广州市交通警察执勤期间大气污染物区域暴露特征初探

[目的]通过监测广州市内外勤交警执勤区域大气污染物浓度,初步研究内外勤交警执勤期间大气污染物的暴露特征和水平,为机动车尾气高暴露人群的生物效应评价技术研究提供现场调查数据。[方法]应用电子分析仪监测广州市内外勤交警执勤区域及内勤交警工作的岑村交警大楼的二氧化氮（NO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫（SO2）等污染物的浓度,计算相关空气质量评价指数。[结果]外勤交警执勤期间暴露的NO2、CO、PM10、SO2的平均浓度分别为（0.34±0.17）、（1.93±2.97）、（0.10±0.05）、（0.49±1.54）mg/m3,大气质量为Ⅴ级,属重污染,NO2和SO2为主要污染物;内勤交警执勤期间暴露的NO2、CO、PM10、SO2的平均浓度分别为（0.08±0.05）、（0.22±0.26）、（0.05±0.05）、（0.02±0.02）mg/m3,大气污染物浓度低于外勤交警（P〈0.01）,大气质量为Ⅱ级,尚清洁,NO2和PM10为主要污染物。[结论]广州市外勤交警执勤期间暴露的主要气态污染物浓度超标,其中以NO2的超标情况最严重,属中重度污染,符合混合型污染的特征;内勤交警大气污染物的暴露浓度低于外勤交警。     

长沙市区交通路口环境中5种污染因素分析

目的 探讨改善市区交通路口环境质量的途径。方法 择长沙市区有代表性的8个交通路口岗亭为采样点，监测车流量、NO2、TSP、O3、噪声等污染因素与车型、路口环境的相关性。结果 有货运卡车通过的路口NO2浓度显著升高（P＜0．05）；道路敞、绿化较好的路口NO2、O3浓度显著降低（P＜0．05）；路面干净的路口TSP浓度显著下降（P＜0．05）。     

武汉市道路边环境机动车尾气污染的暴露评价

目的研究武汉市道路边环境中不同出行人群的机动车污染暴露水平。方法选取武汉市中心城区6条交通干道中8个具有代表性的监测断面,于2007年冬、夏两季对机动车排放的主要污染物NO2、CO、总烃(THC)、PM10和苯系物(BTX)的环境浓度进行监测,并结合各人群的交通环境停留时间及呼吸速率等相关参数,以暴露剂量为评价指标分析道路边各人群的暴露水平。结果道路边PM10污染最严重,参考GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》的二级标准,其夏季超标率为8%,冬季超标率达到100%。成年人各污染物的暴露剂量均高于未成年人(P0.05)。成年人中,自行车出行人群暴露剂量最高,步行出行人群暴露剂量最低(P0.05)。未成年人中,自行车出行人群和汽车出行人群暴露剂量无显著差异,步行出行人群暴露剂量显著低于其他两个人群(P0.05)。结论武汉市道路边环境中,成年人的暴露水平要高于未成年人,机动车尾气污染物自行车出行人群的暴露水平最高,步行出行人群的暴露水平最低。     

长沙市主要路口交通性污染现状

目的了解长沙市主要路口交通性污染现状。方法现场监测长沙市6个主要路口噪声、NO2、臭氧 (O3)和总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)浓度及车流量 ,每天3次 ,连续5d。结果6个主要路口车流量为1203～3715辆/h ,噪声为69～88dB(A) ,NO2 为0.092～0.238mg/m3,O3 为0.238～0.303mg/m3,TSP为0.71～1.47mg/m3;O3 超标率达93%～100% ,平均98%。结论长沙市主要路口噪声和O3 污染最严重 ,交通污染与车流量、路口环境及车辆类型有关     

深圳市2006—2010年空气污染物浓度变化特征

目的 探讨深圳市2006-2010年大气污染物浓度时空变化特征.方法 收集深圳市9个国控环境监测点2006-2010年空气中SO2、NO2和PM10的逐日日均浓度,其检测采用大气质量连续自动监测系统进行监测,系统以光谱法仪器(DOAS仪器)为主.结果 深圳市2006-2010年空气中SO2、NO2、PM10的年均浓度总...     

