Relationship between maternal glycaemia and birth weight in glucose-tolerant women from different ethnic groups in New Zealand.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the population attributable fraction(PAF) for a large baby (> or =4 kg) due to glycaemia, weight and smoking in glucose-tolerant women from different ethnic groups. METHODS: A retrospective review of screening for gestational diabetes (GDM)and associated birth weight was undertaken in New Zealand European (n= 529), Maori (n= 540) and Pacific (n= 916) women. The proportion with a large baby was compared by 1-h post 50-g glucose challenge test tertile and maternal weight tertile. RESULTS: Large babies were more common from Pacific and European than Maori women (24.3%, 18.8%, 8.9%, respectively; P<0.001). Birth weight increased significantly with increasing glucose among Pacific women (P<0.001) even after adjusting for maternal weight and other confounders. The risk of having a large baby was 2.56 (1.82-3.60)-fold greater in women in the highest maternal weight tertile (> or =84 kg), with a significantly greater PAF in Pacific women(27.2%, 12.9%, 16.4%, respectively; P<0.001). The odds ratio (OR) of having a large baby increased with even mildly elevated maternal 1-h glucose concentrations [OR for 5.6-6.2 mmol/l: 1.54 (1.11-2.14); for > or =6.3 mmol/l: 2.06 (1.50-2.82)], with no ethnic differences in PAF (11.1-11.8%, 16.7-18.7%, respectively). Smoking and being Maori were associated with smaller babies. CONCLUSIONS: Increased maternal weight and glycaemia are associated with a greater proportion of large babies among glucose-tolerant women. Growth of Pacific babies may be more sensitive to a higher maternal glucose when the mother is obese.     

血浆总同型半胱氨酸水平及与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

目的:研究2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆总同型半胱氨酸(tHcy)水平的变化及与糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系.方法:将109例2型糖尿病患者分为正常蛋白尿组(A组,42例)、微量蛋白尿组(B组,36例)和大量蛋白尿组(C组,31例)3组,分别检测其血浆tHcy水平,并与对照组(78例)比较.结果:与对照组比较,T2DM患者血浆tHcy水平显著升高(P＜0.01).B组、C组与A组比较及B组与C组比较,tHcy均升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).T2DM患者tHcy水平的升高与尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)呈正相关(r=0.389,P＜0.01).结论:T2DM患者的tHcy水平升高,并随着肾脏损害的加重而逐步升高.tHcy水平增高可能是糖尿病肾病的一个新的危险因素.     

Adipocyte and erythrocyte plasma membrane phospholipid composition and hyperinsulinemia: a study in nondiabetic and diabetic obese women

BACKGROUND: The cell functions involved in the action of insulin--receptor binding, enzyme and transporter activities--are controlled by membrane properties. We have previously shown that the fasting plasma insulin (FPI) concentration and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) estimate of insulin resistance are associated with the sphingomyelin concentration in the erythrocyte membranes of obese women. OBJECTIVES: (1) To study the distribution of phospholipid classes in the plasma membrane and their association with insulin resistance markers in the adipocyte, an insulin-sensitive cell in obese women. (2) To investigate the influence of diabetes in a small group of obese women treated by diet alone. (3) To compare the distribution of phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes in a subgroup of obese nondiabetic and diabetic women. SUBJECTS: Subcutaneous fat biopsies were taken from the abdominal region of 19 obese non-diabetic and seven obese type 2 diabetic women. Erythrocyte membrane assessment was performed in a subgroup of 10 of the 19 obese nondiabetic and in the seven diabetic patients. METHODS: The phospholipid composition of adipocyte and erythrocyte plasma membranes was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: FPI was positively correlated with the adipocyte membrane contents of sphingomyelin (P < 0.001), phosphatidylethanolamine (P < 0.05), and phosphatidylcholine (P < 0.01) in the obese nondiabetic women. Similar correlations were obtained with HOMA. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that sphingomyelin accounted for 45.6 and 43.8% of the variance in FPI and HOMA values as an independent predictor. There was a similar positive independent association between FPI and SM in the erythrocyte membranes of the studied subgroup. Diabetes per se did not influence the independent association between SM membrane contents and FPI in both cell types. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a link between membrane phospholipid composition, especially SM, and hyperinsulinemia in obese women.     

