血栓弹力图评价自体血小板分离术对心脏手术患者血小板活化状态及功能的影响

目的探讨血栓弹力图(TEG)及流式细胞术评价术前急性自体血小板分离对心脏手术患者不同阶段凝血功能及血小板活化状态。方法选择心血管外科心脏手术患者36例,按随机数字表法分组,对照组18例予以急性等容血液稀释(ANH)联合术中自体血回输给患者,研究组18例予以ANH联合自体富血小板血浆(APRP)及术中自体血回输给患者。分别于肝素化前(T1)、术后l h(T2)和24 h(T3)时应用TEG测定凝血功能参数及应用流式细胞术检测血小板活化指标PAC-1和CD62。结果 2组患者治疗不同时间点凝血指标均发生变化,研究组围术期T3时间点PT、APTT分别为[(13.21±1.59,31.11±4.21)s]明显低于对照组,Fib为2.99±0.61 g/L显著高于对照组;研究组围术期T3时间点的R、K分别为[(5.42±2.01,2.12±0.49)min]显著低于对照组,a角、MA分别为[(44.67±6.72),63.75±6.42)mm]显著高于对照组(P0.05);研究组围术期T2、T3时间点PLT、PAC-1和CD62P分别为[(135.23±34.41)×109/L,(13.57±0.86,4.41±1.29)%和(148.23±35.59)×109/L,(15.81±1.23,4.35±1.21)%]与对照组比较,P0.05。结论自体血小板在心脏手术围术期发挥了明显的改善患者凝血功能的作用,通过TEG参数评价术前自体血小板分离回输患者围术期的凝血功能,比流式细胞术检测血小板活化功能更具优势和意义。     

急性等容血液稀释自体血回输在重大手术中的应用

目的探讨重大手术出血量较大患者实施急性等容血稀释自体血回输(acute normovolemic hemodilution+autologous blood transfusion,ANH+ABT)的安全性和实用性。方法 400例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,自愿接受自体血回输的重大手术患者气管插管全身麻醉后,根据公式计算放血量,经中心静脉或动脉采集自体血,同时静脉输近似等量液体,维持患者心率、平均动脉压、中心静脉压基本稳定。采集的自体血于6小时内回输患者。于采血前(T0)、采血稀释后30分钟(T1)、回输自体血前(T2)、回输自体血后30分钟(T3)监测红细胞比容(Hct)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)及血小板计数(Plt)。结果 ANH+ABT实施期间患者血流动力学基本维持稳定,平均采血量(804.6±312.3)ml,平均出血量(1045.3±424.5)ml。术后短期随访未见ANH+ABT相关并发症。以T0为基础值,Hct在T1、T2显著下降(P0.05),PT、APTT在T1、T2较T0的绝对值高,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),Plt计数在T1、T2、T3各时点均较T0明显下降(P0.05)。结论 ANH+ABT技术是一种有效、安全的血液保护策略。     

自血回输对脊椎手术患者小肠微循环的影响

【目的】观察自体血液回收应用于脊椎外科手术时血液保护效果及对小肠微循环的影响。【方法】40例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期在全麻下行脊椎手术患者随机均分为自体血回输组（Ⅰ组）和异体血输注组（Ⅱ组）。记录两组患者术中失血量、异体血输注量及全麻诱导插管前（T1）、诱导结束后30min（T2）、术毕（T3）、术后24h（T4）的肠脂肪酸结合蛋白（I-FABP）和D-乳酸表达。【结果】与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组异体血输注量增多,Ⅱ组在T3、T4时点I-FABP与D-乳酸表达增高。【结论】自体血液回输可以有效减少脊椎手术异体血的输注,对小肠微循环灌注影响小。     

