儿童气管支气管异物的并发症及处理

目的分析儿童气管支气管异物的并发症及探讨并发症处理方法。方法回顾分析2008年1月～2010年4月湖南省儿童医院收治的1020例气管支气管异物的治疗经过。结果 1020例儿童气管支气管异物中并发支气管肺炎935例、肺不张478例、肺气肿480例、皮下气肿25例、纵隔气肿6例、皮下及纵隔气肿5例、气胸3例,其中230例患者合并两种及两种以上并发症。2例气胸患者,在行胸腔闭式引流待肺复张至80%后取出异物,另1例气胸及其他并发症未做特殊处理,在异物取出后经抗炎治疗3～5 d后恢复正常。结论支气管肺炎是气管支气管异物最常见的并发症,气胸是危重及少见的并发症。气管支气管异物的并发症的处理最为重要的是将异物取出,伴明显呼吸困难则需紧急处理;严重气胸需行胸腔闭式引流,待肺复张后取出异物,其他并发症未做特殊处理在异物取出后得到恢复。     

小儿气管支气管异物并发症临床分析

目的分析小儿气管、支气管异物合并肺不张、肺气肿、纵隔气肿、气胸、皮下气肿等情况.方法总结1994至2000年儿童气管、支气管异物417例,其中发生合并症296例,占同期患者的80%,合并肺气肿214例,肺不张76例,纵隔气肿、皮下气肿4例,气胸2例.结果取除小儿气管支气管异物,解除呼吸道梗阻后,合并症均于术后12d治愈.结论治疗气管、支气管异物合并症转归的关键是解除呼吸道梗阻和改变肺内压.     

气管、支气管异物取出术中潜窥镜与普通支气管镜的应用

目的 比较应用潜窥镜与普通支气管镜在气管、支气管异物取出术中的不同效果,提高诊疗水平,减少并发症发生。方法 分析206例气管、支气管异物患者的诊断、麻醉、手术方法和疗效;对潜窥镜视频监视下与普通支气管镜取异物进行对比观察。结果 采用潜窥镜异物取出术均一次性手术成功;普通支气管镜行二次手术10例,术中出现喉痉挛8例、支气管痉挛12例,术后出现纵隔气肿1例、气胸2例、皮下气肿4例、心衰2例,行气管切开5例,无异物变位性窒息,气管、支气管损伤等严重并发症。结论 潜窥镜下气道异物取出术具有明视、放大等特点,避免了普通支气管镜的盲目性,提高了气道异物取出术的成功率和安全性。     

外源性气管支气管异物900例

目的 总结气管支气管异物的临床病例特点,为临床诊断治疗、减少术后并发症提供可靠的依据.方法 回顾性分析疑似外源性气管支气管异物患者1076例临床资料,最终经全麻硬性支气管镜确诊患者900例.其中经口支气管镜检查取出异物885例,经气管切开口支气管镜检查取出异物10例,开胸取出异物5例.结果 900例中,异物种类包括植物性异物817例,动物性异物24例,金属、塑料异物59例;异物位于右主支气管397例,左主支气管333例,总气管77例;左肺下叶支气管27例,声门下16例,气管隆突10例,左肺上叶支气管15例,右肺下叶支气管18例,右肺上叶支气管7例;术后肺部感染1例,气胸、纵隔气肿1例,心衰3例.山东省内患者845例,省外患者55例.结论 及早诊断、支气管镜检查,对预防术后并发症发生和气管支气管异物的成功治疗至关重要.     

