神经内镜与显微镜下单鼻孔切除垂体腺瘤的对比研究

目的比较内镜与显微镜下经单鼻孔-经蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法 2007年10月~2008年10月,24例适合经蝶入路手术的垂体瘤选择显微镜下单鼻孔-经蝶窦入路（显微镜组）。2008年11月~2009年10月,16例适合经蝶入路手术的垂体瘤全部选择内镜下单鼻孔-经蝶入路（内镜组）。结果内镜组16例肿瘤全切除,全切率为100%,显微镜组23例肿瘤全切除,1例大部切除,全切除率为95.8%（23/24）。内镜组手术时间（3.1±1.0）h显著长于显微镜组（2.2±0.4）h（t=3.977,P=0.000）;住院时间（8.6±1.1）d显著短于显微镜组（11.2±1.2）d（t=-6.935,P=0.000）。显微镜组术后并发鼻窦炎症3例,鼻中隔缺损8例,脑脊液漏1例;内镜组术后一过性尿崩1例。2组术后并发症发生率有统计学差异（P=0.005）。40例随访3~12个月,平均6.2月,无肿瘤复发。结论神经内镜和显微镜下单鼻孔-经蝶入路垂体瘤切除术疗效满意,安全。     

神经内镜与显微镜下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术效果对比分析

目的:探讨神经内镜与显微镜下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术的手术效果。方法:回顾分析2009年12月至2012年12月收治的263例患者的临床资料,其中105例行神经内镜垂体腺瘤切除术(内镜组),158例行显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术(显微镜组),对比分析两组患者手术时间、出血量、手术切除率、术后并发症发生率、术后住院时间等指标。结果:内镜组手术时间较显微镜组长[(78.7±34.55)min vs.(66.8±31.32)min](P=0.014);两组术中出血量差异无统计学意义[(60.6±32.35)ml vs.(55.1±24.63)ml](P=0.943);两组手术全切率差异亦无统计学意义(93.3%vs.92.4%)(P=0.7760);内镜组术后并发症发生率低于显微镜组(5.71%vs.13.29%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.0470)。内镜组术后住院时间较显微镜组短[(6.12±1.94)d vs.(7.13±1.57)d],差异有统计学意义(P=0.0166)。结论:神经内镜手术在肿瘤全切方面与显微镜组相当,但术后并发症发生率及术后住院时间具有明显优势,代表了经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤手术的发展方向。     

经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术与显微镜手术切除垂体腺瘤的疗效对比

目的比较经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤手术中应用神经内镜和显微镜对患者临床疗效的影响。方法研究纳入60例垂体瘤患者,30例采取显微镜经鼻蝶入路手术切除,30例患者采取神经内镜经鼻蝶入路手术切除,并比较患者的围术期和术后的基本情况。结果神经内镜组患者术中出血量为(45.3±7.6)ml、手术持续时间为(93.4±8.7)分钟、住院时间为(4±1.2)天及并发症发生率为6.7%(2/30),显微镜组则分别为(81.6±8.4)ml、(167.1±17.3)分钟、(6.9±1.6)天、16.7%(5/30),两组数据相差显著(P0.05),神经内镜在肿瘤全切除率方面明显优于显微镜组(P0.05)。结论相对于显微镜,神经内镜视野更清楚,对患者创伤更轻,更加安全。     

电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口与开胸肺癌根治术比较

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口肺癌根治术的临床效果。方法比较2003年1～6月我院36例电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口行肺癌根治术（胸腔镜组）与30例常规开胸行肺癌根治术（开胸组）手术及生存情况。结果胸腔镜组手术时间（114.6±47.4）min与开胸组（123.3±43.9）min无统计学差异（t=-0.768,P=0.449）;胸腔镜组住院时间（9.2±1.4）d明显短于开胸组（10.5±1.7）d（t=-3.408,P=0.001）;采用log-rank检验法比较胸腔镜组与开胸组生存曲线无统计学差异（χ^2=0.270,P=0.605）;COX回归分析显示病理类型（相对危险度3.912,P=0.000）、pTNM分期（相对危险度3.737,P=0.000）及淋巴结转移（相对危险度15.495,P=0.000）是影响非小细胞肺癌术后生存的危险因素,选用何种手术切口与预后无关（P=0.414）。结论电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口肺癌根治术安全、可靠,可取得满意疗效。     

