复以窦口鼻道复合体为中心的各组鼻窦通气引流通道。要提高手术成功率，上颌窦口需要保持长期通畅。由于上颌窦口位置变异较多，特别是严重炎症、息肉增生等，有时寻找上颌窦口并非易事。现将我们识别与处理上颌窦口的经验报告如下。     

Solitary fibrous tumor in the maxillary sinus treated by endoscopic medial maxillectomy

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon neoplasm that usually arises from the pleura. Recently, SFTs have been reported in the head and neck area. SFTs of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are extremely rare, with only 24 cases reported in the English literature. We describe an SFT that arose from the left maxillary sinus and extended to the nasal cavity. The tumor was removed by endoscopic medial maxillectomy, which permitted monobloc excision of the lesion. The patient is without the evidence of the disease 12 months after surgery.     

鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然口的意义

目的：探讨鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然口对上颌窦炎转归的影响。方法：将慢性上颌窦炎218例随机均分为两组,A组的手术范围是切除钩突、筛泡,开放前、中、后组筛窦,扩大上颌窦自然开口,切除部分肥厚明显的中鼻甲;B组手术范围是切除钩突、筛泡,开放前、中组筛窦,不处理上颌窦自然开口,尽量保留中鼻甲,特别肥厚者也行部分切除。结果：218例均随访1年以上。按海口1997年疗效评定标准,A组治愈100例,治愈率92%,B组治愈99例,治愈率91%;A组好转9例,好转率8%,B组好转10例,好转率9%。结论：鼻内镜手术范围的关键是切除窦口鼻道复合体的解剖变异,是否扩大上颌窦口并不十分重要。     

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the maxillary sinus.

Malignant fibrous histiocytomas are an unusual neoplasm in the head and neck, and only six cases involving the maxillary sinus have been reported. The combination of an anaplastic storiform "fibroblastic" stroma with xanthomatous tumor giant cells histologically identifies this tumor. The high incidence of local recurrence of this neoplasm necessitates wide surgical resection. Regional lymph node and distant metastases, although not previously reported in maxillary sinus fibrous histiocytomas, occurred in this case.     

上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的影像学诊断与治疗

目的探讨上颌窦海绵状血管瘤影像学检查的诊断价值,总结鼻内镜下切除上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的可行性。方法回顾性分析经病理确诊的11例海绵状血管瘤患者的影像学资料,对上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的内镜手术疗效进行随访并复习相关文献。结果影像学检查示CT主要表现为受累鼻窦膨大,骨质不同程度吸收。MRI检查9例患者T1WI呈中等信号,10例患者T2WI呈高信号;其中8例动态增强扫描均呈渐进性强化及蜂窝状或斑驳状表现。结合临床均能提示上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的诊断。11例上颌窦海绵状血管瘤均在鼻内镜下顺利完整切除,随访1年无复发。结论影像学检查对上颌窦海绵状血管瘤的术前诊断有特征性意义,绝大多数病例在不进行颌内动脉栓塞或颈外动脉血管结扎的情况下,可在鼻内镜下完格切除肿瘤。     

Middle ear surgery in fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone

Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone is uncommon. When it does occur, surgery may be necessary because of cholesteatoma or chronic infection behind bony obstruction of the external auditory canal. Cosmetic surgery may also be performed because of bony deformity. When a surgical procedure is undertaken for hearing improvement, special problems may be encountered. The case presented illustrates middle ear pathologic changes found with fibrous dysplasia and specific surgical difficulties.     

Maxillary sinus involution after endoscopic sinus surgery in a child: a case report

Studies in animal models have suggested that functional endoscopic sinus surgery may affect facial skeletal growth in children, although reviews of large clinical series do not support this observation. This is a case report of a 12 year old male referred to the senior author (SBL) several months after undergoing bilateral functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The preoperative computed tomograms of the paranasal sinuses were normal with symmetrical well-developed paranasal sinuses. Postoperative computed tomography revealed nearly total involution of the osseous skeleton of the left maxillary sinus. This is the first clinical report of alterations in the facial skeleton of a child secondary to iatrogenic trauma directed at the osteomeatal complex. The case and related literature are reviewed in detail.     

Pathophysiology of current odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and endoscopic sinus surgery preceding dental treatment

ObjectiveThe successful management of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) involves a combination of medical treatment with dental surgery and/or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). However, there is no consensus for the optimal timing of ESS. Although several studies have emphasized dental surgery as the primary treatment modality for OMS, there is recent evidence to suggest that ESS alone may be an effective treatment approach.The purpose of this study is to retrospectively investigate the pathophysiology of the current intractable OMS and the role ESS, especially ESS preceding dental treatment, plays in its pathophysiology.MethodsNinety-seven adults (60 males and 37 females, 48 ± 12 years) who underwent ESS for intractable OMS were retrospectively examined.ResultsIn a great deal of the cases (85 cases, 87.6%), causative teeth of OMS were periapical lesions after root canal treatment (endodontics). The root canal procedures were not sufficient; hence, the root-canal-treated teeth had periapical lesions causing OMS.In postoperative nasal endoscopy and cone-beam CT scans for all patients, the natural ostiums and the membranous portions of the maxillary sinuses were enlarged and the ostiomeatal complexes remained widely open. The ventilation and drainage of all patients’ maxillary sinuses seemed to be successfully restored.Temporary acute sinusitis recurrence after primary ESS for OMS was observed in 10 cases (11.8%) when the patients caught a cold. However, since the natural ostium and the membranous portion of the maxillary sinuses and the ostiomeatal complexes remained widely open, antibiotic administration alone without dental treatment cured the temporary acute sinusitis.Regarding the causative teeth (endodontic treated teeth), in 83 out of 85 cases (97.6%), causative teeth were able to be preserved with only antibiotic treatment and without dental retreatment. In two cases, extraction of the teeth was necessary because the teeth became mobile. Regarding the causative teeth after dental restoration, in 2 out of 2 cases (100%), causative teeth were able to be preserved with antibiotic treatment alone.ConclusionESS is highly indicated for OMS requiring surgery. The treatment results of intractable OMS are exceptionally good once the ventilation and drainage of the maxillary sinus is successfully restored after surgery. Consequently, ESS can be considered the first-line therapy for intractable OMS caused by root canal treatment (endodontics) and dental restoration, followed by close dental follow-up and dental treatment when necessary.