16例意外胆囊癌的诊治分析

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年12月胆囊切除术中或术后病理发现的原发性胆囊癌16例临床病例资料。结果术前诊断2例为胆囊息肉,14例为胆囊炎胆囊结石;常规开腹胆囊切除术(OC)2例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)14例;术后病理Nevin分期,Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲ期4例,Ⅳ期3例。;2例术中怀疑,经术中快速病理证实,1例单纯胆囊切除,1例术中再次行部分肝切除+肝十二指肠韧带周围淋巴结清扫术;术后病理证实14例,3例单纯胆囊切除,未再次手术;5例再次行肝十二指肠韧带周围淋巴结清扫术;3例再次手术行部分肝切除+肝十二指肠韧带周围淋巴结清扫术,3例放弃再次手术;随访时间至2013年4月,已有12例死亡,6例仍存活,最长者已存活40个月,最短者在术后3个月内死亡,4例存活期超过36个月。结论术前应重视胆囊癌的高危因素和增强对胆囊癌的诊断意识,以减少意外胆囊癌的发生;Nevin分期Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期侵犯胆囊粘膜患者可行LC,Ⅱ期侵犯肌层及其以上分期患者需再行开腹胆囊癌根治术。     

胆囊保留性手术中发现意外胆囊癌的处理：附9例报告

目的:探讨胆囊保留性手术中发现意外胆囊癌的处理方法与对策。方法:回顾性分析2002年7月—2006年7月经腹腔镜胆囊保留手术发现的9例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料。研究对象外科处理后均随访5年。结果:9例均行手术治疗,其中3例Nevin分期I,II期患者行根治性胆囊切除,术后随访5年仍存活,至今未发现复发;1例Nevin分期III期行开腹胆囊切除术并行局部淋巴结清扫术,随访2.5年时仍存活,但已出现腹腔内多处种植转移及肝内多发转移;3例Nevin分期IV期和1例V期行根治术后1年内发生复发后死亡;1例姑息性外引流术后4个月死亡。结论:具有胆囊癌高危因素的患者应行开腹胆囊切除术,对可疑病灶进行病理学检查,对意外胆囊癌患者建议施行根治性胆囊切除术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌的处理对策

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌的处理对策。方法回顾性分析我院2001年1月至2010年12月4236例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中和术后发现的18例意外胆囊癌的临床资料。结果18例意外胆囊癌,pTis期1例,pTla期5例,pTlb期4例,pT2期5例,pT3期2例,pT4期1例。pTis期及pTl期仅行LC术;pT2期5例中4例行开腹胆囊癌根治术,1例拒绝再次手术;pT3期患者拒绝再次手术;pT4期患者仅行腹腔镜探查活检术。1例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后腹壁Tro-car出现种植转移灶。18例患者术后随访3～64个月,死亡12例,6例仍存活。结论意外胆囊癌的早期确诊有助于改善预后,对pT2期的意外胆囊癌宜再次开腹做根治性手术,pT3期及pT4期意外胆囊癌须权衡手术风险和生存利益作出选择。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外胆囊癌的处理对策

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中有效诊治意外胆囊癌 (unsuspectedgallbladdercarcinoma ,UGC)的方法。方法 :回顾分析LC意外胆囊癌 6例的临床资料。结果 :单纯腹腔镜胆囊切除 2例 ,其中 1例T1 期随访 4年 ,至今存活 ;1例T3 期 ,3月后死亡。LC中转开腹T4期 1例 ,行根治术后 5个月死亡。LC术后二次手术者 3例 ,均为T3 期 ,其中 1例LC后腹腔并切口转移 (portsitemetastases ,PSM) ,姑息外引流术 6个月后死亡 ,余 2例行根治术后全部存活 ,其中 1例超过 2 5个月。结论 :早期警惕 ,术中无瘤操作 ,及时根治切除是延长UGC患者术后生存期及减少切口转移的关键     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中意外胆囊癌的处理(附16例报道)

目的评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中意外胆囊癌的诊断、处理及预后。方法对我院2000年1月至2010年1月期间5 832例行LC中16例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 16例意外胆囊癌中7例行LC,9例行开腹胆囊癌根治术。术后病理TNM分期:Ⅰ期10例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期2例。16例患者术后随访6～60个月,平均23.3个月。随访期内死亡15例。9例接受胆囊癌根治手术的患者术后1、3、5年生存分别为8/9、4/9及1/9,而7例仅行LC的患者术后1年生存为4/7,无生存超过2.5年者。结论 LC术中应高度警惕意外胆囊癌的发生,意外胆囊癌多为早期,应及时中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术,仅行单纯的LC治疗效果欠佳。     