腹腔镜与小切口胆囊切除术后患者生存质量比较

目的比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)与小切口胆囊切除术(mini-incision cholecystectomy,MC)后患者生存质量的差异. 方法对152例胆囊切除术后患者生存质量进行调查,其中LC组78例,MC组74例,利用美国36项健康观察概况表(SF-36)对2组患者进行评估. 结果调查问卷的随访时间LC组为(24.2±3.1)周,MC组为(23.9±2.9)周.LC组和MC组术前SF-36总分平均109.3分和107.2分(t=1.571,P=0.118).LC组术后2周时,SF-36总分为107分,下降不明显(P>0.05),术后4周以后SF-36总分、主观症状、生理功能、社会活动及心理情绪等方面均显著高于术前水平(P<0.05).MC组术后2周时SF-36总分为100分,降幅明显(P<0.05),同时主观症状、生理功能、社会活动及心理情绪等方面分值均较术前明显下降(P<0.05),术后4周时SF-36总分为106分,恢复至术前水平(P>0.05),术后8周以后,SF-36总分、主观症状、生理功能、社会活动及心理情绪等方面均显著高于术前水平(P<0.05).术后8周内LC组SF-36总分显著高于MC组(P<0.05). 结论 LC组术后生存质量优于MC组.     

经X-CONE单孔与传统腹腔镜脾切除术的对比研究

目的 比较经 X-CONE 单孔腹腔镜和传统多孔腹腔镜行脾切除的安全性及可行性.方法 分析 2012 年 4 月至 2013 年 9 月经 X-CONE 单孔腹腔镜脾切除 12 例（ A 组）,应用传统多孔腹腔镜脾切除 19 例（ B 组）.比较两组病例的手术时间、标本取出时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛指数 （ VAPS ）、术后肛门排气时间、术后引流时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症、住院费用、美容效果评分等,并对结果进行分析.结果 两组患者均成功完成手术,A 组无中转为传统腹腔镜和开腹手术病例,两组均无明显手术并发症.两组病例比较在术中出血量、术后镇痛指数（ VAPS ）、术后肛门排气时间、术后引流时间、术后住院时间、住院费用等方面无统计学差异.A 组病例手术时间（ 168.4 ± 67.7 ） min 明显长于 B 组手术时间（ 105.4 ± 21.7 ） min,差异有统计学意义（ t = 2.57,P ＜ 0.05 ）.而两组病例标本取出时间,A组（ 4.1 ± 1.1 ） min少于 B 组（ 9.9 ± 3.0 ） min,差异有统计学意义（ t = -4.91,P ＜ 0.01 ）.术后美容效果评分 A 组（ 7.9 ± 1.1 ）分优于 B 组（ 6.4 ± 1.0 ）分,差异有统计学意义（ t = 3.89,P ＜ 0.01 ）.结论经 X-CONE 单孔腹腔镜行脾切除的安全性和可行性与传统多孔腹腔镜相当,美容效果突出,为患者提供了另一个微创技术的选择.     