广州市中心城区交通干道高峰时段大气污染物分布特征研究

目的通过监测广州市中心8个区8条交通干道高峰时段大气污染物浓度,初步分析广州市交通干道机动车尾气引起的大气污染物的暴露特征和水平,为开展机动车尾气高暴露人群的健康效应研究提供有利的外暴露剂量数据。方法选择广州市中心8个区中车流量较大的交通主干道各1条,另分别在越秀区、天河区、海珠区选择3个交警大队行政办公楼的办事大厅作为室内对照点。采用现场采样仪监测每个季度各交通干道以及室内对照点的细颗粒物（PM2.5）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫（S02）、二氧化氮（N02）的浓度,采用重复测量方差分析的统计方法,研究季节因素对各污染物分布特征的影响。结果广州市8条交通干道的PM2.5、PM10、S02、N02的年平均浓度分别为（138.3±37.5）、（172.1±33.8）、（560.5±280.1）、（397.0±88.3）μg/m^3,室内对照点各指标平均浓度分别为（66.7±22.3）、（84.7±22.2）、（29.9±8.4）、（70.0±16.6）μg/m^3。交通干道与室内对照点4种大气污染物浓度比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。不同季节4种大气污染物浓度差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）,其中以春季（3月）、冬季（12月）较高。结论广州市各主要交通干道大气污染物的平均浓度均超过环境空气标准,且明显高于室内对照,季节因素可能是影响污染物浓度的因素之一。     

环境空气污染对交通警察血清氧化应激指标的影响

目的 研究环境空气污染对交通警察血清氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法 于2007年6-8月进行调查,选取62名北京某城区交通警察作为暴露组,35名远郊社区居民作为对照组,通过统一的问卷调查了解研究对象的一般状况,通过对PM2.5、多环芳烃(PAHs)、NO2等污染物连续2 d的环境浓度监测获得研究人群污染物暴露水平,以试剂盒法测定血清SOD、GSH-Px活力及MDA含量.结果 暴露组空气NO2、甲醛、苯、甲苯浓度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),暴露组PM2.5、PAHs浓度值高于对照组,但受到样本量的限制,两组间浓度差别没有统计学意义;暴露组的SOD、GSH-Px的活力低于对照组,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05),MDA浓度高于对照组,但差别没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);采用多元Logistic模型调整年龄、吸烟、饮酒等因素的影响后,血清SOD、GSH-Px活力仍与空气污染存在显著相关性(P＜0.01).结论 空气污染可以导致交通警察血清SOD和GSH-Px活力下降,造成机体氧化应激.     

交通警察工作岗位环境污染物及健康状况调查

目的 了解城市交通路口交通警察工作环境质量及健康状况。方法 选择H市区四个具有代表性的交通警察执勤路口和某大学校园内作为环境空气中有害污染物采样点，测定大气环境中二氧化硫(SO2)、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、铅(Pb)及粉尘浓度，并对86名执勤交通警察和79名对照人员进行健康调查。结果执勤点路口空气中N0l、C0含量及粉尘浓度均超过国家大气质量卫生标准，SO2和Pb的含量尚在容许范围以内。交通警察自觉症状多为神经衰弱症候群和慢性呼吸道刺激症状，体征以慢性腰痛、下肢静脉曲张等多见，其发生率显著高于对照人群。结论H市部分交通路口大气环境中NOx、CO及粉尘浓度均较严重超标，可能是执勤交通警察健康的重要影响因素。     

机动车尾气暴露对广州某社区中老年人心血管系统影响的panel研究

目的 研究机动车尾气污染对中老年人心血管系统的影响,探讨可用于评价尾气污染效应的敏感指标.方法 于2008年6和12月对居住在广州市靠近交通十道的某社区32位中老年人进行两阶段的panel研究(专门小组研究),测定与心血管系统有关的健康指标.包括动态心电图、肺功能、血细胞指标和炎症因子,同时监测体检前5 d的社区区域监测点和社区内3个有代表性的老年人活动点的空气污染物日平均浓度.计算个体室外污染物时间加权暴露浓度,估计机动车尾气主要污染物对中老年人健康指标的影响.结果 在单污染物模型中,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和PM10、SO2、NO2呈正相关关系,而用力肺活量(FVC)、白介素-6(IL-6)则呈负相关关系;心率变异性指标(HRV)中的SDNN(24 h内每5minR-R间期均值的标准差,β-0.57,SE:0.18),SDNN index(每5 min窦性R-R间期标准差的均值,β:-0.74,SE:0.20)和PM10相关性较强,与NO2相关较大的指标是SDNNindex(β:-0.66,SE:0.17).在多污染物模型中,调整了其他污染物的影响后,IL-6和PM10呈正相关,和NO2、SO2呈负相关;TNF-α和NO2、SO2呈正相关;而FVC则和PM10呈负相关.结论 目标社区的空气污染物的超标状况符合机动牟尾气型污染的特征,且污染水平较高;研究对象的TNF-α、IL-6、FVC、SDNN、SDNN index与机动车尾气暴露密切相关,一定程度上反映了暴露效应,可作为机动车尾气污染对中老年人心血管系统影响研究的参考指标.     

