闭合性腹部肠道及系膜损伤CT诊断

目的：探讨闭合笥腹部肠道及系膜损伤的ＣＴ表现特征。材料与方法：回顾性研究闭合性腹部肠道及系膜损伤ＣＴ表现２１例,全部经手术证实。结果：２１例中,腹腔积气１０例,主要呈小泡状、裂隙状,分布于肝脾胃周等;肠道管壁增厚２例;系膜增厚及血肿４例;腹腔及肠禅间积液１３例;肠道扩张２例。结论：腹腔积气是肠道损伤的直接征象,肠道管避及系膜增厚与血肿为肠道损伤的提示性征象,来源不明的腹腔各液,应考虑肠道损伤的可能     

粘连性腹内疝及其合并肠缺血坏死的MSCT诊断

目的 探讨粘连性腹内疝及合并绞窄性肠坏死的MSCT特征.方法 回顾性分析21例经手术证实的粘连性腹内疝的CT资料,CT原始数据经多平面重建(MPR)及CT血管造影(CTA),以显示疝环、疝入肠系膜、疝内肠管的特征.结果 19例粘连性腹内疝均显示疝环,小肠扩张积液、聚集并移位,其中17例显示疝环处肠管狭窄与扩张肠管移行;17例显示疝入肠系膜水肿、增厚,肠系膜血管纠集、充血,其中11例显示疝环处肠管及其系膜扭转;15例显示腹水.根据疝入肠管影像表现将粘连性腹内疝分型:Ⅰ型为肠管扩张伴肠壁增厚(7例);Ⅱ型为肠管扩张不伴肠壁增厚(9例);Ⅲ型为肠管不扩张但肠壁增厚(5例).3型腹内疝肠管壁平扫CT值、动脉及门脉期肠壁强化值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ和Ⅲ型小于Ⅱ型,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).8例粘连性腹内疝合并绞窄性肠坏死(5例为Ⅰ型,3例为Ⅲ型),CT显示肠扭转伴疝入小肠壁显著水肿增厚,肠壁模糊呈持续性低强化,其中4例显示肠系膜上静脉血栓栓塞,3例显示肠系膜上动脉主干或分支闭塞,8例均显示大量腹水.结论 粘连带形成的疝环,狭窄与扩张肠管移行以及小肠扩张、聚集并移位提示粘连性腹内疝的存在;疝入肠系膜水肿,血管纠集,充血,肠系膜血管闭塞,肠管壁显著水肿增厚并持续低强化,则是绞窄性肠坏死的影像特征.     

腹腔结核的CT表现

目的评价CT诊断腹腔结核的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理或抗痨治疗确诊的腹腔结核16例CT表现,其中男8例,女8例。年龄20～66岁,平均36.4岁。结果腹腔淋巴结肿大(n=11),肠系膜肿块(n=6),腹水(n=6,多为限制性),网膜增厚(n=7),肠壁增厚(n=6),胸水(n=2),胰腺结节(n=1)。腹腔淋巴结肿大(以肠系膜、胰周淋巴结为主),主要表现为因中央干酪样坏死而呈环形或多房样强化,并有部分淋巴结钙化,且腹腔淋巴结受累程度明显重于腹膜后间隙淋巴结。结核性腹膜炎时腹水密度较高,系膜、网膜上有斑片状及结节状病灶,肠曲粘连固定。结论密切结合临床、实验室检查及CT表现,有望提高腹腔结核诊断准确性。     

儿童肠及肠系膜钝性创伤的CT诊断

目的：探讨CT检查对儿童急性肠及肠系膜钝性创伤的诊断价值。方法：分析11例经临床诊断或手术证实的儿童肠及肠系膜钝性创伤CT表现，全部病例均有明确的腹部外伤史，6例手术治疗，5例保守治疗。结果：11例患者中，胃损伤1例，十二指肠损伤3例，小肠及肠系膜损伤7例。CT表现有气腹、腹腔积液、肠壁肿胀、肠系膜模糊、肠管扩张等。在手术治疗的6例中，胃穿孔1例，小肠穿孔4例．肠壁血肿1例。结论：CT诊断肠及肠系膜急性钝性创伤明显优于X线平片和B超检查。不仅可清晰显示少量腹腔积气，估计腹腔积液、积血的量，显示实质脏器损伤，还可直接显示肠壁、肠系膜血肿，对外科医生确定治疗方案有重要意义。     

