Antiinflammatory Effects of an Ethyl Acetate Extract of Euphorbia royleana

The antiinflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate extract (EA) from the residue of an 85% alcohol extract of the latex of plant Euphorbia royleana was tested in mice and rats. In acute tests EA displayed marked antiinflammatory activity. Significant antiarthritic activity was observed in subacute and chronic models of formaldehyde-induced arthritis, adjuvant-induced developing and established arthritis. It produced inhibition of the exudate volume and the leucocyte migration in rats and vascular permeability in mice. EA showed a poor inhibitory effect on the granuloma formation by cotton pellet and croton oil. In in vitro studies EA inhibited the spontaneous contractions of the isolated pregnant rat uterus and oxytocin-induced contractions of virgin rat uterus. It had a very low ulcerogenic potential. The oral LD₅₀ in both rats and mice was more than 2500 mg/kg.     

The effects of Icacina trichantha tuber extract on the nervous system

The tuber of Icacina trichantha was extracted with 50% methanol and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to give a yield of 5.6% w/w. The extract induced sleep in rats treated with high doses (400–1000 mg/kg i.p.). The LD₅₀ of the extract was 671 mg/kg i.p. It potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time in rats dose-dependently and also induced significant local anaesthetic effects in guinea-pigs. The extract was able to give 80% protection to rats poisoned with pentylenetetrazole but failed to protect rats from strychinine poisoning. It induced significant dose-dependent analgesia in rats and showed significant muscle relaxant activity in mice.     

Antiinflammatory activity of the iridoids kutkin,picroside-1 and kutkoside from Picrorhiza kurrooa

Powdered roots of Picrorhiza kurrooa (PK), its alcoholic extract (AEPK) and active constituents kutkin, picroside-1 and kutkoside demonstrated antiinflammatory activity (AIA) in a variety of test models. Significant AIA was recorded in adjuvant-induced and formaldehyde arthritis in rats and mice. In carrageenan-induced oedema inhibitory activity was remarkably enhanced upon intraperitoneal treatment in rats and mice. Kutkin exhibited significant action in dextran-induced oedema in rats. It inhibited acetic acid induced vascular permeability in mice and leucocyte migration in rats. Kutkin lacked any analgesic, antipyretic or ulcerogenic effect.     

Pharmacological Study of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker

The dried ethanol extract of the whole plant of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker was studied for its analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory as well as CNS-depressant activities. The extract was given orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. A significant protection against the p -benzoquinone-induced writhing response in mice was observed. A marked lowering of the body temperature of both hyperthermic as well as normothermic mice was produced. Therefore, the extract possesses a hypothermic rather than an antipyretic effect. A marked inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw oedema was also obtained. Regarding its CNS action, the extract produced a decrease in the motor activity of mice placed on a rotarod. In the conditioned avoidance reaction test the percentage of failure to avoid electric shock was shown to be increased after administration of the extract without any effect on the escape behaviour of the trained rats. Therefore, the CNS-depressant activity of the extract seems to be due to a tranquillizing effect. It could be concluded that the extract possesses analgesic, hypothermic, antiinflammatory as well as CNS-depressant activities.     

Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Eclipta alba on experimental liver damage in rats and mice

An alcoholic extract of freshly collected Eclipta alba exhibited dose-dependent (62.5–500.0 mg/kg p.o.) significant hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats and mice. It indicated its protective role on parameters such as hexobarbitone-induced sleep, zoxazolamine-induced paralysis, bromosulphalen (BSP) clearance, serum levels of transaminases, bilirubin and protein. The extract did not show any signs of toxicity and the minimum lethal dose was greater than 2.0 g/kg when given orally and intraperitoneally in mice.     

Hypoglycaemic activity of Anthocleista vogelii (Planch) aqueous extract in rodents

The hypoglycaemic effect of Anthocleista vogelii was studied in mice, rats and rabbits. Aqueous extract of the plant obtained by infusion from finely pulverized root was used. The extract (100, 400 and 800 mg/kg) induced significant hypoglycaemic activity in a dose-related fashion at 2 h after oral administration in mice and rats with ED₂₅ of 250 mg/kg and 350 mg/kg respectively. The extract (800 mg/kg, orally) similarly induced statistically significant lowering of blood glucose levels at 8 h in normoglycaemic rabbits. The extract (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, orally) also caused reduction of blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic animals. The results of this study indicate that the aqueous extract of the roots of Anthocleista vogelii possess favourable hypoglycaemic activity both in normo and hyperglycaemic animals compared to chlorpropamide as a standard.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Lannea coromandelica bark extract in rats

Oral administration of an ethanolic extract of Lannea coromandelica (ELC) demonstrated a dose related antiinflammatory activity (AIA) in carrageenan and dextran induced oedema and adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. ELC reduced the pleural exudate volume and inhibited leucocyte migration in carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats. It lacked analgesic, antipyretic or ulcerogenic effect and failed to exhibit any effect in cotton pellet granuloma. It did not prolong the gestation period, parturition time in pregnant rats or the onset time of diarrhoea in rats induced by castor oil. The ALD₅₀ is greater than 2 g/kg p.o. in mice.     