南京地区大气质量现状及变化趋势分析

目的评价2001—2010年南京地区大气质量现状及其变化趋势,为进一步研究大气污染对人群健康的影响提供依据。方法选择SO2、NO2、PM103个代表性指标作为评价因子,利用Daniel趋势检验的秩相关系数法对监测结果进行评价分析。结果 10年间南京地区SO2年均浓度保持平稳状态(P>0.05),NO2年均浓度呈上升趋势(P<0.05),PM10年均浓度呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。结论南京市大气中NO2污染较为严重,提示加强机动车尾气排放治理迫在眉睫。     

空气SO2和NOx污染及灰色动态预测

目的：分析并预测上海火车站（上海站）地区空气SO2和NOx污染状况，方法：运用灰色系统方法并根据上海站大气监测点1988－1999年空气SO2和NOx的监测数据建立灰色动态预测模型并进行预测，结果：1988－1999年上海站地区空气SO2和NOx污染水平逐年下降，2000－2002年预测SO2平均浓度一，四季度为0．0216mg/m^3,二，三季度为 0．0142mg/m^3,预测NOx平均浓度一，四季度为0．0706mg/m^3，二，三季度为0．0492mg/m^3，结论：灰色模型适合上海站地区空气SO2和NOx的污染预测。     

学龄儿童尿中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷水平与交通干道大气污染关系的研究

[目的]探讨健康学龄儿童尿8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OH—dG）水平及其与交通干道大气污染之间的关系。[方法]选择距离交通干道约30m的某小学及符合入选标准的30名学龄儿童作为研究对象。分别于2008年5月份和11月份,在该小学操场的区域监测点各进行1次连续5d的区域氮氧化物（NOx）、SO2、O3、细颗粒物（PM2.5）污染水平检测;对学龄儿童活动点（课堂教学区、课外活动区、家校往返途中）的NO2、SO2、O3扎颗粒物（PM10）污染水平各进行1次连续3d的监测,并对学龄儿童尿液8-OH—dG含量各进行1次检测。[结果]5月份和11月份区域监测结果显示,所测各污染物污染负荷系数最大的为PM2.5和NOx,PM2.5的污染负荷系数分别为0．33和0．27,NOx分别为0．31和0．26。与5月份相比,11月份学龄儿童尿8-OH-dG水平明显升高（P〈0．001）。个体暴露各污染物水平与学龄儿童尿8-OH—dG水平呈正相关,均有统计学意义（P〈0．001）,其中个体暴露PM10与8-OH—dG的回9-3系数最大（βPM10=0．40、βNO2＝0．38、βO3=0．36、βSO2=0．36）。[结论]交通干道大气污染的暴露可能是学龄儿童尿8-OH、dG水平的影响因素。     

Modeling annual benzene,toluene, NO2, and soot concentrations on the basis of road traffic characteristics

The investigation of potential adverse health effects of urban traffic-related air pollution is hampered by difficulties encountered with exposure assessment. Usually public measuring sites are few and thereby do not adequately describe spatial variation of pollutant levels over an urban area. In turn, individual monitoring of pollution exposure among study subjects is laborious and expensive. We therefore investigated whether traffic characteristics can be used to adequately predict benzene, NO2, and soot concentrations at individual addresses of study subjects in the city area of Munich, Germany. For all road segments with expected traffic volumes of at least 4000 vehicles a day (n = 1840), all vehicles were counted manually for a single weekday in 1995. The proportion of vehicles in "stop-go" mode, an estimate of traffic jam, was determined. Furthermore, annual concentrations of benzene, NO2, and soot from 18 high-concentration sites (means: 8.7, 65.8, and 12.9 micrograms/m3, respectively) and from 16 school sites with moderate concentrations (means: 2.6, 32.2, and 5.7 micrograms/m3, respectively) were measured from 1996 to 1998. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using components of two different statistical models recently used to predict air pollution levels in comparable settings. Two traffic characteristics, traffic volume and traffic jam percentage, adequately described air pollutant concentrations (R2: 0.76-0.80, P < 0.0001). This study shows that air pollutant concentrations can be accurately predicted by two traffic characteristics and that these models compare favorably with other more complex models in the literature.     