老年腹膜透析患者生存质量的影响因素

目的 探讨持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)老年患者的生存质量状况,并初步探讨影响老年CAPD患者生存质量的各种因素.方法 选取我院2011年至2014年4月期间收治的年龄大于60岁的行持续不卧床腹膜透析治疗的63例老年患者,按年龄分为＜70岁和≥70岁两组,使用SF-36量表调查患者的生存质量.结果 两组患者年龄[(63.93±2.97)vs(73.57±3.22)岁]、Charlson合并症指数(3.4+±2.3 vs 5.0± 3.1)、Karnofsky活动指数(82±9 vs72± 16)、合并心血管并发症(x2=9.921,P=0.002)差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).两组患者SF-36量表中8个维度比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞ 0.05);在躯体健康相关生存质量方面差异有统计学意义(P=0.031).相关性分析显示,SF-36总分与Kamofsky活动指数(r=0.046,P=0.000)、残肾功能(r=0.314,P=0.012)呈正相关;与焦虑指数(r=-0.318,P=0.014)、抑郁指数(r=-0.341,P=0.006)呈负相关.躯体健康相关生存质量与年龄(r=-0.337,P=0.007)、是否合并心血管并发症(r=-0.333,P=0.008)、抑郁指数(r=-0.369,P=0.003)呈负相关;与Karnofsky活动指数(r=0.507,P=0.000)、残余肾功能(r=0.268,P=0.034)呈正相关性.精神健康相关生存质量与焦虑指数(r=-0.327,P=0.009)、抑郁指数(r=-0.267,P=0.034)呈负相关;与Karnofsky活动指数(r =0.321,P=0.01)、残余肾功能(r=0.283,P=0.025)呈正相关.结论 对于老年腹膜透析患者而言,年龄、焦虑指数、抑郁指数、Karnofsky活动指数、残肾功能、心血管并发症的发生都可能会影响其生存质量.     

改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术的对比研究

目的 探讨改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月-2013年6月我院60例先天性无阴道的临床资料,其中40例行改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术（腹膜组,n=40）,20例行腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术（回肠组,n=20）,对比2种术式的围手术期情况及术后疗效.结果 60例手术均成功.腹膜组手术时间（107.6±23.4）min明显短于回肠组（175.3±35.7）min（t=-8 819,P=0.000）;腹膜组术中出血量（23.2±1.8）ml显著少于回肠组（56.5±3.9）ml（t=-45.438,P=0.000）;腹膜组手术费用（4360±252）元明显少于回肠组（10 210±430）元（t=-66.471,P=0.000）;腹膜组术后住院时间（8.3±1.1）d明显短于回肠组（9.2±1.6）d（t=-2.557,P=0.013）;腹膜组无术后并发症,回肠组术后出现1例不全肠梗阻,保守治疗后痊愈,2组并发症发生率无统计学差异（Fisher＇s检验,P=0.333）.腹膜组人工阴道长度（7.5±2.1）cm与回肠组（8.5±3.4）cm无统计学差异（t=-1.405,P=0.165）.术后随访：2组人工阴道均可容2指,阴道壁黏膜粉红,弹性良好.腹膜组：3例人工阴道顶端出现肉芽组织,经切除、换药后愈合;阴道分泌物正常,1例已婚术后性生活满意,8例术后结婚,性生活满意.回肠组：阴道分泌物较多,无色水样液或黏液,无异味,但总量呈减少趋势,3个月后基本稳定;6例术后结婚,性生活基本满意.腹膜组9例性生活启动者女性性功能指数量表（female sexual function index,FSFI）总分（26.73±0.93）分,与回肠组6例性生活启动者FSFI总分（26.19±1.24）分比较无统计学差异（t=0.961,P=0.354）.结论 改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术均是满意可行的手术方式,但改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术手术时间短、术中出血量少、手术费用低,值得推广应用.     

非医疗因素对长期腹膜透析患者生存质量的影响

目的研究可能影响长期腹膜透析患者生存质量的非医疗因素,旨在为临床工作中如何提高患者的生存质量提供依据。方法采用横断面研究方法调查79例慢性肾衰竭进行持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者。记录患者的年龄、性别、工作状况、文化程度、医疗负担及家庭支持等情况。采用国际通用的KDQOL-SFTM1．2中的短表SF-36评估患者的生存质量。采用汉密尔顿焦虑抑郁量表评估患者的焦虑、抑郁指数。结果SF-36评估患者的生存质量提示：CAPD患者生存质量的8个方面得分均显著低于中国一般人群（P〈0．05或〈0．01）;在职患者和有医疗保障患者sF-36得分分别为（45．78±16．93）分和（49．62±13．20）分,明显高于非在职患者的（32．65±12．26）分和无医疗保障患者的（33．85±6．24）分（P〈0．05）;人均年收入越高的家庭,患者生存质量就越高;有子女和老伴共同照顾的患者生存质量最高,而由保姆或个人照顾的患者生存质量最低;79例患者中焦虑的发生率为54．4％（43/79）,抑郁的发生率为15．2％（12/79）,二者均与生存质量呈显著负相关。结论家庭支持、工作状况、医疗保障和心理障碍均对CAPD患者的生存质量产生重要影响。     