术中自体血回收对血小板活化及凝血功能的影响

目的探讨术中自体血回收对回收血中血小板活化及凝血功能的影响。方法将40例出血量≥800ml的骨科择期手术患者随机分为2组,每组20例。A组术中进行自体血回收,并在术中予以回输;B组为对照组,术中按需输注异体血。测量各组患者5个时间点的凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、血小板计数（PLT）以及血小板膜糖蛋白纤维蛋白原受体（PAC-1）、P-选择素（CD62P）的表达量,同时测量A组回收血中的PLT及血小板PAC-1、CD62P的表达量。结果两组间PT、APTT、TT、FIB的变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组术后血小板PAC-1的表达均高于术前（P〉0.05）。A组回收血中PLT显著低于体内血（P〈0.01）,而血小板PAC-1和CD62P表达量则显著高于体内血（P〈0.01）。结论自体血回收可引起回收血中血小板的活化,但在一定范围内并未引起不良反应。其对凝血指标和血小板活化程度的改变与输注异体血基本一致。所以,术中自体血回收是安全的,可以起到节约用血、减少异体输血反应的作用。     

自体血小板分离回输与异体血小板输注在急性A型主动脉夹层手术中的有效性比较

目的 比较自体血小板分离回输与异体血小板输注对急性A型主动脉夹层手术的血液保护作用和短期转归的影响。方法 回顾性分析2019年6月—2021年12月在我院行急性A型主动脉夹层手术患者78例,其中自体血小板分离(APP)组40例,术中接受自体血小板分离回输;对照组38例,术中接受1治疗量异体单采血小板输注。记录两组患者术前等待时间、术中出血量、术后胸导管引流量、术中、围术期及住院期间异体血输注量、术后机械通气时间、ICU监护时间、住院时间和围术期并发症发生率及院内死亡率,并分析两组之间差异。结果 APP组术前等待时间显著短于对照组(Z=–2.48,P <0.05),术后机械通气时间显著短于对照组(Z=–2.20,P <0.05),术后肺部感染率为17.5%,显著低于对照组39.5%(χ²=4.65,P <0.05),术中和围术期红细胞、血浆和冷沉淀输注量均显著低于对照组(P <0.05),差异有统计学意义。两组术中出血量、住院期间输血量、ICU监护时间、住院时间和院内死亡率无显著差异。结论 与异体血小板输注相比,自体血小板分离回输有效减少术前...     

自血回输对脊柱手术患者血清cTnⅠ、CK-MB水平的影响

[目的]观察自血回输应用于脊柱外科手术时对血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）水平的影响.[方法]40例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期在全麻下行脊柱手术患者随机均分为两组,每组20例.Ⅰ组自体血回输,Ⅱ组输注异体血.记录两组患者术中失血量、异体血输注量并测定全麻诱导插管前（T1）、诱导结束后30 min（T2）、术毕（T3）、术后24 h（T4）患者血清cTnⅠ、CK-MB的水平.[结果]与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组异体血输注量增多;Ⅱ组在T3、T4时点cTnⅠ、CK-MB水平增高,其差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.[结论]自血回输能减少异体血的输注,使心肌酶的水平下降,有利于心肌保护.     

急性血小板分离制备心脏手术患者富血小板血浆的质量分析

为评价心脏直视手术患者急性血小板分离制备的富血小板血浆（platelet—richplasma,PRP）的效率和效果,对PRP质量进行了分析。20例ASAⅡ—Ⅲ级择期心脏手术患者在麻醉诱导后进行全血采集和血小板分离。分别测定分离前（T1）的全血,分离后（T2）的PRP和回输前（T3）的PRP中的血小板数（Plt）、血小板平均体积（MPV）、血小板分布宽度（PDW）、血浆内pH、血浆乳酸（IA）浓度和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）浓度、细菌培养结果、血小板CD62p和PAC-1阳性率以及ADP激活后的CD62p和PAC-1阳性率。结果表明：与全血相比,分离后的PRP中的血小板计数为（783±184）×10^9／L,MPV、PDW和pH值显著降低（P〈0．01）,LA、LDH浓度及CD62p和PAc-1阳性率无明显变化;回输前PRP血小板计数为（765±167）×10^9／L,MPV、PDw和pH值与T1相比显著降低（P〈0．01）,而LDH浓度、CD62p和PAC-1阳性率与T1和T2比较显著增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;ADP激活后的CD62p和PAC-1阳性率各阶段无明显差异。结论：本研究所采取的方法可在术前高效分离心脏手术患者的血小板,而且不引起血小板活化;PRP在术中振荡保存后有部分血小板出现活化,但血小板整体活化功能无明显改变。     

