In situ force in the anterior cruciate ligament,the lateral collateral ligament,and the anterolateral capsule complex during a simulated pivot shift test

The role of the anterolateral capsule complex in knee rotatory stability remains controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the anterolateral capsule, the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and the forces transmitted between each region of the anterolateral capsule in response to a simulated pivot shift test. A robotic testing system applied a simulated pivot shift test continuously from full extension to 90° of flexion to intact cadaveric knees (n = 7). To determine the magnitude of the in situ forces, kinematics of the intact knee were replayed in position control mode after the following procedures were performed: (i) ACL transection; (ii) capsule separation; (iii) anterolateral capsule transection; and (iii) LCL transection. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare in situ forces between each knee state (*p < 0.05). The in situ force in the ACL was significantly greater than the forces transmitted between each region of the anterolateral capsule at 5° and 15° of flexion but significantly lower at 60°, 75°, and 90° of flexion. This study demonstrated that the ACL is the primary rotatory stabilizer at low flexion angles during a simulated pivot shift test in the intact knee, but the anterolateral capsule plays an important secondary role at flexion angles greater than 60°. Furthermore, the contribution of the “anterolateral ligament” to rotatory knee stability in this study was negligible during a simulated pivot shift test. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:847–853, 2018.

     

Effect of hyaluronan on the healing of partially ruptured anterior cruciate ligament of rabbits

The midportion of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of rabbits was partially transected, and the effect of hyaluronan (HA) on its healing was determined. A 1% solution of HA (HA group) or physiological phosphate-buffered saline (control group) was administered intraarticularly, at 0.1 ml/kg body weight, once a week from 1 week after the operation. Two, 4, and 6 weeks after the initiation of HA administration, the ACLs were examined grossly, histologically and immunohistochemically. At 2 weeks, the lacerated portions were completely covered with scar-like tissue in both groups. These tissue areas were smaller in the HA group than in the control group. Histologically in the HA group, the regularity of collagen fibers (indicating the maturity of regenerated collagen fibers) had increased compared to findings in the control group, and the number of fibroblastic cells decreased gradually at a significantly faster rate. The number of inflammatory cells and blood vessels decreased gradually in both groups, with these values being lower in the HA group at each time point but not significantly so. Immunohistochemical examination of the repaired tissue revealed strong staining with anti-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antibody in the HA group 2 weeks after the first HA administration. The staining gradually became reduced, with the rate of reduction being faster in the HA group than in the control group. The stimulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production and the faster reduction of it in the HA group suggests that HA facilitated tissue repair and inhibited the formation of scar tissue.     

制动对兔膝关节前交叉韧带生物学性能的影响

目的研究关节制动对前交叉韧带(ACL)生物学特性的影响。方法32只成年新西兰大白兔分为两组:实验组24只,正常组8只。实验组在固定6周(A组,8只)、8周(B组,8只)和8周后拆除石膏主动活动2周(C组,8只)时分别安乐处死,进行解剖学观察、形态学测量、生物力学测试和组织学观察。结果①形态学:各实验组ACL长度、横截面积发生了改变,但与正常组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②生物力学:各实验组ACL最大载荷、最大拉伸长度及最大应力、最大应变、弹性模量较正常组均变小,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验3组标本均发生了应力松弛率和蠕变率的改变,但差异并无统计学意义。③组织学:实验组标本镜下表现为成纤维细胞数量明显减少,细胞及细胞核形态发生改变,细胞核固缩、坏死,胶原纤维排列明显紊乱。结论长期膝关节制动可引起ACL生物学性能改变。     

前交叉韧带的解剖结构及其与重建技术的研究现状

前交叉韧带(ACL)是膝关节内非常重要的韧带之一,同时,前交叉韧带损伤也是比较常见的一种运动损伤。目前,前交叉韧带重建技术(ACLR)是治疗前交叉韧带损伤比较传统的方式,术后能较好地维持膝关节稳定性,但对于ACL的解剖及ACLR的手术方式、骨道形状等存在多种选择,本文目的是对ACL解剖研究的新进展及其对ACLR技术的影响进行总结。     