经胸前入路无注气腔镜手术在早期甲状腺乳头状癌的应用研究

目的探讨经胸前入路无注气腔镜下甲状腺手术治疗早期甲状腺乳头状癌（T1N0M0）的疗效。方法 2007年7月-2010年10月,选择30例接受腔镜手术（腔镜组）和30例传统开放手术（开放组）,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后并发症发生率、清除中央组淋巴数量等。结果腔镜组手术时间（105.4±16.3）min与开放组（101.6±21.0）min无统计学差异（t=0.783,P=0.437）;腔镜组手术出血量（23.5±6.2）ml与开放组（20.8±15.8）ml无统计学差异（t=0.871,P=0.387）;腔镜组术后引流量（22.9±7.9）ml与开放组（26.6±8.4）ml无统计学差异（t=1.758,P=0.084）;腔镜组28例清扫中央组淋巴（5.2±2.3）枚与开放组30例（6.3±2.4）枚无统计学差异（t=1.813,P=0.075）。术后暂时性声嘶5例（腔镜组3例,开放组2例）,暂时性手足麻木2组各1例,2组并发症发生率无统计学差异（χ2=0.144,P=0.704）。结论胸前入路无注气腔镜下治疗T1N0M0甲状腺乳头状癌可行、安全有效。     

Endoscopy assisted transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma

Summary Inspired by an experience with endoscopie paranasal sinus surgery, an endoscope was applied in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. This endoscopic transsphenoidal technique has been used in 45 cases of pituitary adenomas. Using a 4 mm rigid endoscope, the pituitary adenoma is removed through a nostril. A zero-degree endoscope is used for micro-adenomas. A combination of a 0-degree endoscope and a 30-degree endoscope is used for macro-adenomas that have extended to the suprasellar region. Although it is early in our experience with a small number of patients, the short-term surgical results have been encouraging with patients' short hospital stay and minimum morbidity. The endoscopic technique that has evolved with our experience is described with two cases of pituitary adenomas.     

Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: various surgical techniques and recommended steps for procedural transition

Various techniques in pituitary endoscopy are reviewed in the attempt to assemble the transitional steps necessary to take a neurosurgeon from traditional microscopic transsphenoidal surgery to endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery. The senior author's (HDJ) experiences of endonasal endoscopy in more than 200 operations as well as the reports in the literature on pituitary endoscopy are reviewed. Two distinct advantages that an endoscope has over an operating microscope are its ability to visualize through a narrow surgical corridor and its ability to provide angled, close-up views. An endoscope can be used to assist the operating microscope (endoscope-assisted microsurgery). Endoscopy can also be used for endonasal retractor placement when microscopic surgery is preferred (endoscopic sphenoidotomy). When endonasal endoscopy is chosen, the surgical approach can be made with a deep-transseptal, a paraseptal, a middle turbinectomy or a middle meatal approach (endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopy). Endonasal endoscopy can be performed via either one or two nostrils. Working-channel endoscopy can be performed for restricted purposes. When a neurosurgeon desires to adopt endoscopy into pituitary surgery, the author recommends endoscope-assisted microsurgery as the first step followed by endoscopic sphenoidotomy as a combined effort between an endoscopic rhinologist and the neurosurgeon as the next step leading finally to endonasal pituitary endoscopy. Various methods of transsphenoidal endoscopy and the authors' recommendations for transitional steps are reported based on the authors' personal experience and literature review.     