Imaging of peripheral PNET: common and uncommon locations

AIM: We present the imaging features of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) in eight children, highlighting the unusual locations of this tumour in three children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At presentation, the tumours were studied with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 6), computed tomography (CT; n = 7) and ultrasound (US; n = 1). The diagnoses were confirmed histologically (n = 8), immunohistochemically (n = 8), by cytogenetics (n = 3) and electron microscopy (n = 1). Correlation with gross pathology, histology, treatment and outcome were obtained. RESULTS: The tumours were located in the chest wall (n = 2), shoulder, pelvis, small bowel mesentery, adrenal gland, dura mater and skin and subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall (n = 1 each). Peripheral PNET arising from the small bowel mesentery, adrenal gland and dura mater have not been previously reported in the English literature. The tumours were mainly large (mean size: 10.6 cm) and infiltrative. All tumours were heterogeneously hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI, heterogeneously iso/hypodense on CT and had variable contrast enhancement. Most tumours were heterogeneously hypointense to muscle on T1-weighted MRI. US showed a hypoechoic mass with a cystic component. CONCLUSION: Peripheral PNET can occur in unusual locations. The clinical and imaging features of peripheral PNET are non-specific, making tissue diagnosis essential. PNET should be included in the differential diagnosis of aggressive soft tissue tumours in children.     

急性肠系膜血管梗塞的CT表现

目的评价CT对急性肠系膜血管梗塞（AMI）的诊断价值。方法搜集AMI病例10例，男6例，女4例，平均年龄67．2岁。除1例在诊断次日死亡外，其余均经手术病理证实。其中肠系膜上动脉（SMA）梗塞4例，肠系膜上静脉梗塞（SMV）5例，肠系膜下静脉（IMV）梗塞1例。除1例行CT平扫外，其余9例均行CT平扫及增强扫描，详细分析其影像学表现。结果直接征象为血管内充盈缺损（8例）。间接征象包括肠腔扩张积液（4例）、肠壁增厚（6例）、薄纸样肠壁（4例）、缆绳征（5例）、肠系膜积液（3例）、肠壁积气（2例）、门静脉积气（1例）及腹腔积液（3例）。结论CT是诊断急性肠系膜血管梗塞的一种快速、敏感、可靠及无创伤的影像学方法。     

腹部闭合性损伤致肠和肠系膜损伤的CT平扫诊断

目的 探讨CT平扫在腹部损伤中肠道和肠系膜损伤的诊断价值.资料与方法 对115例经手术证实的肠道和肠系膜损伤患者的CT表现进行回顾性分析. 结果主要CT征象:(1)腹腔游离气体:共86例(74.8%).(2)腹腔和肠间隙积液、积血:共74例(64.3%).(3)肠壁水肿、增厚:共71例(61.7%).(4)肠系膜渗出、血肿:共78例(67.8%).结论 CT平扫对腹部闭合性损伤所致肠道和肠系膜损伤有重要诊断价值.     

Visceral injury in battered children: a changing perspective

Abdominal or lower thoracic visceral injury was present in 14 of 69 children (20.3%) examined after suspected physical abuse. Of these, 10 were hemodynamically stable and examined with abdominal computed tomography (CT); four were hemodynamically unstable, taken directly to surgery, or died in the emergency room. In the group studied with CT, injuries to solid abdominal organs were most common (hepatic [n = 5], splenic [n = 3], renal [n = 1], adrenal [n = 1], and pancreatic [n = 1]) followed by pulmonary contusion or laceration (n = 2) and pneumoperitoneum due to duodenal transection (n = 1). No additional radiographic abnormalities were noted in five of these children. In the group not studied with CT, injuries to the intestinal tract and mesentery were most common (n = 3), followed by solid organ injury (hepatic [n = 1] and renal [n = 1]) and pulmonary contusion (n = 1). Intestinal, mesenteric, and pancreatic injuries were associated with a poor outcome. CT should be the examination of choice in abused children with suspected intraabdominal injury.     

