HPLC法同时测定吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓中吲哚美辛和呋喃唑酮的含量

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法同时测定吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓中吲哚美辛和呋喃唑酮的含量。方法:色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;以乙腈-0.1 mol·L-1冰醋酸溶液（50∶50）为流动相;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为320 nm;进样体积为20μl。结果:吲哚美辛的浓度范围为0.002 0～0.500 0 mg·ml-1时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,加样回收率为100.3%,RSD=1.0%（n=9）;呋喃唑酮的浓度范围为0.003 0～0.600 0 mg·ml-1时,峰面积与浓度呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 2）,加样回收率100.9%,RSD=0.9%（n=9）。结论:本方法准确、快速、简便,可用于吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定血清中苯妥英、卡马西平的浓度

目的 :建立HPLC法同时测定血清苯妥英 (PHT)与卡马西平 (CBZ)浓度。方法 :以C18反相柱为色谱柱 ,甲醇 水 (5 5∶45 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 40nm ;用乙酸乙酯作为提取剂。结果 :PHT、CBZ平均回收率各为 99.5 %和 10 0 .5 % ,日内和日间RSD均低于 6 .6 % (n =5 ) ;分析方法的定量测定下限 :PHT为 1.2 μ犂·ml-1,CBZ为 0 .2 μ犂·ml-1。分析方法的检测下限 :PHT为 0 .4μ犂·ml-1;CBZ为 0 .1μ犂·ml-1。PHT在 5～ 40 μ犂·ml-1浓度范围线性关系良好 ,r=0 .998;CBZ在 2 .5～ 2 5 μ犂·ml-1浓度范围线性关系良好 ,r=0 .998。结论 :方法灵敏、准确 ,可用于PHT和CBZ临床血药浓度监测。     

葛根素氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的质量标准

目的 :建立葛根素氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法 :对葛根素氯化钠注射液的 1～ 2 (0 .8mg·ml-1)、1～ 4 (0 .4mg·ml1-)、 1～ 8(0 .2mg·ml-1)、 1～ 16(0 .1mg·ml-1)进行干扰试验。结果 :其回收率分别为 :1～ 2(0 .8mg·ml-1) 5 2 %、1～ 4 (0 .4mg·ml-1) 76 %、1～ 8(0 .2mg·ml-1) 89%、1～ 16 (0 .1mg·ml-1) 10 9%。结论 :葛根素氯化钠注射液经 1- 2 (0 .8mg·ml-1)稀释后对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用     

HPLC测定磷酸咯萘啶片中主药的含量

目的　建立测定磷酸咯萘啶含量的HPLC方法。方法　选用DiamonsilC1 8(2 50mm× 4 .6mm ,5μm)色谱柱 ,0 .0 8mol·L- 1 磷酸二氢钾 -乙腈 (85∶1 5)为流动相 (含 0 .1 %三乙胺 ,pH3 .0 ) ;检测波长 2 78nm ;流速为 1 .0ml·ml- 1 ;进样量 2 0 μl。 结果　磷酸咯萘啶在浓度 5 .0 8～ 40 6 .4μg·ml- 1 范围内线性关系良好 ;回归方程为A =- 1 2 91 8+1 8657C ,r =0 .9999;平均回收率为 99.8% ,RSD =0 .8% (n =5)。结论　本法简便、灵敏、准确     

高效液相色谱法测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 :建立测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :采用反相 μ Bondpak色谱柱 ,甲醇- 0 .0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (5 5∶45 ,磷酸调 pH值3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围分别为 2 0～ 12 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,80～ 480 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ;加样回收率分别为 10 1.4% ,RSD =0 .5 %及 10 0 .8% ,RSD =0 .9% (n =5 ) ,日内RSD分别为 0 .9%和 0 .4% (n =5 ) ,日间RSD分别为 1.0 %和 0 .8% (n =4)。结论 :HPLC法可用于本制剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,方法简便、灵敏、结果准确     