内窥镜下直接经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨内窥镜控制下直接经蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的方法。方法 22例垂体腺瘤患者,在内窥镜控制下,经单鼻孔进入,术中不切除鼻中隔,直接自蝶窦开口打开蝶突前壁,进一步经鞍底切除垂体腺瘤。结果 22例患者中,15例肿瘤全部切除,7例肿瘤次全切除。术后随访1－12个月,17例患者内分泌功能恢复正常。4例术后发生暂时性尿崩症。结论 内窥镜控制下直接经蝶切除垂体腺瘤入路与目前常规经蝶显微手术比较,入路途径较短,且安全简捷、损伤小,手术显露良好,术后反应小,值得进一步推广。     

Endoscope-assisted microsurgery for invasive endo- and suprasellar pituitary macroadenomas: a consecutive retrospective study with 13 patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Surgery of invasive endo- and suprasellar pituitary macroadenomas remains difficult. The records of 13 consecutive patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery were analyzed in order to evaluate advantages and limitations of endoscopy for surgery of invasive pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS: A transseptal transsphenoidal intersepto-columellar approach was performed with a nasal 0-degree endoscope. Removal of the macroadenoma was performed under the control of a microscope. When the tumor seemed to be completely removed with microscope, a rigid 30-degree endoscope was inserted in the intrasellar and suprasellar regions in order to detect residual adenoma tissue. These residues were removed when technically possible. RESULTS: No rhinologic complication was noted. In 7 patients, the intra- and suprasellar endoscopic view detected a tumor residue which could be removed in each case. Two cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred during the complementary tumor resection. Two cases of diabetes insipidus and two of rhinorrhea were reported postoperatively. The analysis of the postoperative MRIs showed a complete removal in 23% of the patients (3/13), 75 to 100% removal in 54% of the patients (7/13), 50 to 75% removal in 8% of the patients (1/13) and 50% removal in 15% of the patients (2/13). More than 75% removal was thus achieved in 77% of the patients (10/13). The mean follow-up was 27.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinologic morbidity was reduced with the endoscopic endonasal approach. Endoscopy complemented with a microscope offered an optimal view of the intra- and suprasellar regions. Endoscopy also improved tumor resection of the invasive endo- and suprasellar pituitary macroadenomas by visualizing hidden suprasellar tumor residues. However, endoscopy was associated with a higher rate of postoperative rhinorrhea.     

Adaptation of a hexapod-based robotic system for extended endoscope-assisted transsphenoidal skull base surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To adapt a hexapod-based robotic system for use in extended endoscope-assisted transsphenoidal skull base surgery. METHODS: A robotic system (Evolution 1, Universal Robot Systems, Schwerin, Germany) based on a hexapod design with an attached seventh axis is used as instrument holder. The instrument interface is operated via a joystick control. An endoscope is applied to the instrument interface, which is tracked by a navigation system (Stealth, Medtronic, USA). RESULTS: The instrument holder was modified so that it could be applied in transsphenoidal surgery. Furthermore, translation and pivoting movements of the system were implemented, also a quick change between microscope and robotic-controlled endoscope was made possible. After extensive phantom testing two patients with large invasive pituitary adenomas were operated on using the robotic endoscope assistance during transsphenoidal surgery. The robotic assistance allowed the use of two additional instruments under endoscopic view. For example, drilling, suctioning, application of punches, as well as microsurgical tumor removal could be performed under endoscopic view. CONCLUSION: A robotic system could be adapted for use in endoscope-assisted transsphenoidal skull base surgery allowing simultaneous use of two instruments under endoscopic view. This opens new possibilities to extend transsphenoidal skull base surgery.     

