肺结核后气道狭窄经下球囊扩张治疗的临床分析

目的探讨纤维支气管镜介导下球囊扩张术在治疗肺结核后气道狭窄中的应用价值。方法对41例肺结核后气道狭窄患者在局麻下行球囊扩张术,每2周1次,连续3~7次,评价即刻气道开放,远期疗效及肺功能改善。结果 41例患者平均接受球囊扩张治疗4.7次,,即刻气道开放为100%,远期疗效达92.7%,部分多叶狭窄患者采用分段扩张法,术后患者无明显并发症,术后患者肺功能指标均能明显改善（P〈0.05）。结论球囊扩张术治疗肺结核后气道疤痕样狭窄操作简单、安全,疗效显著,尤其早期治疗,值得临床广泛推广。     

Complication of Esophageal Self-Dilation for Radiation-Induced Hypopharyngeal Stenosis

We present an unusual case of hypopharyngeal stenosis, secondary to radiation therapy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, complicated by repeated inadvertent passage of a Maloney dilator through the larynx into the right mainstem bronchus during self-dilation. A brief review of esophageal/hypopharyngeal stenosis and management alternatives is presented. Self-dilation is presented as a therapeutic method for recurrent stenosis of the hypopharynx and esophagus. Recognition and avoidance of this complication is discussed.     

球囊松脱法对二尖瓣球囊扩张术后瓣口面积的评估价值

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球囊扩张治疗结核所致气道狭窄1例并文献复习

目的 评价局麻下采用纤维支气管镜介导支气管球囊扩张术治疗支气管狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法 对支气管狭窄患者的局部治疗实施了球囊扩张术。结果 实施了球囊扩张术后,患者支气管管腔立即再通,胸闷明显缓解,无严重并发症。经抗结核治疗6月,复查纤支镜,患者恢复良好,病变气管未见异常。结论 局麻下纤支镜介导的支气管球囊扩张治疗支气管狭窄简便、快速、安全、有效,值得临床推广应用。     

Postoperative Duodenal Stenosis as an Early Complication Following Laparoscopy‐Assisted REsection of Transverse Colon Cancer: Report of Successful Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation

A 69‐year‐old man underwent laparoscopy‐assisted resection for transverse colon cancer. He visited our department approxiately 1 month after operation suffering from nausea and epigastric discomfort. Endoscopy and X‐ray examina‐tion showed a severe stenosis in the second portion of the duodenum, which we believe was caused by the previous colectomy as indicated by no evidence of other causative event or factor found in his history or through thorough examination. He was then successfully treated by endoscopic balloon dilatation using of a controlled radial expansion wire‐guided balloon dilatation catheter. We report a case of postoperative duodenal stenosis as an early complication following laparoscopy‐assisted resection of transverse colon cancer. This case would be the first report documented in Japan that we are aware of. Furthermore, this experience suggested that endoscopic balloon dilatation for postoperative duodenal stenosis is effective.     

分级次二尖瓣球囊扩张预防二尖瓣反流的初步研究

目的为探讨经皮穿刺球囊导管二尖瓣扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）引起二尖瓣反流（ＭＲ）的原因及其预防方法。方法我们采用分级次扩张法和改良Ｉｎｏｎｅ法对人体病变二尖瓣和硅胶二尖瓣模型进行体外球囊导管扩张实验，并对１３２例风湿性心脏病重度二尖瓣狭窄患者，其中分别以分级次扩张法９６例，Ｉｎｏｎｅ法３６例进行ＰＢＭＶ的前瞻性对比研究。结果（１）ＰＢＭＶ引起二尖瓣反流的原因除与瓣膜钙化程度重、瓣下结构紊乱有关以外，瓣口面积小、交界粘连处夹角小是一个重要原因。（２）分级次扩张可使交界粘合处夹角呈渐进性扩大，扩张时不易引起瓣膜撕裂和二尖瓣反流。两组比较Ｉｎｏｎｅ法扩张组二尖瓣反流发生率为１６．７％，分级次扩张组无二尖瓣反流病例，并且术中其他并发症及术后再狭窄发生率后者也明显低于前者。结论球囊导管分级次扩张可有效地预防二尖瓣反流，是治疗二尖瓣狭窄较理想的方法。     

Mechanisms of cardiac perforation leading to tamponade in balloon mitral valvuloplasty