ANH与AHH在异位妊娠手术中的应用效果比较

目的比较急性等容血液稀释(ANH)与急性高容血液稀释(AHH)在异位妊娠手术中的应用效果。方法将96例异位妊娠患者随机分为ANH组、AHH组和对照组,每组32例。ANH组和AHH组在麻醉诱导后、手术前分别行ANH和A H H,对照组术前不进行急性稀释性采血,麻醉诱导后、手术前输注复方乳酸钠注射液。比较A N H组与A H H组急性血液稀释前后血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、碱剩余(BE)、血乳酸(LAC)等血气指标的变化水平;比较ANH组与AHH组各时点平均动脉压(MAP)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量变异率(SVV)等血流动力学指标;比较3组术后Hb、Hct、血小板(PLT)水平及异体输血情况。结果 (1)ANH组与AHH组血液稀释前后Hb、Hct及BE、LAC等血气指标的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)ANH组自体血回输前后MAP及CI明显高于AHH组(P0.05),SVV明显低于AHH组(P0.05);(3)ANH组术后2hHb、Hct、PLT水平明显高于AHH组及对照组(P0.05),异体输血例数及异体红细胞输注量明显少于AHH组及对照组(P0.05)。AHH组异体血输注例数及异体红细胞输注量明显少于对照组(P0.05)。结论 ANH可有效减少异位妊娠术中红细胞的丢失,减少异体血输注,对血流动力学影响较小,输血安全性能良好,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

急性等容血液稀释联合自体血回输对异位妊娠手术患者免疫功能及预后的影响

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)联合回收式自体输血对异位妊娠手术患者免疫及预后的影响。方法选择2011年10月-2016年8月河北医科大学第四医院妇产科128名,根据自愿原则分为自体(输血)组:72名以ANH联合自体血回输的异位妊娠手术患者;异体(输血)组:56名拟行异体血输注的同类患者。记录2组患者失血量及输血量,测定术前、术后3及10 d T细胞亚群(CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+)与NK细胞含量以及IgG、IgM和补体C3水平。观察自体组血液采集及回输过程中不良反应及2组患者术后康复情况。结果 1)异位妊娠手术患者失血量(m L/人):1 320±410(自体组)vs 1 290±390(异体组)(P0.05);自体组术前采集自体血(426±68)m L/人、术中回收血(538±136)m L/人,异体血输注率18.05%(13/72)、平均输血量(632±230)m L/人[异体组相应为100%(56/56)与(1 068±316)m L(P0.05)];2)自体组术后3、10 d CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、NK细胞含量以及IgG、IgM、C3水平明显优于异体组(P0.05)。3)自体组自体血采集及回输过程中均未发生严重不良反应,术后肠道排气时间(d)1.41±0.37(自体组)vs 1.78±0.40(异体组)、切口拆线时间(d)5.4±1.9(自体组)vs 6.0±2.3(异体组)及住院时间(d)5.8±2.6(自体组)vs 7.3±2.9(异体组)(P0.05)。结论 ANH联合自体血回输对异位妊娠手术患者免疫功能的影响较小,有利于患者的术后康复。     

急性等容血液稀释联合控制性降压在全髋关节置换术中的应用

目的观察急性等容血液稀释(ANH)联合控制性降压(CH)对全髋关节置换手术患者的有效性和安全性。方法患者麻醉后经桡动脉放血500～700ml,同时通过外周静脉输入等量的6%羟乙基淀粉,切皮前用硝酸甘油控制性降压,手术结束前25min停控制性降压,并回输自体血,分别观察术前、采血后、CH后、回输自体血前、后患者的MAP、HR、失血量等指标的变化。结果采血后的MAP、Hb、Hct、Plt、FIB有所下降,CH后与采血后相比仅有MAP的下降。回输前Hb、Hct、FIB又有所下降,回输前各项指标基本恢复正常。出血量与即往回顾病例比较明显减少。结论ANH与CH能显著降低失血量,有效地减少同种异体输血。     