带钳Hopkins潜窥镜在小儿肺段支气管异物中的应用

摘要：目的探讨带钳Hopkins潜窥镜在小儿肺段支气管异物取出中的临床应用。方法27例肺段支气管异物患者，其中5例为二次手术，以仿真支气管CT和纤维支气管镜诊断。全身麻醉下，从硬性支气管镜套入带钳Hopkins潜窥镜，Hopkins潜窥镜接电视监视系统，直视下将肺段支气管异物取出。结果27例患者均成功将异物取出，无开胸取异物、气管切开口取异物及死亡病例，5例二次手术患者中，1例患者术后出现气胸，行胸腔闭式引流，转ICU病房，其他患者无气胸、纵隔气肿等并发症发生。结论带钳Hopkins潜窥镜可在直视下钳夹并取出异物，提高小儿肺段支气管异物取出的精确性，避免了开胸取异物，减少了并发症及术后残留。     

小儿气管支气管异物临床诊治

目的 探讨小儿气管支气管异物的临床特征、诊断和处理。 方法 回顾150例气管支气管异物的临床资料,分析患儿的年龄、病史、异物部位和种类、确诊方法、治疗特点等。结果 除2例死亡外,均在全麻下行支气管镜检查和异物取出术。术中和术后无并发症,均临床治愈出院。 结论 小儿气管支气管异物应及早确诊,尽早行异物取出,降低患儿的死亡率。     

支气管镜直接法取高难高危气管支气管异物的体会

目的 探讨高难高危气管和支气管异物取出的最佳治疗方法和技巧.方法 武汉儿童医院1995年8月至2012年8月收治4217例气管和支气管异物患儿,根据术前评估选择个性化治疗方案,回顾性分析其中272例(6.5％)高难高危患儿的临床资料.结果 271例患儿采用支气管镜直接法手术成功取出异物,手术成功率为99.6％;1例病史191 d的左下叶支气管笔帽异物患儿转入胸外科开胸取出异物.85例Ⅱ度及Ⅱ度以上喉梗阻气管异物(其中82例为1岁以下儿童)经紧急手术取出异物后解除喉梗阻.26例合并肺不张、肺实变、肺实变加胸腔积液患儿及27例第二次手术的患儿,均经抗感染治疗1周后再行支气管镜检异物取出术.一次支气管镜取出的17例笔帽异物中,病史两周以内的12例直接取出,4例用0.1％肾上腺素盐水冲洗,1例用自制支气管异物钩取出.26例口哨和32例外形尖锐异物均随支气管镜通过声门取出.42例多发性异物或易碎、易分散支气管异物使用小抱钳取出或经灌洗冲出.16例亚段支气管异物潜窥镜直视下采用麦粒钳取出.129例患儿术中行支气管灌洗,127例灌洗后1周X线胸片恢复正常;2例病史超过1个月合并肺实变的患儿灌洗后发生气胸及皮下气肿,治疗后痊愈.无声门水肿、窒息等其他手术并发症,并发症发生率为0.7％.结论 高难高危气管和支气管异物治疗前需行全面评估,选用适宜的治疗方法和手术器械,才能最大限度地提高手术成功率,防止术中术后并发症.     

肺段支气管异物八例治疗分析

目的探讨肺段支气管异物的发病原因、临床表现和治疗方法。方法发生于肺段的支气管异物一般较小且病史较长，临床症状隐匿或表现为肺部反复感染、肺不张和咳血等，对8例肺段支气管异物患者实施气管镜检查，辅助应用气管内镜，观察异物的形态、位置及与气管壁的关系，并取异物；其中2例利用X线透视机对金属异物进行定位。结果8例肺段支气管异物中6例一次成功取出，术后无气胸、纵膈气肿等并发症。2例失败，1例异物是大头针，病史1年；另1例异物是小笔帽，病史24年；转胸科实施开胸手术顺利取出。结论对于异物较小、临床症状复杂的肺段支气管异物，要做详细的术前检查，术中要选择应用适宜的异物钳、气管内镜等，必要时在X线透视机下操作，并注意防止气胸等并发症的发生。     

1050例气管支气管异物临床诊治分析

目的:探讨气管支气管异物的临床特征,提高诊治率。方法:回顾性分析1 050例气管支气管异物患者的临床资料,分析患者的年龄、性别、病史、异物部位、种类及并发症等。1 050例患者中,确诊为气管支气管异物者949例,其中13例在术前将异物咳出,余936例均在全身麻醉下行硬质支气管镜探查及异物取出术。结果:手术936例,成功932例(99.6%),并发症1例(0.1%)。结论:异物吸入史、胸部听诊、胸部透视纵隔摆动是诊断气管支气管异物的简便而有效的方法。气管支气管三维CT重建技术有助于疑难患者的甄别。异物取出术中气道管理、黏膜充分麻醉是手术成功的关键。     