Mechanisms of cardiac perforation in 10 cases of cardiac tamponade encountered in a single-center series of 903 balloon mitral valvuloplasty procedures were elucidated by precise localization of the site of perforation at subsequent surgery. These mechanisms were perforation of the aortic root and adjacent right atrium by sliding up of the transseptal set (2), apical tears by straight-tip balloon catheters driven distally during mitral valve dilatation (3), apical perforations by guidewires introduced through catheters wedged in the apex (2), tear of the posterior right atrial wall by dilatation of the track produced by very low septal punctures (2), and right ventricular perforation by a pacing catheter (1). Multivariate analysis showed cardiac perforation to be significantly related to the total experience at the center (inversely) and to patient age (directly). Left ventricular perforation occurred exclusively in patients ≥40 yr of age. Understanding these mechanisms has enabled formulation of effective strategies to prevent cardiac perforation. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:138–146, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastasis of Esophageal Cancer with Esophageal Stenosis Diagnosed via Transesophageal Endoscopic Ultrasound with Bronchoscope-guided Fine-needle Aspiration

An 80-year-old man underwent follow-up examinations after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for esophageal cancer. Computed tomography showed enlarged lymph nodes of the right recurrent nerve. The patient had esophageal stenosis due to repeated ESD for multiple esophageal tumors. The stenosis made the passage of an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) scope through the esophagus difficult. Thus, an endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscope, which had a thinner diameter than that of the EUS scope, was used for transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration. This technique led to the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer.     

Esophageal Stenosis and Thickening of the Muscularis Propria Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS Diagnosis of Esophageal Muscle Thickening)

Abstract: Thickening of the muscularis propria of the esophagus was diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography as being the fourth hypoechoic layer larger than 2 mm in thickness. A thickened muscularis propria was observed in 40 patients with dysphagia caused by esophageal stenosis. In the patients with esophageal cancer, the thickening appeared at the proximal end of a layer-destructive tumor. In the patients with reflux esophagitis, the thickening of the muscularis propria was distinguished from the thickened submucosal layer at the stenosis. In the patients with achalasia, the thickening ivas maximal at the level of the stenosis and the thickness was significantly greater than in the other cases. The thickening of the muscularis propria tapered gradually and disappeared within 10 cm except in the patients with achalasia in whom the thickening reached the upper esophagus. The prestenotic thickening of the muscularis propria depended on the duration of the history of dysphagia and the narrowness of the stenosis.     

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis: endoscopic diagnosis and therapy

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis is a rare disease that may lead to esophageal stenosis and dysphagia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the endoscopic diagnosis, treatment and clinical course of intramural pseudodiverticulosis. We retrospectively studied endoscopic criteria of intramural pseudodiverticulitis, associated diseases, and the clinical course, particularly in patients with dysphagia because of esophageal stenosis in a period from 2002 to 2012. In 23 patients, the diagnosis was made according to endoscopic criteria. As risk factors, alcohol and tobacco consumption were present in all patients. Concomitant candida infection was present in six (26%) patients. In 12 (52%) patients esophageal stenosis was present, which was localized in the upper half of the esophagus. In 11 patients bougienage has been performed with excellent improvement of the dysphagia score from 3.7 to 1.3 (P = 0.002). However, dysphagia was recurrent in four patients with need for repeated bougienage. About half of the patients with intramural pseudodiverticulosis present with stenosis of the esophagus at the time of diagnosis. In patients with proximal esophageal stenosis and a typical risk constellation, intramural pseudodiverticulosis should be suspected. Treatment of stenosis with bougienage is effective to resolve dysphagia, but repeated bougienage may be necessary.     

Endoscopic balloon dilatation of benign esophageal strictures in childhood: a 15‐year experience

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) in childhood benign esophageal strictures. The medical records of 38 patients who underwent EBD from 1999 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic features, diagnoses, features of strictures, frequency and number of EBD, complications, outcome, and recurrence data were recorded. Median age was 1.5 years (0–14), and female/male ratio was 17/21 (n = 38). Primary diagnoses were corrosive esophageal stricture (n = 19) and esophageal atresia (n = 19). The length of strictures were less than 5 cm in 78.9% (n = 30). No complication was seen in 86.8% (n = 33). Perforation was seen in 10.5% (n = 4), and recurrent fistula was seen in 2.7% (n = 1). Total treatment lasted for 1 year (1–11). Dysphagia was relieved in 60.5% (n = 23). Recurrence was seen in 31.6% (n = 12). Treatment effectiveness was higher, and complication rates were lower in strictures shorter than 5 cm compared with longer ones (70% vs. 25%, P < 0.05, and 3.4% vs. 37.5%, P < 0.05). Although there was no statistical difference, treatment effectiveness rates were lower and complication and recurrence rates were higher in corrosive strictures compared with anastomotic ones (P > 0.05). EBD is a safe and efficient treatment choice in esophageal strictures, especially in strictures shorter than 5 cm and anastomotic strictures.     