Impact of insulin resistance on lipoprotein subpopulation distribution in lean and morbidly obese nondiabetic women

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of insulin resistance on the lipoprotein subpopulation distribution of very-low-density, low-density, and high-density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) in lean and morbidly obese nondiabetic women. Lean women (body mass index [BMI], 20 to 27 kg/m2) stratified by BMI were divided into insulin-sensitive (SL, n = 12) and insulin-resistant (RL, n = 8) groups according to Bergman's minimal model, SI. A group of obese women (BMI, 30 to 53 kg/m2), also stratified by BMI, were divided into insulin-sensitive (SO, n = 10) and insulin-resistant (RO, n = 11) groups in a similar fashion. Resistant groups were similar to sensitive groups (SL v RL and SO vRO) in age, weight, percent body fat, and waist circumference, ie, total and regional adiposity. VLDL, LDL, and HDL subpopulation distributions were determined in fasting plasma samples by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The average particle sizes of all 3 classes of lipoproteins were similar for the SL and RL groups. In contrast, RO subjects had larger VLDL, smaller LDL, and smaller HDL, than SO subjects (P < .05). Lower concentrations of large LDL and large HDL were found in RO compared with SO subjects (P < .05). In obese women, but not in lean women, VLDL size was associated with plasma insulin (r = .60, P < .005), while LDL size and HDL size were negatively correlated with plasma insulin (r = -.39, P < .05 and r = -.38, P < .05) and positively correlated with SI (r = .54, P < .01 and r = .42, P < .05). These results suggest that in obese women, insulin resistance may be involved in the formation of lipoprotein subpopulation distributions that are associated with vascular disease.     

Relationship between dietary and plasma copper levels of pregnant Nigerian women

Dietary copper intake as well as plasma copper levels were assessed in a group of pregnant Nigerian women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Intake of zinc, protein and energy was also measured. Dietary intake was assessed by cumulative 24-hour recalls while plasma copper was assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Dietary copper levels were relatively lower than those documented in the literature for other physiological groups. The intake of other nutrients was below recommended dietary allowances. When corrected for the effect of gestation and maternal age, one-way analysis of variance showed that plasma copper varied with the level of dietary copper intake. Correlation analysis seems to suggest that the influence of dietary copper on plasma levels during pregnancy is partially dependent on the relative amounts of copper and zinc as represented by the copper:zinc ratio in the diets consumed.     

Relationship between hepatic/visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Abdominal fat accumulation (visceral/hepatic) has been associated with hepatic insulin resistance (IR) in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We examined the relationship between visceral/hepatic fat accumulation and hepatic IR/accelerated gluconeogenesis (GNG). METHODS: In 14 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) (body mass index [BMI] = 25 +/- 1 kg/m(2)) and 43 T2DM (24 nonobese, BMI = 26 +/- 1; 19 obese, BMI = 32 +/- 1 kg/m(2)) subjects, we measured endogenous (hepatic) glucose production (3-(3)H-glucose) and GNG ((2)H(2)O) in the basal state and during 240 pmol/m(2)/min euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and liver (LF) subcutaneous (SAT)/visceral (VAT) fat content by magnetic resonance spectroscopy/magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: LF was increased in lean T2DM compared with lean NGT (18% +/- 3% vs 9% +/- 2%, P < .03), but was similar in lean T2DM and obese T2DM (18% +/- 3% vs 22% +/- 3%; P = NS). Both VAT and SAT increased progressively from lean NGT to lean T2DM to obese T2DM. T2DM had increased basal endogenous glucose production (EGP) (NGT, 15.1 +/- 0.5; lean T2DM, 16.3 +/- 0.4; obese T2DM, 17.2 +/- 0.6 micromol/min/kg(ffm); P = .02) and basal GNG flux (NGT, 8.6 +/- 0.4; lean T2DM, 9.6 +/- 0.4; obese T2DM, 11.1 +/- 0.6 micromol/min/kg(ffm); P = .02). Basal hepatic IR index (EGP x fasting plasma insulin) was increased in T2DM (NGT, 816 +/- 54; lean T2DM, 1252 +/- 164; obese T2DM, 1810 +/- 210; P = .007). In T2DM, after accounting for age, sex, and BMI, both LF and VAT, but not SAT, were correlated significantly (P < .05) with basal hepatic IR and residual EGP during insulin clamp. Basal percentage of GNG and GNG flux were correlated positively with VAT (P < .05), but not with LF. LF, but not VAT, was correlated with fasting insulin, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, and impaired FFA suppression by insulin (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal adiposity significantly affects both lipid (FFA) and glucose metabolism. Excess VAT primarily increases GNG flux. Both VAT and LF are associated with hepatic IR.     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的关系