Pharmacological investigations of Hibiscus micranthus Linn., a febrifuge used in Saudi Arabian folk medicine

The ethanolic extract of Hibiscus micranthus Linn. has been studied for its pharmacological activities. It has been found to produce significant inhibition of carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma pouch in rats and significant reduction in yeast induced hyperpyrexia in mice. It failed to produce any analgesic activity on the hot plate reaction time test in mice. On the hematological and biochemical parameters it produced a significant prolongation of prothrombin time, a decrease in the fibrinogen content and marked hyperglycemia in rats. It also produced significant neuromuscular blocking activity on both the models used in this study. Apart from these, it exhibited slight inotropic and chronotropic effects on isolated rabbit heart and a mild CNS stimulant effect. Further studies on the isolation of its active phytoconstituents and their pharmacological actions are being undertaken.     

Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Hamelia patens Methanol Extract in Rats and Mice

The inhibitory action of Hamelia patens methanol extract was studied in vitro on uterus, ileum and duodenum, and the antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated in vivo on mice and rats. It was found that for the uterus and intestine the inhibitory response was dose dependent and the major antidiarrhoeal effect was observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg.     

匙羹藤果水提液降血糖作用及其作用机制

目的:研究匙羹藤果水提液的降血糖作用,并探讨其相关的作用机制。方法:采用改良寇氏法对急性毒性进行研究,以四氧嘧啶致高血糖的糖尿病小鼠和大鼠为模型,以二甲双胍作为阳性药,以葡萄糖过氧化物酶法(GOD-POD)测定小鼠和大鼠血糖,观察匙羹果水提液高、中、低剂量组的降血糖作用,分别按照SOD活性试剂盒,总胆固醇试剂盒(COD-CE-PAP法),甘油三酯试剂盒(GPO-PAP法)检测法,GOD-POD法测定高血糖小鼠用药前后的SOD活性,高血糖大鼠给药前后总胆固醇、甘油三酯,正常小鼠糖耐量等指标,比较用药前后高血糖大鼠胰胰腺组织的病理状态,探讨匙羹藤果水提液降血糖的作用机制。结果:匙羹藤果水提液的半数致死浓度(LD50)为66.65 g·kg~(-1),水提液能明显降低四氧嘧啶致高血糖小鼠和大鼠血糖,与正常组比较,模型组的血糖有显著性差异(P0.01);与模型组比较,各给药组的血糖有显著性差异(P0.01),提高糖尿病小鼠SOD活性,降低糖尿病大鼠甘油三酯,修复糖尿病大鼠的胰腺和增加其胰岛数量,同时不影响正常小鼠的糖代谢。结论:匙羹藤果水提液具有较好的降血糖作用,其作用机制与提高机体的抗氧化能力、调节脂代谢和糖代谢有关,为明确匙羹藤果降血糖的药效物质基础提供了科学依据。     

A pharmacological evaluation of Baphia nitida Lodd (Leguminosae) ethanolic extract on rats and mice

Fresh leaves of Baphia nitida supplied by a herbalist were extracted, screened phytochemically and then subjected to various pharmacological tests. The phytochemical tests showed the presence of saponin, flavonoid glycosides and true tannins. In the dose range used, no acute toxicity was observed for the ethanolic extract. The extract showed a dose dependent antinociceptive (analgesic) activity in mice with the analgesic activity of 500 mg/kg extract being comparable to that of 300 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid. The extract demonstrated an antidiarrhoeal effect by protecting rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. This was also dose related but less than the protection afforded by sodium salicylate. The extract did not demonstrate any appreciable anticonvulsant effect against strychnine-induced convulsion in rats.     

The effects of Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) extract on the gastrointestinal tract of rodents

The dried methanol extract of the leaves of Morinda lucida Benth was studied for its effects on gastric emptying in rats and intestinal motility in mice. The effect of the extract on acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats was also investigated. The extract promoted gastric emptying time in rats and intestinal motility in mice. The extract did not induce gastric ulceration in rats and failed to protect against acetylsalicylic acid-induced ulcer in rats. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Anticonceptive and the Effect on Uterus of Ether Extract, 18312-J of Ricinus communis

The ether extract 18312-J of Ricinus communis seed (600 mg/kg and 1.2 g/kg) administered subcutaneously to rats possessed significant anticonceptive activity. The extract demonstrated an oestrogenic effect in immature ovariectomized rats and mice and was devoid of any antioestrogenic property. Furthermore, the extract did not induce a decidual response in oestrogen primed ovariectomized rats and did not inhibit deciduoma formation in rats treated with progesterone. Administration of 18312-J to rats significantly altered the activity profile of the uterine muscle with respect to the frequency and amplitude of contraction as well as decreased responsiveness to oxytocin, ergometrine, acetylcholine and transmural electrical stimulation (TNS, 1-20H_z). The anticonceptive effect of 18312-J may be due in part to a disturbance of the oestrogen/progesterone balance and as well as to a direct action on the uterus. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Studies on the antiinflammatory and related pharmacological activities of Psidium guajava: A preliminary report