A New Assessment of Esophageal Varices by Endoscopic Ultrasonography Using a 15/20-Megahertz Ultrasonic Probe

Abstract: We examined esophageal varices using the new technique of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) that employed a high-resolution 15/20 MHz ultrasonic probe. EUS employing the direct contact method, in which the forceps-channel probe was in direct contact with the lumen, was used in patients with esophageal varices (58 cases) and in control patients without varices (32 cases). Findings were also compared with additional EUS employing the conventional balloon method which was performed on 21 of the patients with esophageal varices. The direct contact method visualized all the varices (endoscopic Grade 1 varices; 2.0 ± 0.7 mm in diameter (mean ± SD) and 11.9 ± 3.1 cm in length, endoscopic Grade 2 or 3 varices; 5.8 ± 3.2 mm in diameter and 16.3 ± 3.0 cm in length). In the 21 patients who underwent EUS by the two different methods, varices were displayed by both methods in 9 cases (7 endoscopic Grade 2 varices, and 2 Grade 3 varices). In the other 12 cases (8 endoscopic Grade 1 varices, and 4 Grade 2 varices) varices were displayed only by the direct contact method, and not by the balloon method. The direct contact method can be regarded as a useful technique for the evaluation of esophageal varices.     

Percutaneous Transluminal Dilatation of Posttransplant Renal Artery Stenosis: Beneficial Effects in Two Cases at High Surgical Risk

Two clinical cases are described in which percutaneous transluminal dilatation (PTD) determined the correction of hypertension and renal hypoperfusion due to renal artery stenosis of the transplanted kidney.     

Transjugular approach to balloon mitral valvuloplasty helps overcome impediments caused by anatomical alterations.

Ten patients who had anatomic alterations that cause impediments to successful completion of conventional transfemoral balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) underwent transjugular BMV. They included six patients in whom conventional BMV could not be completed due to cardiac anatomic distortion; two patients with dextrocardia (one with visceroatrial situs solitus and the other with situs inversus); two patients with venous abnormalities (one with azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava and the other with bilateral iliac/femoral vein occlusion). Transjugular BMV was successful in all 10 patients (mean mitral valve area increasing from 0.68 +/- 0.17 to 1.92 +/- 0.40 cm(2); range, 1.56-2.76 cm(2)); it was quick (mean total fluoroscopy time, 10.5 +/- 2.7 min; range, 7.3-15.2 min); and it was safe (no major or minor complications except one patient who developed severe mitral regurgitation that only required medical therapy). The jugular approach to BMV overcomes many of the technical problems caused by anatomic changes that are encountered in transfemoral BMV and complements the latter approach.     

纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术在治疗结核性气道瘢痕狭窄中的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜介导下球囊扩张术在治疗结核性气道瘢痕狭窄中的应用价值。方法在局麻下,对11例结核性气管支气管患者的13处瘢痕狭窄部位实施球囊扩张术,每周1次,连续2～4次。X线胸片、CT扫描动态监测手术前后气道开放以及肺复张情况。于术前和最后一次球囊扩张后当天对狭窄气道直径、气促分数和第一秒用力呼吸容积（FEV₁）和用力肺活量（FVC）进行测定。结果11例患者平均接受球囊扩张治疗2.7次,扩张后支气管管径较前明显增大,症状显著缓解, X线胸片和CT扫描显示肺复张,即刻疗效达100％,远期90.9%。术后狭窄段支气管直径、气促评分、肺功能指标(FEV₁、FVC)均明显改善(P＜0.05)。结论球囊扩张术治疗结核性气管支气管瘢痕狭窄操作简便、安全,疗效显著,可作为临床首选治疗方法。     

A Japanese case of lymphocytic esophagitis

We report the case of a 68‐year‐old Japanese man diagnosed with lymphocytic esophagitis (LE), a rare disease associated with refractory dysphagia. He has had severe dysphagia and heartburn since 2007. Findings of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) carried out by a local physician in 2010 showed pale mucosa with white exudate and lateral furrows in the esophagus. He was referred to Tohoku University Hospital in 2012, because the symptoms did not improve, despite regular use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). At that time, EGD revealed the coexistence of a slight stricture in the upper esophagus, the histopathological findings of which included a predominantly peri‐papillary distribution of abundant, infiltrating CD3⁺/CD4⁺/CD8⁺/CD20^? lymphocytes without any granulocytes (CD4⁺ : CD8⁺ = 3.3:1). These were consistent with a diagnostic criteria of LE. Thereafter, severe dysphagia with food impaction occurred twice a month, despite the long‐term use of a PPI, and EGD showed worsened strictures, where endoscopic ultrasonography findings showed marked circumferential thickness of the mucosal and submucosal layers. Then, one session of endoscopic balloon dilatation dramatically improved the dysphagia. Accordingly, LE should be considered an important differential diagnosis of refractory dysphagia based on the characteristic features of endoscopic and pathological findings.