钝性腹部空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤的 CT 诊断

目的：通过对照分析腹部钝性空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤患者术中发现及术前CT征象,寻找判断空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤的特征性CT表现,以助于提高诊断率。方法回顾性分析2011～2013年我院100例钝性腹部创伤患者,其中男性82例,女性18例;年龄11个月～77岁,平均37岁。将其分为A、B两组,A组为经手术证实的有钝性肠道及肠系膜损伤患者（50例）,B组为经手术证实的只有钝性实质性脏器损伤而没有空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤患者（50例）,分析两组中与空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤相关的CT征象,采用单因素分析方法,进一步得出有助于判断是否有空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤的CT征象。结果通过分析发现具有统计学意义的征象有：腹腔或腹膜后积气（P＜0.01,敏感度50％,特异度98％）,肠管壁增厚（P＜0.01,敏感度40％,特异度98％）,系膜增厚（P＜0.01,敏感度42％,特异度88％）,系膜密度增高（P＜0.05,敏感度16％,特异度98％）,腹腔脂肪间隙密度增高模糊（P＜0.05,敏感度18％,特异度96％）,腹膜增厚（P＜0.05,敏感度26％,特异度90％）。结论通过分析发现腹腔或腹膜后积气、肠管壁增厚、系膜增厚、系膜密度增高、腹腔脂肪间隙密度增高模糊等征象有助于判断空腔脏器及肠系膜损伤。     

Blunt abdominal trauma: performance of CT without oral contrast material

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) without oral contrast material for depiction of bowel and mesenteric injuries that require surgical repair in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigational review board approved the study. Informed consent was waived. CT reports for October 2001 to September 2003 were reviewed and 1082 patients were identified who had undergone abdominopelvic CT with a multi-detector row scanner and without oral contrast material. Findings were divided into four categories: negative, solid organ injury with or without hemoperitoneum, free fluid only, and suspected bowel or mesenteric injury. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated by comparing CT findings with laparotomy reports and hospital course. RESULTS: CT findings were no intraabdominal injury (n = 932), solid organ injury only (n = 102), free fluid only (n = 34), and suspected bowel or mesenteric injury (n = 14). CT findings in patients suspected of having bowel or mesenteric injury were pneumoperitoneum with other secondary findings (n = 4), mesenteric hematoma and bowel wall abnormality (n = 2), mesenteric hematoma only (n = 4), and bowel wall thickening only (n = 4). In 11 patients, bowel or mesenteric injury was proved surgically. Thus, the study included 1066 true-negative, nine true-positive, two false-negative, and five false-positive results. Based on these data, sensitivity was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52%, 95%), specificity was 99% (95% CI: 98%, 99%), positive predictive value was 64% (95% CI: 39%, 83%), and negative predictive value was 99% (95% CI: 98%, 99%) for depiction of bowel and mesenteric injuries. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT without oral contrast material is adequate for depiction of bowel and mesenteric injuries that require surgical repair. Results are comparable with previously reported data for single-detector row helical CT with oral contrast material.     