Blood platelet kinetics and platelet transfusion

The discovery of citrate anticoagulant in the 1920s and the development of plastic packs for blood collection in the 1960s laid the groundwork for platelet transfusion therapy on a scale not previously possible. A major limitation, however, was the finding that platelet concentrates prepared from blood anticoagulated with citrate were unsuitable for transfusion because of platelet clumping. We found that this could be prevented by simply reducing the pH of platelet-rich plasma to about 6.5 prior to centrifugation. We used this approach to characterize platelet kinetics and sites of platelet sequestration in normal and pathologic states and to define the influence of variables such as anticoagulant and ABO incompatibility on post-transfusion platelet recovery. The “acidification” approach enabled much wider use of platelet transfusion therapy until alternative means of producing concentrates suitable for transfusion became available.The identification of platelets as a distinct cellular element of blood with a critical role in hemostasis in the late 1800s (1) inevitably led to speculation about platelet transfusion as a treatment for bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia. The realization of this goal was delayed for many years by technical barriers. Development of citrate-based anticoagulants in the 1920s and flexible plastic blood containers in the 1950s–1960s made it feasible to collect blood in a plastic pack containing standard acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) anticoagulant, centrifuge it slowly, and express the supernatant platelet-rich plasma (PRP) into a plastic side-pack for convenient transfusion. Early studies showed that platelets from multiple units of blood were needed to achieve a therapeutic effect in a bleeding patient. To prevent volume overload, this required that platelets be concentrated before being transfused. The obvious way to accomplish this was to centrifuge PRP at high speed, remove the supernatant plasma, and suspend the pelleted platelets in a small volume by gently massaging the plastic pack. It soon became apparent that concentrates prepared in this way almost invariably contained large and small platelet aggregates and few single platelets. Not surprisingly, clinicians were reluctant to transfuse these preparations. It was known at this time that platelets isolated from blood that had been anticoagulated with EDTA could be pelleted from PRP by centrifugation and dispersed without difficulty. To meet the growing demand for platelet transfusions, the Fenwal Company developed the “EDTA Platelet Pack,” consisting of a plastic collection bag containing EDTA and an attached satellite bag into which PRP could be expressed, concentrated by centrifugation into a pellet, and suspended in a small volume of plasma. Red cells were returned to the donor to enable repeated platelet donations. Despite the obvious limitations of this approach, thousands of pooled EDTA platelet concentrates were transfused in the late 1950s and the 1960s. This procedure was labor intensive, and its application was restricted to relatively few, critically ill patients.In 1961, Gardner and associates conducted seminal studies to define the pathophysiology of various thrombocytopenic disorders (2, 3). They labeled EDTA platelets with NaCr⁵¹O₄ to follow the cells after transfusion. In these studies, very few labeled platelets were detected in the peripheral blood during the first few hours after transfusion. After this time, a variable number of cells reentered circulation. The immediate sequestration of a large fraction of the transfused cells, possibly in the liver and lung (4), followed by the eventual return of some platelets into circulation was considered to be a consequence of the labeling procedure. At this time, working at the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory of the Boston City Hospital, we were similarly interested in studying platelet kinetics, and we confirmed the findings of Gardner and coworkers about the circulation kinetics of EDTA platelets. We examined PRP prepared from EDTA and ACD whole blood under phase microscopy and noted that platelet morphology was quite different in the two preparations. In ACD preparations, platelets were discoid in shape, but in EDTA preparations, they assumed an irregular, almost spherical configuration. Another striking difference was the appearance of PRP examined in a light beam while being gently agitated: ACD platelets shimmered and swirled, whereas an EDTA platelet suspension was uniform in appearance throughout. We wondered whether structural changes induced in platelets by EDTA explained the failure of most of these platelets to circulate after transfusion and carried out studies to determine whether platelet clumping in concentrates from ACD-prepared PRP could be prevented. Evaluation of several variables revealed that when the pH of ACD PRP was reduced from its starting value of about 7.2 to about 6.5 before centrifugation, the pelleted platelets could readily be dispersed, yet retained their normal discoid shape. In whole blood or in PRP, this degree of “acidification” could be achieved by simply adding an extra quantity of ACD, the anticoagulant then used routinely for blood collection. The apparent benefit of acidification persisted through repeated centrifugations and made it possible to characterize recovery and survival of ACD platelets in normal subjects (5). Our studies revealed that about 75% of the labeled ACD platelets were recovered in the recipient immediately after transfusion (Figure ​(Figure1).1). After the initial transfusion, the presence of labeled platelets in the blood steadily declined over nine days. In contrast, labeled EDTA platelets peaked in the blood around one day after transfusion and steadily declined afterward (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Scanning of body organs with a directional scintillation counter revealed that most of the radioactivity from ACD platelets not recovered in the blood was initially present in the spleen; however, transfused EDTA platelets mainly concentrated in the liver. As ACD platelets were cleared from the circulation, Cr⁵¹ accumulated in the liver and spleen, indicating that these organs are the major sites of platelet deposition. The linear clearance pattern suggested that under normal circumstances, platelets die as a consequence of “senescence,” rather than being randomly utilized (5). Open in a separate windowFigure 1Survival of autologous “citrate platelets” after transfusion to a normal subject.Approximately 75% of labeled platelets were recovered in the circulation immediately after being transfused. The red area denotes the range of blood platelet radioactivity after the injection of Cr⁵¹-labeled “EDTA platelets” on 10 occasions in 7 normal subjects. Adapted from ref. 5. Freireich and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute soon confirmed the superiority of platelet concentrates prepared from acidified ACD blood in producing sustained platelet increases in thrombocytopenic patients (6). Over the next few years, this simple maneuver facilitated much wider use of platelet transfusions, especially in patients being treated for hematologic malignancies. We used the new methodology to characterize platelet clearance and sites of sequestration in normal individuals (5, 7) and in patients with platelet destruction mediated by alloantibodies (8) and autoantibodies (9), as well as to more fully define the role of anticoagulants and ABO incompatibility on recovery and survival of transfused platelets (10). We also demonstrated that “hypersplenic” thrombocytopenia is largely caused by pooling of a significant fraction of the total circulating platelet mass in an enlarged spleen, rather than being a consequence of suppressed platelet production or premature platelet destruction (11). Although acidifying citrated blood or PRP to prepare platelet concentrates for transfusion represented a significant improvement over what was previously possible, other advances soon followed. Mourad found that platelet concentrates prepared from nonacidified ACD blood could be manually suspended with little clumping, provided the platelet pellet was allowed to rest for some time at room temperature before manipulation (12). Other key developments were the finding by Murphy et al. that platelet viability is best maintained by storage at room temperature (13) and the evolution of pheresis systems for isolating large quantities of platelets from single donors. To my knowledge, reversible aggregation of platelets pelleted from citrated PRP is still not fully understood, but it seems almost certain that fibrinogen binding to partially activated α_IIbβ₃ integrin (GPIIb/IIIa) is involved, since fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation is markedly inhibited at pH 6.5 (6, 14). The EDTA-induced structural changes in platelets were well characterized by White (15). The “swirling” of platelets was shown to be a consequence of their normal discoid shape and to correlate fairly well with post-transfusion viability (16).     