前交叉韧带重建术后股四头肌萎缩的原因及康复策略

前交叉韧带是维持膝关节稳定的重要韧带之一。前交叉韧带损伤后会严重影响膝关节的稳定和功能。目前临床上对于前交叉韧带损伤的诊断和治疗已经越来越流程化、正规化,但是病人的预后却经常有较大的差别。本文就行前交叉韧带重建术患者的股四头肌状态对康复的影响,以及肌肉萎缩的原因和恢复策略进行综述。     

Effect of axial tibial torque direction on ACL relative strain and strain rate in an in vitro simulated pivot landing

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries most frequently occur under the large loads associated with a unipedal jump landing involving a cutting or pivoting maneuver. We tested the hypotheses that internal tibial torque would increase the anteromedial (AM) bundle ACL relative strain and strain rate more than would the corresponding external tibial torque under the large impulsive loads associated with such landing maneuvers. Twelve cadaveric female knees [mean (SD) age: 65.0 (10.5) years] were tested. Pretensioned quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscle‐tendon unit forces maintained an initial knee flexion angle of 15°. A compound impulsive test load (compression, flexion moment, and internal or external tibial torque) was applied to the distal tibia while recording the 3D knee loads and tibofemoral kinematics. AM‐ACL relative strain was measured using a 3 mm DVRT. In this repeated measures experiment, the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to test the null hypotheses with p < 0.05 considered significant. The mean (±SD) peak AM‐ACL relative strains were 5.4 ± 3.7% and 3.1 ± 2.8% under internal and external tibial torque, respectively. The corresponding mean (± SD) peak AM‐ACL strain rates reached 254.4 ± 160.1%/s and 179.4 ± 109.9%/s, respectively. The hypotheses were supported in that the normalized mean peak AM‐ACL relative strain and strain rate were 70 and 42% greater under internal than under external tibial torque, respectively (p = 0.023, p = 0.041). We conclude that internal tibial torque is a potent stressor of the ACL because it induces a considerably (70%) larger peak strain in the AM‐ACL than does a corresponding external tibial torque. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:528–534, 2012     

股四头肌与骨-髌腱-骨自体移植对前交叉韧带重建的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析比较股四头肌与骨-髌腱-骨自体移植对前交叉韧带重建手术疗效的影响。方法:计算机检索建库至2019年5月PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、万方数据库和中国知网发表的比较股四头肌、骨-髌腱-骨自体移植物的病例对照研究文献,根据纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选、质量评价及数据提取,采用Review Manager 5.3统计学软件对患膝与健膝前向移位差值、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm评分、IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee)客观等级、膝前疼痛和移植失败率进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入6篇文献,915例患者,其中股四头肌自体移植495例,骨-髌腱-骨自体移植420例。Meta分析结果显示:股四头肌自体移植与骨-髌腱-骨自体移植在胫骨向前移位差值>3 mm[OR=1.53,95%CI(0.68,3.44),P=0.31],3～5 mm[OR=0.64,95%CI(0.31,1.35),P=0.24],>5 mm[OR=1.18,95%CI(0.33,4.22),P=0.80...     

The patella ligament insertion angle influences quadriceps usage during walking of anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients

Following ACL injury a reduction in the peak knee flexion moment during walking (thought to be created by a decrease of quadriceps contraction) has been described as an adaptation to reduce anterior tibial translation (ATT) relative to the femur. However, the amount of ATT caused by quadriceps contraction is influenced by the patellar ligament insertion angle (PLIA). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that quadriceps usage during walking correlates to individual anatomical variations in the extensor mechanism as defined by PLIA. PLIA and gait were measured for ACL‐deficient knees, using subjects' contralateral knees as controls. In ACL‐deficient knees, PLIA was negatively correlated (R² = 0.59) to peak knee flexion moment (balanced by net quadriceps moment), while no correlation was found in contralateral knees. Reduction in peak flexion moment in ACL‐deficient knees compared to their contralateral knees was distinctive in subjects with large PLIA, possibly to avoid excessive ATT. These results suggest that subject‐specific anatomic variability of knee extensor mechanism may account for the individual variability previously observed in adaptation to a quadriceps reduction strategy following ACL injury. The average (±1 SD) PLIA of ACL‐deficient knees (21.1 ± 3.4°) was less than the average PLIA of contralateral knees (23.9 ± 3.1°). This altered equilibrium position of the tibiofemoral joint associated with reduced PLIA and adaptations of gait patterns following ACL injury may be associated with degenerative changes in the articular cartilage. In the future, individually tailored treatment and rehabilitation considering individuals' specific extensor anatomy may improve clinical outcomes. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1643–1650, 2007     