The role of the endoscope in the transsphenoidal management of cystic lesions of the sellar region

Cystic mass lesions within the sella turcica are common, and they include cystic pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, Rathke’s cleft cysts, arachnoid cysts, and other entities. Until recently, such lesions were typically removed by a microsurgical transsphenoidal route. Given the increased use of the endoscope in transsphenoidal surgery, we evaluated the potential benefits of this tool in the treatment of such lesions. Between January 1997 and March 2005, 76 consecutive patients with sellar–suprasellar cystic lesions treated in three Neurosurgical Divisions underwent transsphenoidal removal in which the endoscope was used at least during the sellar step of the procedure (endoscope-assisted or fully endoscopic). The series consisted of 26 pituitary macroadenomas, 20 Rathke’s cleft cysts, 18 craniopharyngiomas, 10 arachnoid cysts, one craniopharyngioma associated with an adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting adenoma, and one chordoid glioma. Rigid 4-mm endoscopes (0°, 30°, and/or 45°) were used, and the advantages and limits of the endoscope during the sellar step of the procedure were recorded. Endoscopic exploration after lesion evacuation was generally easier and of greatest efficacy when the residual cystic cavity was larger as opposed to smaller. The use of angled endoscopes was optimal in larger residual cavities. Early descent of the suprasellar cistern, bleeding inside the residual cyst cavity, and a small sella were the most common causes preventing thorough exploration of the residual cavity after its evacuation. In no cases did the endoscope cause injury during the sellar cavity exploration. Endoscopic exploration of the sellar cavity during transsphenoidal surgery offers both general and specific advantages in the treatment of a variety of different cystic sellar lesions. Its routine use during transsphenoidal surgery for such lesions is recommended to achieve maximal and safe tumor removal.     

Flexible endoscope-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors.

We have performed rigid endoscope-assisted endonasal transsphenoidal microsurgeries for pituitary tumors in 230 patients. Recently, we further introduced the use of a flexible endoscope to inspect the tumor bed and suprasellar structures more extensively. We report our experience with the flexible endoscope in endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors. The endoscopes were used to complement the microscope in visualization. The flexible endoscopes were used in 34 recent cases with suprasellar and/or lateral tumor extension. During or after removal of the main tumor bulk, the flexible endoscope together with a rigid endoscope was used to inspect the tumor cavity, especially at the blind spot of the microscope. Despite limited resolving power, in all the 34 cases the flexible endoscope was a highly efficient tool permitting extensive visualization of almost the whole surgical area, even in narrow surgical fields and spaces not visible with an operating microscope or a rigid endoscope, and allowing continuous change of viewing angle. The residual tumor situated laterally or in the suprasellar areas that could not be reached and was impossible to remove by a rigid endoscope could be dissected and extirpated under a flexible endoscope using grasping forceps in 5 patients with pituitary adenoma and all the craniopharyngioma cases. The flexible endoscope may be more efficient in the lateral and suprasellar areas than the rigid endoscope in compensating for the narrow surgical field in endonasal pituitary surgery, despite its limited resolving power. Surgeons should make the best use of the advantages of each instrument.     

Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions

The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach has been reported in the literature as a useful tool to treat sellar and parasellar lesions. The endoscope permits a panoramic view instead of the narrow microscopic view, and it allows the inspection and removal of the lesions of sellar, parasellar, and suprasellar compartments by angled-lens endoscopes. On the basis of the experience gained with the use of the endoscope, we have performed extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach in 13 of 200 (total endoscopic transphenoidal approaches since September 1997) patients for the last 5 years. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach was performed for three patients with pituitary adenoma, two patients with craniopharyngioma, one patient with metastatic lesion, one patient with anaplastic germinoma, two patients with chordoma, one patient with chondrosarcoma, one plasmocytoma, and two patients with tuberculum sella meningioma. Total removal of the tumor was achieved in nine patients and subtotal removal was achieved in four patients. Extended approaches are essential for reaching the area from lamina cribrosa to the cranio-cervical junction. Endoscopic approach permits reaching the lesion without brain retraction and with minimal neurovascular manipulation. The main problems are related to the hemorrhage control of intracranial vessels and to the closure of the dural and bony defects, with subsequent increased risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, tensive pneumocephalus, and/or meningitis.