The methanolic fraction of Psidium guajava fruit extract was found to possess significant inhibitory activity against carragenin, kaolin and turpentine-induced oedema formation. The fraction significantly inhibited protein exudation. The proliferative form of inflammation was significantly counteracted following cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. Acetic acid-induced algesia (writhing) in mice was significantly inhibited by the fraction. Significant antipyretic activity of the fraction was observed following yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Potent antiarthritic activity was observed with the fraction against formaldehyde-induced chronic arthritis in rats.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Orbignia phalerata in rats

The chloroformic extract of the dried fruits of Orbignia phalerata exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties as shown by the inhibition of carrageenannduced acute inflammation, cotton pellet granuloma and formalin-induced arthritis in rats. It did not show any CNS sedative, narcotic or antipyretic effects. A mild analgesic effect which may be of peripheral origin was noticed in the acetic-induced writhing test in mice. The extract, unlike phenylbutazone, neither influenced leucocyte migration into carrageenan-impregnated polyester-sponges nor enhanced the bleeding time in the mesenteric vein micropuncture study. It did not provoke gastric lesions on continuous medication for a consecutive period of 21 days in rats. These results provide a scientific validation of its traditional use in arthritic conditions, and suggest that the drug may be a useful alternative to anti-inflammatory drugs presently available with a different spectrum of activity.     

Antipyretic and analgesic activities of Caesalpinia bonducella seed kernel extract

Ethanolic extract (70%) of Caesalpinia bonducella seed kernel has been subjected for its antipyretic and antinociceptive activities in adult albino rats or mice of either sex at 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg orally. The extract demonstrated marked antipyretic activity against Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The extract had significant central analgesic activity in hot plate and tail flick methods. It also exhibited marked peripheral analgesic effect in both acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and Randall-Selitto assay in rats. It also significantly inhibited the formalin-induced hind paw licking in mice. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seed kernel possesses potent antipyretic and antinociceptive activities and thus, validates its use in the treatment of pain and pyretic disorders.     

Inhibitory Effects of the Standardized Extract of Phyllanthus amarus on Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Balb/C Mice

Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to have strong inhibitory effects on phagocytic activity of human neutrophils and on cellular immune responses in Wistar–Kyoto rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of daily treatment of standardized extract of P. amarus at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 14 days in Balb/C mice by measuring the myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), nitric oxide (NO) release, macrophage phagocytosis, swelling of footpad in delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), and serum immunoglobulins, ceruloplasmin and lysozyme levels. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extract using validated reversed‐phase HPLC methods identified phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, corilagin and geraniin as the biomarkers. Significant dose‐dependent inhibitions of MPO activity and NO release were observed in treated mice. The extract also inhibited E. coli phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages of treated mice and inhibited the sheep red blood cells (sRBC)‐induced swelling rate of mice paw in the DTH. There was also a significant decrease in non‐specific humoral immunity including ceruloplasmin and lysozyme levels in the extract‐fed groups as well as the release of serum level immunoglobulins. The strong inhibitory effects of the extract on the cellular and humoral immune responses suggest the potential of the plant to be developed as an effective immunosuppressive agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pharmacological and toxicological investigations on Foeniculum vulgare dried fruit extract in experimental animals

The ethanol extract of the dried ripe fruit of Foeniculum vulgare (500 mg/kg) was tested for diuretic, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic activities and its effect on bile secretion in rats. Also, the acute toxicity after 0.5, 1 and 3 g/kg was investigated in mice. The extract showed diuretic, analgesic, antipyretic activities and it enhanced bile secretion. As an antimicrobial agent, the extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and showed a marked mitodepressive effect. At a dose of 3 g/kg, it caused piloerection and it depressed locomotor activity but caused no deaths when administered acutely to mice.     

原蚕蛾的药理研究

原蚕蛾的毒性甚低。对未成年雄性小鼠体重增长有促进作用。能明显增加去势小鼠和去势大鼠的前列腺-贮精囊、包皮腺的重量,表明具有雄激素样作用。     

Pharmacological properties of Visnea mocanera L. f. extracts: Screening for analgesic,antipyretic, antiinflammatory and ulcerogenic activities in rodents

Different extracts of Visnea mocanera L. f. (Theaceae) were evaluated for analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory and ulcerogenic properties in mice and rats. The acetone extract from the leaves and the syrup from the fruits exerted central analgesic properties, associated with significant but transient antiinflammatory effects on acute inflammatory processes. The acetone extract also possessed topical antiinflammatory effects. The extracts assayed did not display antipyretic and ulcerogenic activity. Sub-acute toxicological experiments indicated a very low toxicity in mice.