Evaluation of the clinical signs of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries

Background:

The diagnostic accuracy of anterior drawer (AD) sign, Lachman test and the pivot shift test for anterior cruciate ligament injury and McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus is varied with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 2 to 100%. Generally, it is accepted that the pivot shift test is the most specific test to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and that the Lachman test is more sensitive than AD sign. This study was undertaken to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency for the above-mentioned diagnostic tests.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight male patients with clinical ACL injury were examined in the outpatient department and under anaesthesia, the findings were compared with arthroscopy.

Result:

The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test performed in the outpatient setting are 78.6 and 100%, 89.3 and 100%, and 75 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign, and pivot shift test performed under anesthesia are 92.9 and 100%, 92.9 and 100%, and 100 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus were 35.7 and 85.7% and 22.2 and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test are highly specific tests to diagnose ACL laxity in a non-acute setting; pivot shift test under anesthesia is the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing ACL laxity in a non-acute setting and the McMurray test is not a sensitive test to diagnose meniscal injury in the presence of ACL injury.     

Influence of patellar ligament insertion angle on quadriceps usage during walking in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed subjects

Reduced quadriceps contraction has been suggested as an adaptation to prevent anterior tibial translation in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees. This theory has been supported by a recent study that peak knee flexion moment (thought to be created by a decrease of quadriceps contraction) during walking was negatively correlated with patellar ligament insertion angle (PLIA) in ACL-deficient knees, but not in contralateral, uninjured knees. In addition, the PLIA was significantly smaller in ACL-deficient knees than in contralateral, uninjured knees. However, it is unknown whether ACL reconstruction restores the PLIA or whether the relationship between the PLIA and knee flexion moments previously observed in ACL-deficient knees disappears. This study tested the following hypotheses: (1) The PLIA of ACL-reconstructed knees is significantly smaller than the PLIA of uninjured contralateral knees; (2) Peak knee flexion moment (balanced by net quadriceps moment) during walking is negatively correlated with the PLIA in ACL-reconstructed knees. The PLIA of 24 ACL-reconstructed and contralateral knees were measured using MRI, and peak knee flexion moments during walking were measured. Results showed that the PLIA of ACL-reconstructed (22.9 ± 4.4°) knees was not significantly smaller (p = 0.09, power = 0.99) than the PLIA of contralateral (24.1 ± 4.8°) knees. Peak knee flexion moment was not correlated with the PLIA following ACL reconstruction (R² = 0.016, power = 0.99). However, the magnitude of the knee flexion moment remained significantly lower in ACL-reconstructed knees. In summary, this study has shown that the PLIA of ACL-reconstructed knees returned to normal and that patients no longer adapt their gait in response to the PLIA, though quadriceps function did not return to normal levels. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 730–735, 2009     

胫骨骨道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建的影响

[目的]探讨胫骨骨隧道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建术后临床疗效的影响.[方法]将60例前交叉韧带断裂患者随机分为对照组和观察组.对照组胫骨骨隧道内口采用外侧半月板游离缘的切线与前后髁间突连线的交点定位;观察组选择原前内侧束和后外侧束中间位置定位.术后矢状位MRI测量胫骨骨道位置、胫骨纵向位移、后交叉韧带指数、膝关节功能评分进行分析评价.[结果]对照组和观察组胫骨骨道分别位于胫骨平台全长的前(38.67±4.23)％和(34.21±2.46)％.胫骨纵向位移为(11.14±2.64)mm和(14.34±2.23)mm,上倾角为(56.2±4.3)°和(44.6±5.2)°,后交叉韧带指数为(3.97±0.45)和(4.78±0.78);两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).术后1年,对照组与观察组IKDC膝关节主观评分分别为(79.63±4.67)分和(89.76±5.21)分;Lysholm评分分别为(85.61±4.92)分和(92.54±3.22)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).[结论]前交叉韧带单束重建能使患者的关节稳定性与功能均得到显著改善.膝关节MRI测量可较客观、准确地反映胫骨的骨道定位情况.理想的胫骨骨道在矢状位MRI上位于胫骨平台的前(34.21±2.46)％.     