Apheresis donors and platelet function: inherent platelet responsiveness influences platelet quality

BACKGROUND: Process-induced platelet (PLT) activation occurs with all production methods, including apheresis. Recent studies have highlighted the range and consistence of interindividual variation in the PLT response, but little is known about the contribution of a donors' inherent PLT responsiveness to the activation state of the apheresis PLTs or the effect of frequent apheresis on donors' PLTs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The relationship between the donors' PLT response on the apheresis PLTs was studied in 47 individuals selected as having PLTs with inherently low, intermediate, or high responsiveness. Whole-blood flow cytometry was used to measure PLT activation (levels of bound fibrinogen) before donation and in the apheresis PLTs. The effects of regular apheresis on the activation status of donors' PLTs were studied by comparing the in vivo activation status of PLTs from apheresis (n = 349) and whole-blood donors (n = 157), before donation. The effect of apheresis per se on PLT activation was measured in 10 apheresis donors before and after donation. RESULTS: The level of PLT activation in the apheresis packs was generally higher than in the donor, and the most activated PLTs were from high-responder donors. There was no significant difference in PLT activation before donation between the apheresis and whole-blood donors (p = 0.697), and there was no consistent evidence of activation in the donors immediately after apheresis. CONCLUSION: The most activated apheresis PLTs were obtained from donors with more responsive PLTs. Regular apheresis, however, does not lead to PLT activation in the donors.     