纤维支气管镜在儿童支气管异物残留病例诊治中的作用

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜在儿童硬质气管镜异物取出术后残留病例中的应用价值。方法　对2012年1月～2016年12月间硬质气管镜异物取出术后,远端支气管内仍有异物残留的18例患儿进行了纤维支气管镜检查及治疗。结果　本组18例患儿除1例未发现异物考虑自行咳出外,其余均存在异物,其中12例经纤维支气管镜一次取出,5例进行2次以上纤维支气管镜检查后最终取净异物,所有患儿术后均无喉水肿、皮下气肿,复查胸部X线片无气胸、纵膈气肿及肺炎表现。结论　纤维支气管镜在治疗儿童硬质气管镜异物取出术后残留病例中具有良好的效果,是诊治深部异物安全、有效的手段。     

Surgical emphysema following tonsillectomy

Complications of tonsillectomy have been well documented. However subcutaneous emphysema of the neck following tonsillectomy has rarely been described. We report a case of this complication in a young man who forcefully performed Valsalva's maneuver following a tonsillectomy.     

Spontaneous facial subcutaneous emphysema

Patients with spontaneous pneumomediastinum present with various manifestations, but it is extremely rare for head and neck signs to be the sole presenting feature. In fact, our search of the literature found only 1 previously documented case of spontaneous facial subcutaneous emphysema of the head and neck. In this article, we report what to the best of our knowledge is the second such case-and the first in which pneumomediastinum manifested as an isolated cheek swelling.     

Spontaneous subcutaneous temporal emphysema

The presence of air in the temporal regions is an uncommon presentation of spontaneous pneumomediastinum. As terminal alveoli rupture, air dissects along bronchovascular shafts. Usually, air travels either in a superior or inferior direction. Thus, extensive spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema accompanied by both cervical and retroperitoneal emphysema is rarely encountered. We present an unusual case of spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and cervical and facial emphysema presenting as bilateral painless temporal swelling. To our knowledge, this association has not been reported. Treatment involves observation for potentially life-threatening sequelae.     

Surgical emphysema following nose blowing

A 20-year-old woman developed gross surgical emphysema tracking down to the chest after an episode of nose blowing. Fortunately there were no ocular complications and the patient settled with conservative management. Follow-up showed no recurrence. The case presented illustrates the very rare complication of orbital fracture following nose blowing.     

Spontaneous cervical and mediastinal emphysema

Subcutaneous cervical emphysema often appears as a result of surgery or trauma. However, when it occurs spontaneously, the patient may present with clinically impressive and dramatic features. The etiology is related to the rupture of terminal alveoli and dissection of air along the pulmonary vasculature. Exercise may contribute to the process by increases in intrathoracic pressure. Six cases of spontaneous cervical emphysema, all related to SCUBA diving training at a Naval facility, were recently seen at our institution. Proper management entails having a high index of suspicion for diagnosis, and then being able to identify potentially life-threatening complications.     

Postpartum subcutaneous emphysema with pneumomediastinum

We have presented a case of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in a 30 year old woman immediately post-partum. The underlying pulmonary pathophysiology and management are discussed.     

Surgical emphysema following dental treatment

Surgical emphysema is a relatively rare complication of dental surgery. Many cases go unrecognized or are misdiagnosed. Although the majority of cases resolve spontaneously, some can lead to potentially life-threatening complications requiring emergency intervention. A case of surgical emphysema following a routine restorative dental procedure is presented. The differential diagnosis and management of this condition is discussed.     

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema is a well-documented phenomenon which usually follows a benign course and rarely results in circulatory collapse and death. The condition is caused by a sustained increase in the intra-alveolar and intrabronchial pressure with air dissecting along the perivascular spaces of the mediastinum. The majority of patients respond to conservative therapy and rarely require aggressive surgical intervention. Three cases are presented. The anatomy, etiology and the pathophysiology of the disease are reviewed, and the treatment options discussed.