绞窄性肠梗阻肠系膜及其血管改变的CT研究

目的对经CT检查、有肠系膜及其血管（MRV）改变的30例绞窄性肠梗阻（SO）进行分析，探讨CT诊断的临床价值。方法30例SO，均行CT平扫，其中20例行增强扫描，均显示有不同形式的MRV改变。26例经手术、4例经临床证实，包括粘连性肠梗阻9例，肠扭转8例，肠套叠6例，肠系膜血管闭塞性肠梗阻4例，内疝3例。结果所有病例经CT检查可发现11种CT征象，并可分作：（1）直接征象：包括肠系膜血管闭塞2例，肠系膜水肿及其血管增粗并形态异常19例；（2）间接征象：包括肠壁水肿增厚24例，CT强化肠壁异常6例，肠腔大量积液13例，肠袢特殊形态10例，肠壁、肠系膜出血各1例；（3）并发症征象：包括肠壁间积气3例，肠系膜门脉积气1例，肠系膜积气1例，腹水和气腹共11例。结论急腹症CT检查如能显示MRV改变，结合其他CT征象和临床，可以对SO术前作出诊断。同时也能观察到传统x线不能显示的并发症。     

The halo sign and peripancreatic fluid: useful CT signs of hypovolaemic shock complex in adults

AIM: To report two new, useful computed tomography (CT) signs of the hypovolaemic shock complex (HSC) in adults admitted after blunt abdominal trauma: the halo sign (ring of fluid around a collapsed intra-hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC)), and peripancreatic retroperitoneal fluid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT images of 498 consecutive patients admitted after blunt abdominal trauma were reviewed, of which 27 had CT signs of the HSC. The CT images of these 27 patients were analysed. A control group of 101 patients examined using CT for suspected blunt abdominal trauma who did not have the HSC were chosen for comparison. RESULTS: The most common features involved the vascular compartment: diminished IVC diameter n = 27 a positive halo sign n = 21 diminished anteroposterior diameter of the aorta n = 13 and abnormal vascular enhancement n = 10. Peripancreatic retroperitoneal fluid in the absence of pancreatic injury, pancreatitis or pancreatic disease was observed in eight patients. Hollow visceral abnormalities included: diffuse increased mucosal enhancement of both the small and large bowel n = 19 diffuse thickening of the small bowel wall n =11 and small bowel dilatation n = 7. Solid visceral abnormalities included both decreased and or increased enhancement. Several concomitant intra- and extra-abdominal injuries were also identified. CONCLUSION: In the setting of blunt abdominal trauma, early abdominal CT can show diffuse abnormalities due to the HSC, which occasionally may alert clinicians of unsuspected shock. Recognition of these signs as distinguished from injured viscera is important in order to avoid unnecessary laparotomy. Two new signs are described: the halo sign and peripancreatic retroperitoneal fluid.     

腹内疝的临床与CT表现(附8例分析)

目的:探讨腹内疝的临床特点和CT表现。方法:回顾性分析经手术证实的8例腹内疝患者的临床特点和CT表现。结果:8例中十二指肠旁疝3例,2例术前诊断正确,1例误诊为肠扭转;5例经肠系膜疝中4例有腹部手术史。8例患者的CT表现中共同征象包括肠梗阻,小肠异常聚集,肠系膜血管异位、伸拉、聚集或扩张。其他肠管移位。左侧十二指肠旁疝表现为胃和胰尾间或胰尾后方囊袋状异常排列的肠管;右侧十二指肠旁疝表现为十二指肠圈部位囊袋状肠管伴肠系膜血管紊乱;经肠系膜疝表现为小肠异常排列,无大网膜脂肪覆盖,结肠中心性移位,常伴小肠梗阻或肠绞窄。5例经肠系膜疝的CT征象均能明确或高度提示内疝。结论:腹内疝的CT表现有一定特征性,CT可对大多数病例作出明确诊断。     