Status of platelet collection and platelet transfusion.

Platelet product derived from single donor plateletpheresis is required to reduce the risks of adverse reactions by blood transfusion. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the status of platelet collection and its efficacy by various kinds of plateletpheresis equipment and to assess the achievement of platelet transfusion by platelet product derived from a single donor. Since the blood centers have introduced some kinds of efficient plateletpheresis equipment, large units of platelet products have been supplied mainly for the patients. Amicus and CCS might be preferable plateletpheresis machines because of their collection efficiencies and wider indication for donors. The average number of donors of platelet product per patient has recently reached nearly 1.0, and around 90% of patients have received platelet product derived from a single donor in the recent several years. However, platelet transfusion derived from a single donor has not yet been completely achieved. Each regional blood center should seriously consider the efficacy of each plateletpheresis equipment and arrange the equipment to collect platelets more effectively to achieve platelet transfusion from a single donor.     

血小板抗体检测及配型对血小板输注无效的临床意义

目的 通过对比血小板配型前后血小板的输注效果,评估血小板抗体检测及配型对血小板输注无效的临床意义.方法 以出血症状改善情况、血小板计数增高指数(CCI)、血小板恢复百分率(PPR)为标准,对比配型前后血小板的输注效果.结果 25例血小板输注无效患者的血小板抗体筛查阳性9例; 9例血小板抗体阳性患者血小板交叉配型前后血小板输注有效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),配型后输注的 1 h和24 h CCI、PPR数值明显高于配型前输注的.结论 血小板抗体检测及血小板配型输注可以为患者选择适用的血小板,提高单采血小板的输注有效率,避免滥用血小板.     

Comparison of platelet count and platelet protein methods for determination of platelet MAO activity.

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 10 normal volunteers was studied as a function of platelet protein or electronically-determined platelet counts. Comparisons of the two methods were made for samples assayed on the same day as well as one week later. The MAO activities resulting from both methods were significantly correlated and reproducible but the results of the platelet count method were, in most instances, slightly but significantly more reliable than the platelet protein method. The relevance of these results to the controversy concerning platelet MAO activity in schizophrenia is discussed.     

Endogenous glutathione and platelet function in platelet concentrates stored in plasma or platelet additive solution

Platelet function was studied in platelet concentrates by assay of the thrombin-induced release of endogenous serotonin and presence of the swirling phenomenon in relation to endogenous glutathione (GSH) and cysteine. In platelets stored in plasma, addition of cysteamine resulted in only a moderate fall in GSH after 5 days of storage, from an average of 14.91 to 11.46 nmol per 109 platelets. Exogenously added GSH had no effect, and addition of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) resulted in almost complete depletion of GSH, to an average of 0.65 nmol per 109 platelets. Addition of cysteamine or GSH resulted in increased endogenous cysteine whereas BSO had no effect. In platelets stored in a platelet additive solution (T-sol), complete depletion of GSH was found in the presence of cysteamine, GSH and BSO. Endogenous serotonin was unchanged during storage both in plasma and in additive solution (2.8 nmol per 109 platelets). Despite almost total depletion of endogenous GSH, the thrombin-induced release of serotonin after 5 days' storage was significantly affected only in the presence of BSO in platelets stored in additive solution (mean values 72.3% vs. 63.3% of endogeneous serotonin, P < 0.05). Similarly, addition of cysteamine or GSH had no significant effect on swirling but BSO reduced the swirling score after 5 days' storage in platelet additive solution compared with plasma. After 10 days' storage, there was a significant reduction in swirling in the concentrates where BSO was added (P < 0.05).