骨洗方联合持续被动活动治疗膝关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术后关节僵硬

目的观察骨洗方联合持续被动活动（CPM）治疗膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）重建术后关节僵硬的疗效。方法对我院2009年1月至2010年3月24例（24膝）膝关节镜下ACL重建术后关节僵硬患者,随机分为两组（A组、B组）,每组12例,A组给予中药骨洗方（由薄荷、桂枝、半枫荷、两面针、红花、宽筋藤等组成）熏洗联合CPM训练,B组仅进行CPM训练,定期随访,以Lysholm膝关节功能评估系统（0-100分）和膝关节活动度（ROM）分别评估膝关节功能。结果 24例患者均获得随访,A组随访时间6-12个月,平均随访10个月,B组随访时间7-12个月,平均10.5个月。A组ROM由治疗前78.6°±16.2°（62-95°）,提高到治疗后125.5°±12.1°（112-135°）,差别有统计学意义（t=8.035,P〈0.001）。B组由治疗前80.2°±13.7°（65-91°）提高到治疗后115.4°±10.1°（102-131°）,差别有统计学意义（t=7.164,P〈0.001）。A、B组治疗前ROM无统计学差异（t=0.261,P〉0.05）,治疗后ROM有统计学差异（t=2.220,P〈0.05）。A组Lysholm评分由治疗前74.3±5.8,提高到治疗后86.7±6.5,差别有统计学意义（t=4.931,P〈0.001）。B组Lysholm评分由治疗前72.7±6.3,提高到治疗后81.5±5.5,差别有统计学意义（t=3.645,P〈0.001）。A、B组治疗前Lysholm评分无统计学差异（t=0.647,P〉0.05）,治疗后Lysholm评分有统计学差异（t=2.116,P〈0.05）。两组无一例患者出现皮肤过敏等并发症。结论中药骨洗方熏洗联合CPM训练对膝关节镜下ACL重建术后关节僵硬患者的膝关节活动功能恢复有明显的促进作用,且效果优于单纯行CPM训练。     

Recovery of extensor muscle strength in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We investigated the effects of the use of different autograft materials on the early postoperative recovery of extensor muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Reconstruction was performed in 172 athletes with ACL-deficient knees; in 32, a quadriceps tendon-patellar tendon substitute (QTS) was used; in 79, semitendinosus and gracilis tendons (STG) were used; and in 61, a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (BTB) was used. For QTS and STG autografts, a ligament augmentation device was used. Each group received the same accelerated rehabilitation program. Muscle strength was measured periodically 3–18 months after the operation, using a Cybex II dynamometer (Cybex Division of Lumex, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). Knee extensor strength was evaluated, using the side-to-side ratio and the body weight ratio, to give a precise assessment of permissible sporting activity. After a period of 1 year, the percentage of athletes who recovered their extensor muscle strength at a level more than 80% of that in the uninvolved knee was 15.6% for those with QTS grafts, 41.0% for those with BTB grafts, and 77.9% for those with STG grafts (P<0.001 between QTS and STG,P<0.05 between QTS and BTB, andP<0.001 between BTB and STG). The body weight ratio in men showed that, after reconstruction, recovery of extensor muscle strength sufficient for participation in vigorous sport required 6 months for STG grafts, 12 months for BTB grafts, and 18 months for QTS grafts.     

股四头肌肌力对前十字韧带重建术后髌股关节软骨损伤的影响

 目的 探讨股四头肌肌力对前十字韧带重建术后髌股关节软骨损伤的影响。方法 2009年12月至2013年8月前十字韧带断裂重建术后1年以上行内固定取出术的患者76例,男51例,女25例;前十字韧带重建术时患者年龄16~44岁,平均27.6岁。取内固定术前行双侧股四头肌、腘绳肌等速肌力测试,取内固定的同时行二次关节镜检查,观察髌骨和滑车软骨损伤情况,分析股四头肌、腘绳肌肌力与髌股关节软骨损伤分级的关系。结果 前十字韧带重建术至二次关节镜检查的时间为12~51个月,平均25.3个月。前十字韧带重建术后34例患者（45%）患侧与健侧股四头肌肌力比值≤80%,17例患者（22%）患侧与健侧腘绳肌肌力比值≤80%。将患者分为患侧与健侧股四头肌肌力比值＞80%组（42例）与肌力比值≤80%组（34例）。两组分别有9例（21%）和16例（47%）出现术后髌骨软骨损伤分级增加,髌骨软骨损伤加重发生率的差异有统计学意义;两组髌骨软骨损伤分级平均增加0.10和0.68级,差异有统计学意义。两组分别有11例（26%）和11例（32%）出现术后滑车软骨损伤分级增加,滑车软骨损伤加重发生率的差异无统计学意义;两组滑车软骨损伤分级平均增加0.55和0.71级,差异无统计学意义。结论 前十字韧带重建术后股四头肌肌力恢复到健侧的80%以上,可明显减少髌骨软骨损伤的发生和加重。     