多层螺旋CT及后处理技术对肠系膜上动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）及其后处理技术对肠系膜上动脉栓塞（SMAT）的诊断价值。方法：经CTA诊断为肠系膜上动脉栓塞及继发性改变的11例患者,均经DSA或手术证实。所有病例均行螺旋CT增强扫描,并采用多平面重组（MPR）、曲面重组（CPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VR）等方法进行后处理。对SMAT的CTA表现及肠系膜、肠管等的继发性表现进行观察分析。结果：11例CT增强扫描表现均为肠系膜上动脉增粗和血管腔内充盈缺损。可见肠腔扩张、积气、积液和／或液-气平面7例,肠壁变薄2例,肠壁增厚及强化程度减低或不强化8例;肠系膜水肿5例,肠系膜积液2例;气体集聚2例,分别位于肠壁、肠系膜内及腹腔。结论：MSCT能够对肠系膜上动脉栓塞及继发病变进行快速、及时、准确地诊断,并能判断肠管缺血的程度,与DSA及手术所见相符,是诊断肠系膜血管栓塞性病变的有价值的影像学方法。     

Posttraumatic intestinal stenosis: radiographic and sonographic appearance

We report a case of posttraumatic intestinal stenosis (PIS), an uncommon sequela of blunt abdominal trauma, in which injury to the mesentery and bowel wall results in later focal ischemic stricture of that segment. We include CT images at the time of trauma, and barium meal and abdominal sonography obtained during the subsequent admission. Examination of the resected bowel loop showed transmural infarct and posttraumatic changes in the adjacent peritoneal fat. This is the first report which includes both imaging at the time of trauma and sonographic appearance of the narrowed bowel loop. Posttraumatic intestinal stenosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a narrowed bowel loop in a patient with a history of blunt abdominal trauma. Received 19 March 1996; Revision received 24 May 1996; Accepted 9 July 1996     

CT features of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with acute abdominal pain: emphasis on ischemic bowel disease

PURPOSE: To evaluate the computed tomographic (CT) features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients with acute abdominal pain. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of ischemic bowel disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the images from 39 abdominal CT examinations performed in 33 patients with SLE and acute abdominal pain. Images were evaluated for bowel wall changes, mesenteric changes, fluid collection, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, peritoneal enhancement, and hepatomegaly as well as for changes in other abdominal organs. Ischemic bowel disease was diagnosed if at least three of the following signs were seen: bowel wall thickening, target sign, dilatation of intestinal segments, engorgement of mesenteric vessels, and increased attenuation of mesenteric fat. RESULTS: Thirty-one (79%) of the 39 examinations had CT findings diagnostic of ischemic bowel disease, including symmetric bowel wall thickening (n = 29), target sign (n = 26), and mesenteric vascular engorgement and haziness (n = 31). In 24 cases, bowel wall thickening was multifocal, with variable length, and did not appear to be confined to a single vascular territory. CONCLUSION: The most common CT finding in patients with SLE and acute abdominal pain is ischemic bowel disease. CT is useful for detecting the primary cause of gastrointestinal symptoms, planning treatment, and monitoring for infarction or perforation.     

多层螺旋CT对肠系膜损伤的诊断价值

目的:探讨肠系膜损伤的CT表现特征,旨在提高术前诊断正确率。方法:回顾性分析17例经手术证实的肠系膜损伤患者的多层螺旋CT资料,对病变形态、边界、密度、增强后改变等进行分析。结果:17例肠系膜损伤均可见腹腔积液、损伤肠系膜区脂肪呈薄雾状密度增高,其中对比剂血管外渗出2例,损伤部位肠壁增厚7例,肠系膜血肿12例,其中9例血肿边缘呈尖角状改变。结论:肠系膜损伤的CT表现具有一定特征性:增强扫描对比剂血管外渗出为其直接征象;肠系膜脂肪呈薄雾状密度增高、肠系膜根部及肠曲间团片状高密度影伴尖角状改变具有相对特异性;CT扫描发现腹腔积液、局部肠壁增厚及实质性脏器损伤时应密切观察周围肠系膜改变,以免遗漏肠系膜损伤的可能。密切结合临床外伤史及体征,CT检查可对肠系膜损伤作出正确的术前诊断。     

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder of the abdomen: CT evaluation in 51 patients.