氯霉素滴眼液及其相关物质二醇物的毛细管电泳分析法

目的　建立适合氯霉素滴眼液含量测定及其杂质二醇物检测的高效毛细管电泳定量检测方法。 方法 　采用毛细电泳法 ,以水杨酸为内标 ,运行电压 2 5 KV,运行缓冲液为 2 5 mmol· L- 1 磷酸盐缓冲液 (p H=6.0 ) ,检测波长 2 14 nm。结果 　氯霉素滴眼液及二醇物线性范围分别为 5 0～ 2 5 0 μg·ml- 1 (r=0 .9992 )和 4.0～ 2 0 .0 μg· ml- 1 (r=0 .9988)。平均回收率分别为 99.8%和 10 1.5 % ,RSD分别为 0 .8%和 2 .0 % (n=5 )。结论 　本方法能同时进行含量测定和杂质检测 ,对控制氯霉素滴眼液的质量有一定的价值     

欧可欣乳剂中氧氟沙星和盐酸达克罗宁的含量测定

目的　采用双波长分光光度法测定欧可欣乳剂中氧氟沙星及盐酸达克罗宁的含量。方法　以 0 .1mol·L- 1 盐酸溶液为溶媒 ,分别在 2 94、2 68、2 83、30 2 5nm处测定。结果　氧氟沙星在 5～ 2 5μg·ml- 1 ,盐酸达克罗宁在2 5～ 1 2 5μg·ml- 1 范围内浓度与吸光度差呈良好线性关系 ,其相关系数分别为 0 .9998、0 9999。氧氟沙星平均回收率为 99 32 % ,RSD =1 30 % (n =3) ;盐酸达克罗宁平均回收率为 1 0 0 61 % ,RSD =0 69% (n =3)。结论　该方法简便、快速、准确可靠。     

醋柳黄酮缓释胶囊中总黄酮及槲皮素、异鼠李素的含量测定

目的　建立醋柳黄酮缓释胶囊中的总黄酮、槲皮素和异鼠李素的含量测定方法。方法　采用分光光度法分别测定胶囊中的总黄酮含量 ,RP -HPLC法分别测定胶囊中的槲皮素和异鼠李素的含量。结果　分光光度法测定总黄酮时 ,在 2 .12～10 .6 0 μg·ml-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 99.9% ;RP -HPLC法测定槲皮素和异鼠李素时 ,槲皮素在 1.0 32～ 4 .6 4 4 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9998)、异鼠李素在 1.94 1～ 8.735 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9999)的浓度范围内线性关系良好 ,槲皮素的平均回收率为 10 0 .7% ,异鼠李素为 10 0 .4 %。结论　所用方法简便准确 ,可用于醋柳黄酮缓释胶囊的质量控制。     

旋光法和紫外分光光度法测定卡地滴眼液含量

目的 :建立卡地滴眼液的含量测定方法。方法 :用旋光法测定卡地滴眼液中卡那霉素的含量 ,用紫外分光光度法测定卡地滴眼液中地塞米松磷酸钠的含量。结果 :在 1.0～ 5 .0mg·ml-1范围内旋光度与卡那霉素的浓度呈线性关系 (r =0 .9999) ,回收率平均为 99.3% ,RSD =0 .4 0 % (n =5 ) ;在 6～ 2 1μg·ml-1范围内吸收度与地塞米松磷酸钠的浓度呈线性关系 (r =0 .9998,n =6 ) ,回收率平均为 99.2 % ,RSD =0 .2 0 % (n =5 )。结论 :本法简便、快速、准确 ,适用于医院制剂的快速检验。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方补骨脂酊中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量

目的　测定复方补骨脂酊中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。方法 　高效液相色谱法。结果　对样品未经分离 ,直接测定 ,补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的平均含量分别为 1.45 1mg· ml- 1和 1.15 1mg·ml- 1 ,方法平均回收率分别为 10 0 .92 % (RSD=1.81% )和 99.3 1% (RSD=2 .19% )。结论 　高效液相色谱法可作为该药控制指标之一。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.