意外胆囊癌:附15例报告

目的 探讨意外胆囊癌的诊断和处理方法 .方法 回顾性分析近10年来2所医院15例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料.结果 开腹手术发现8例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术发现7例,其中Nevin Ⅰ期3例,Ⅱ期9例,Ⅲ期2例,Ⅳ期1例.其中10例首次手术中施行根治术,3例术后确诊再行根治术,另2例Ⅰ期患者行单纯胆囊切除术后病理诊断为癌,未再行手术.Ⅰ、Ⅱ期均随访2年以上仍存活,Ⅲ期病例均术后2年内复发死亡,Ⅳ期半年内死亡.结论 早期胆囊癌术前诊断困难,重视其高危因素,术中对可疑病例行快速冰冻切片检查有助于诊断;根治性手术为胆囊癌最有效治疗方法.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌58例诊治分析

[摘 要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析2007 年5 月至2017 年5 月武警安徽省总队医院收治的意外胆囊癌患者58 例临床资料。结果 LC术中发现24 例,术后发现34例;TNM分期T1b 12例,T2 34例,T3 6例,T4 6例。24例术中快速冰冻病理检查证实为胆囊癌,其中22例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;34例术后病理证实,其中24例行二次开腹手术。非根治组：12例,仅行单纯胆囊切除术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为65.0%、42.5%、18.0%。根治组：46例,行胆囊癌根治术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为82.5%、62.5%、45.7%,两组生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 胆囊癌患者预后与手术方式、临床分期密切相关,对存在胆囊癌高危因素的患者,建议尽早行胆囊切除术。意外胆囊癌多为早期胆囊癌,应重视术中检查及病理检查,T1b～T3 期宜行根治手术,晚期患者应根据病情行姑息手术。     

意外胆囊癌临床分析

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的临床特点及有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1990年1月至2002年12月间所发现意外胆囊癌26例的临床资料。结果行开腹胆囊切除术发现5例，小切口胆囊切除术发现15例，腹腔镜胆囊切除术发现6例，其中NevinⅠ期11例，Ⅱ期10例，Ⅲ期3例，Ⅳ期2例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期均随访3年以上长期存活，Ⅲ期病例均术后2年内复发死亡，Ⅳ期1年内死亡。结论重视胆囊癌的高危因素，所有病例均行冰冻切片检查，手术为胆囊癌最有效的治疗手段，早期发现、合理治疗为提高胆囊癌生存的有效措施。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗:附23例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)意外胆囊癌的诊断和治疗。方法:回顾性分析1998年1月—2007年1月收治的23例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料。结果:15例术中快速冷冻病理证实为胆囊癌,其中13例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;8例术后病理证实,其中7例行二次开腹手术。全组术后5年生存率为78.3%,患者预后与其临床分期密切相关。结论:意外胆囊癌多为早期胆囊癌,高危病例应重视术中快速病理检查及标本检查;T1b-T2期宜扩大根治,晚期患者视情况行根治性手术或姑息治疗。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中或术后意外胆囊癌的处理对策

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ LC）意外胆囊癌（ UGC）的处理对策。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2012年10月3355例LC,术中和术后发现的8例UGC的临床资料。结果8例UGC,占同期LC的0.24％（8/3355）,术中发现4例,术后发现4例。根据TNM分期（第7版,2009）,其中pTis 2例,pT1b 1例,pT23例,pT42例。pTis及pT1b患者仅行LC,术后均长期存活,最长已超过5年;pT2中2例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术,术后存活已达半年以上;1例因术后发现,患者拒绝再次手术,术后半年复发;pT4中1例因累及肝脏及肝外胆管,拒绝进一步手术,仅行LC,术后3个月出现戳孔种植,术后6个月死于腹腔广泛转移;1例中转开腹行姑息胆囊切除并取活检,3个月后死于多脏器衰竭。无围手术期死亡患者。结论重视胆囊癌高危因素、完善的术前检查、术中对胆囊标本仔细剖检和快速冰冻检查以及确诊后必要的中转开腹是提高胆囊癌早期确诊率、改善胆囊癌预后的关键。术中应切实采取相关措施降低肿瘤细胞腹腔转移与切口种植的发生率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.