Traffic air pollution and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: a Danish cohort study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Traffic air pollution has been linked to cardiovascular mortality, which might be due to co-exposure to road traffic noise. Further, personal and lifestyle characteristics might modify any association. METHODS: We followed up 52 061 participants in a Danish cohort for mortality in the nationwide Register of Causes of Death, from enrollment in 1993-1997 through 2009, and traced their residential addresses from 1971 onwards in the Central Population Registry. We used dispersion-modelled concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) since 1971 as indicator of traffic air pollution and used Cox regression models to estimate mortality rate ratios (MRRs) with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: Mean levels of NO2 at the residence since 1971 were significantly associated with mortality from cardiovascular disease (MRR, 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.51, per doubling of NO2 concentration) and all causes (MRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.23, per doubling of NO2 concentration) after adjustment for potential confounders. For participants who ate < 200 g of fruit and vegetables per day, the MRR was 1.45 (95% CI, 1.13-1.87) for mortality from cardiovascular disease and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.11-1.42) for mortality from all causes. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic air pollution is associated with mortality from cardiovascular diseases and all causes, after adjustment for traffic noise. The association was strongest for people with a low fruit and vegetable intake.     

吸烟和交通废气污染联合作用对交通警察健康影响的研究

目的 调查唐山市交通废气污染现状，探讨吸烟和交通废气污染联合作用对交通警察的健康影响。方法 选择三个有代表性路口进行环境监测，包括可吸入性颗粒物(IP)、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、总烃(CmHn)和铅尘(Pb)浓度。采用现况研究的方法，以唐山市196名男性外勤交通警察(外勤警)和148名男性内勤交通警察(内勤警)为研究对象，进行问卷调查和各种症状的体检，并测定了血碳氧血红蛋白饱和度(HbCO%)、肺最大呼气流速(PEF)，抽样测定部分调查对象血铅含量。结果各监测点的CO、NOx的浓度明显超标，Pb尘差异无显著性。外勤警的各种症状出现率、HbCO％显著高于内勤警，PET低于内勤警，血Pb差异无显著性。按是否吸烟分层后，内、外勤警中吸烟者的各症状出现率、HbCO％均高于不吸烟者，PET低于不吸烟者；吸烟内勤警的神经衰弱及心血管系统症状出现率、血铅甚至高于不吸烟的外勤警。结论交通废气污染是引起外勤警症状出现率升高、HbCO％升高、PET下降的一个重要因素，吸烟可使神经衰弱、心血管系统症状出现率、血铅增高更明显。吸烟和交通废气污染联合作用加重了对吸烟外勤警的健康损害。     

Exposure to vehicular pollution and respiratory impairment of traffic policemen in Jalgaon City, India

The ambient air quality monitoring was carried during the May 2003 to April 2004 along the (NH-6) passing through Jalgaon city. The average concentration of SOx 64 microg/m3, NOx 58 microg/ m3, particulates (> 10 micro) 515 microg/m3 and respirable dust particulates 224 microg/m3 was reported at Prabhat during the study period (May 2003-April 2004). This location represents the major highway crossings (four) in the study area. The present investigations are on the survey of health status and lung function of traffic policemen exposed to the inferior air quality as observed on the highway crossings. The spirometric analysis of traffic policemen shows significant variation in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). The parameters were significantly affected in the traffic policemen as against the control group of population. It reveals significant respiratory impairment in the traffic policemen due to exposure to vehicular pollution. The study suggest the compulsory use of personal protective equipment (nose mask) by the traffic policemen during duty hours will help for the protection from vehicular pollution. The regular periodic health checkup is required to understand the impact of vehicular pollution on the health of traffic policemen.     

武汉市机动车保有量及相关因素对空气质量的影响

[目的]研究武汉市机动车保有量及相关因素的变化情况，探索该市空气污染状况、变化趋势及影响空气质量的重要因素。[方法]收集武汉市1986-1995年间空气质量监测及城市建设方面的资料，利用简单相关、主成分回归、灰色关联分析进行统计处理。[结果]武汉市1986～1995年空气中主要的污染物为总悬浮颗粒物（TSP），浓度范围在0．211-0．356mg／m^3，超标率为40％。二氧化硫（SO2）和氮氧化物（NOx）均未超标，符合国家空气质量二级标准。NOx浓度呈现上升趋势。主成分回归分析结果显示机动车保有量对NOx的浓度影响最大。灰色关联分析显示机动车保有量与TSP、SO2、N0x浓度的灰色关联度系数分别为：0．6237、0．6235、0．7224，关联度排序为：NOx〉TSP〉SO2。[结论J城市NOx浓度呈现上升趋势，机动车保有量增长是主要影响因素之一。尾气污染成为城市亟待解决的重大环境问题。     

Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality.