PURPOSE: To study the appearance and distribution of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) at abdominal computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed pretreatment abdominal CT scans in 51 patients (mean age, 36 years) with PTLD after solid organ transplantation. All diagnoses were proved at either abdominal (n = 26) or extraabdominal (n = 25) pathologic examination. Presence or absence of abdominal involvement, appearance and distribution of disease, and association with abdominal symptoms were all analyzed. RESULTS: CT scans were abnormal in 36 of the 51 patients (71%). Fifteen patients (29%) had no CT, clinical, or pathologic evidence of abdominal involvement. Of the 36 patients with abdominal PTLD at CT, 22% had lymph node enlargement, 28% splenic involvement, and 81% extranodal or extrasplenic involvement. Extranodal abdominal sites included liver (53%), small bowel (25%), kidney (17%), mesentery (14%), adrenal gland (8%), abdominal wall (8%), colon (6%), stomach (3%), and gallbladder (3%). Frequency of abdominal involvement was greater for heart and liver transplant recipients (94%) than for lung and kidney transplant recipients (58%) (P < .01). Seventeen of 36 patients (47%) with abdominal PTLD had no evidence of extraabdominal disease. CONCLUSION: Extranodal involvement is more common than splenic or nodal involvement in patients with abdominal PTLD. The presence of such findings in a patient after transplantation strongly suggests the diagnosis of PTLD and warrants aggressive evaluation.     

Traumatic lumbar hernia: CT diagnosis

A lumbar hernia usually involves protrusion of extraperitoneal fat or bowel through an area of weakness in the posterolateral abdominal wall bounded superiorly by the 12th rib, inferiorly by the iliac crest, posteriorly by the erector spinae muscle, and anteriorly by the posterior border of the external oblique muscle. Most are due to an acquired nontraumatic or congenital cause. Acute blunt abdominal trauma is a rare cause of lumbar hernia; to our knowledge, the CT diagnosis of this variety has not been reported. Since 1985, approximately 850 patients have undergone emergent abdominal CT for evaluation of acute abdominal trauma at our hospital; in seven of these patients, a traumatic lumbar hernia was diagnosed prospectively. In three patients, CT showed a flank hematoma with herniation of bowel through the lumbar triangle. CT showed pelvic fractures in three other patients, accompanied by herniation of bowel in one patient, herniation of extraperitoneal fat in another, and herniation of extraperitoneal fat and blood in the third. One patient had both a flank hematoma and a pelvic fracture with herniation of bowel. Acute traumatic lumbar hernia is a rare but significant abnormality that should be considered in patients with blunt abdominal trauma, especially in those with large flank hematomas and pelvic fractures. The hernia contents, associated injuries, and disrupted muscle layers are all well demonstrated on CT.     

Abdominopelvic actinomycosis involving the gastrointestinal tract: CT features.

PURPOSE: To assess the computed tomographic (CT) features of abdominopelvic actinomycosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans were analyzed in 18 patients with pathologically proved abdominopelvic actinomycosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. Eight patients had a history of using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Bowel site, wall thickness, length, bowel involvement patterns, inflammatory infiltration, and features of peritoneal or pelvic mass, if present, were evaluated at CT. RESULTS: Of the gastrointestinal tract, the sigmoid colon was most commonly involved (50%). All patients showed concentric (n = 15) or eccentric (n = 3) bowel wall thickening, with a mean thickness of 1.2 cm and a mean length of 8.3 cm. The thickened bowel enhanced homogeneously in nine patients and heterogeneously in the other nine. Inflammatory infiltration was mostly diffuse and severe. In 17 patients, a peritoneal or pelvic mass (mean maximum diameter, 3.2 cm) was seen adjacent to the involved bowel and appeared to be heterogeneously enhanced in most cases; infiltration into the abdominal wall was seen in four patients. CONCLUSION: Actinomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis when CT scans show bowel wall thickening and regional pelvic or peritoneal mass with extensive infiltration, especially in patients with abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, or long-term use of intrauterine contraceptive devices.