Evaluation of clinical outcomes in anterior cruciate ligament surgery

Clinical outcomes data can be used to facilitate patient management decisions, assess clinician and organizational performance, and to provide evidence for the effectiveness of surgery and rehabilitation. The validity of the inferences made from outcomes data are dependent on the validity of the outcomes measures themselves and the circumstances under which the data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Clinical outcomes may include measures of impairment of body structure and function, activity limitation, and participation restriction. However, because the relationship between impairment and the resulting activity limitation and participation restriction is not direct, and because activity limitations and participation restrictions are of the utmost concern to the athlete, the primary clinical outcome should be measures of activity limitation and participation restriction. Activity limitation and participation restriction may be measured either through direct observation of performance or by general or specific measures of health related quality of life. Clinical outcomes data must be collected systematically to ensure valid inferences from the data.     

Image-guided reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

The replacement of the ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) of the knee is a biomechanically difficult task. The correct placement of the graft, especially the isometry of the tibial and femoral insertion points, is critically to the success of the procedure. However, during arthroscopy, the planning of the insertion points and accurate execution of the plan is difficult. This paper reports an X-ray based system for navigation of the ACL graft implant. The system integrates arthroscopy and intra-operative X-ray imaging to identify the correct insertion points of the graft. Furthermore, it allows testing the isometry of these points before drilling of the femoral and tibial tunnel, and guides the drilling itself.     

Knee function following suture of fresh tear of the anterior cruciate ligament

A retrospective consecutive series of 60 patients treated with primary suture of knee ligament injuries is presented. All patients had an anterior ligament (ACL) tear. In 54 patients this injury was combined with a medial compartment tear. Four patients had isolated tears of the ACL. At follow-up after 4 years, 11 patients complained of instability, and in eight of these an anterolateral rotatory instability was demonstrated by the Slocum test. In contrast, only five of 49 patients with subjectively stable knees had positive Slocum tests. Thirty of 47 patients with negative Slocum tests had excellent function, compared with four of 13 patients with positive tests.     

Practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: a criterion-based rehabilitation progression

Knowledge related to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its role in the stabilization of the knee has increased exponentially since the 1980 s. More precise and more anatomic surgical techniques have developed based on a growing body of literature on the anatomy and biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament. The rehabilitation arena has also risen to the challenge to provide state-of-the-art rehabilitation to complement advances in surgical stabilization. The understanding and integration of the abundance of literature on surgical reconstruction, graft biology, and behavior guides the design and progress of the rehabilitation program. Effective rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction must balance the loading of tissues necessary to stimulate the recovery of the knee while at the same time avoiding stresses that compromise graft integrity. Historically, rehabilitation programs have been temporally based. A performance-based decision-making approach may prove to be more universally applicable and less confining. Achieving the critical clinical milestones, the basis for rehabilitation progression, ensures that all patients are adequately challenged while at the same time assuring that none are progressed too quickly. Combining contemporary surgical and rehabilitation techniques will maximize the patient's potential and ensure optimal patient function and satisfaction.     

前交叉韧带重建术后患者满意度影响因素研究进展

前交叉韧带重建术（ACLR）是治疗前交叉韧带损伤的有效方法,医生惯用特定的客观指标来评估临床疗效,这与患者对手术预后的主观评价会有一定程度的不一致。在以患者为中心的现代医疗模式下,患者满意度成为越来越重要的疗效评价指标。本文就近年来ACLR术后患者满意度影响因素进行汇总分析,发现影响患者满意度的因素主要集中在患者因素、治疗选择、围术期管理、疗效评价等方面。希望通过了解这些影响因素可以帮助医生进行更好的临床决策,进而改善ACLR手术疗效,使患者受益。