Recent prospective cohort studies have suggested that long-term exposure to low levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollution is associated with increased mortality due to, especially, cardio-pulmonary disease. Exposure to ambient air pollution was estimated mostly as city average concentrations, assuming homogenous exposure within the city. We used an ongoing cohort study - The Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS) on diet and cancer - to investigate the relationship between traffic-related air pollution and mortality. The baseline data collection took place in 1986. A study was conducted to develop methods for exposure assessment and evaluate the contrast in exposure to air pollution within the cohort. Assessment of long-term exposure to two traffic-related air pollutants, Black Smoke (BS) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO(2)), consisted of separate estimation of regional background, urban background, and local traffic contributions at the home address. Interpolation of concentration data from a routine monitoring network was used to estimate the regional background concentration. A regression model relating degree of urbanization to air pollution was used to allow for differences between different towns/neighborhoods of cities. Distance to major roads was calculated to characterize local traffic contributions, using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Interpolation resulted in reasonably precise regional background estimation when distant sites were not used and distance squared was used as the weight. Cross-validation showed that prediction errors were about 15% of the range in regional background concentration. Urban and local scales contributed significantly to the contrast within the cohort. Prediction errors for estimating the urban background were about 25% of the range in background concentrations. When the developed model was applied to the study cohort, there was substantial contrast in estimated exposure to BS and NO(2). About 90% of the study population lived 10 years or more at its 1986 home address - supporting the use of the estimated concentration at the 1986 address as a relevant exposure variable.     

2006年上海市徐家汇地区空气质量状况分析

[目的]了解上海市徐家汇地区空气质量状况。[方法]在徐家汇地区设置了1个监测站，使用连续自动监测分析仪监测分析大气主要污染物二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）和PM10。[结果]徐家汇地区SO2、NO2和PM10年日均浓度范围分别为0．005—0．224mg／m^3、0．016～0．148mg／m^3和0．012～0．294mg／m^3，年均浓度分别为0．066mg／m^3、0．069mg／m^3和0．085mg／m^3，监测分析结果表明徐家汇地区NO2污染严重于PM10和SO2，冬春季节的污染严重于夏秋季节。[结论]该地区的NO2浓度与就近道路行使的机动车配置有关，PM10浓度不仅与就近道路行使的机动车有关，还与其他污染源有关；NO2浓度受就近局地源的影响明显高于PM10浓度和SO2浓度，该地区的空气污染交通道路机动车污染特征明显。     

In vivo arginine production and intravascular nitric oxide synthesis in hypotensive sepsis

BACKGROUND: Arginine is important in the response to infections and is a precursor for the synthesis of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Low plasma arginine is correlated with a worse prognosis in patients with sepsis, and increased NO has been implicated in the hypotension of sepsis. Data on in vivo arginine and NO kinetics are lacking in hypotensive septic adults. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to measure in vivo arginine production and the intravascular NO synthesis rate in hypotensive septic patients. DESIGN: Arginine flux and the fractional and absolute synthesis rates of plasma NO were measured in fasted healthy (n = 10) and hypotensive septic (n = 6) adults by using a 6-h constant infusion of [15N2-guanidino]arginine. Urinary excretion of the NO metabolites nitrite and nitrate (NOx) and plasma concentrations of NOx, arginine, and creatinine were also measured. RESULTS: All patients had hyperdynamic septic shock and impaired renal function. Compared with the control subjects, the patients had slower arginine flux (99 +/- 8 compared with 50 +/- 7 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P < 0.01), lower plasma arginine concentrations (75 +/- 8 compared with 40 +/- 11 micromol/L; P < 0.01), higher plasma NOx concentrations (30 +/- 4 compared with 65 +/- 1.8 micromol/L), and a slower fractional synthesis rate of NOx. There was no significant difference in the absolute synthesis rate of NOx between groups. In patients with sepsis, the plasma NOx concentration correlated with the glomerular filtration rate and plasma creatinine but not with mean arterial pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with septic shock have a shortage in the availability of arginine associated with a slower production. Impaired renal excretion of NOx is a contributor to the high plasma NOx in these patients.