本研究评估空腹血浆总同型半胱氨酸 (tHcy)水平与 2型糖尿病合并脑梗塞的关系 ,并分析影响糖尿病患者血浆Hcy水平的因素 ,结果显示 ,血浆同型半胱氨酸水平升高是 2型糖尿病合并脑梗塞的独立危险因素 ;血清叶酸、VitB12 和血肌酐均为tHcy的影响因素。     

Less fat reduction per unit weight loss in type 2 diabetic compared with nondiabetic obese individuals completing a very-low-calorie diet program

The objective was to compare weight loss and change in body composition in obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus during a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) program. Seventy weight-matched subjects with diabetes or normal fasting glucose (controls) participated in a 24-week VLCD study. Primary end points were changes in anthropometry, body composition, and fasting plasma insulin and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Fifty-one subjects (24 with diabetes) completed the study. No difference in weight loss between the 2 groups at 24 weeks was found by intention-to-treat analysis. Both groups completing the study per protocol had near-identical weight change during the program, with similar weight loss at 24 weeks (diabetes: 8.5 ± 1.3 kg vs control: 9.4 ± 1.2 kg, P = .64). Change in fat mass index correlated with change in body mass index (BMI) in both groups (diabetes: r = 0.878, control: r = 0.920, both P < .001); but change in fat mass index per unit change in BMI was less in the diabetic group compared with controls (0.574 vs 0.905 decrease, P = .003), which persisted after adjusting for age, sex, and baseline BMI (P = .008). Insulin concentrations remained higher and peak β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were lower in the diabetic compared with the control group. While following a 24-week VLCD program, obese subjects with and without diabetes achieved comparable weight loss; but the decrease in adiposity per unit weight loss was attenuated in diabetic subjects. Hyperinsulinemia may have inhibited lipolysis in the diabetic group; however, further investigation into other factors is needed.     

肥胖2型糖尿病肾病患者微量白蛋白排泄率与胰岛素抵抗及血浆纤溶系统相关性研究

目的探讨肥胖2型糖尿病(T2DM)肾病患者胰岛素敏感性与血浆纤溶系统相关性。方法对108例肥胖T2DM患者及31例健康体检者进行体格检查,采用生物电阻抗法测定其体脂含量,测定其24h尿白蛋白排泄量、血脂、空腹血糖、糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及胰岛素水平、血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)及其抑制物1(PAI1)活性和D二聚体(DD)水平。结果大量白蛋白尿组肥胖度、HbA1c和胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)分别大于和小于微量白蛋白尿组和尿白蛋白正常组(均P<005)。与正常对照者比较,肥胖T2DM患者血浆PAI1活性明显升高(均P<005),大量白蛋白尿组更明显;糖尿病肾病患者血浆tPA活性及大量白蛋白尿组DD水平大于正常对照者(P<005,P<001)。多因素逐步回归分析显示,PAI1活性与BMI、腰围及血清TG水平呈正相关,与ISI呈负相关。结论肥胖T2DM肾病患者尤其是向心性者血浆PAI1活性及DD水平明显增加,而tPA活性减低,并随着肾病的加重而增加,与肥胖程度呈正相关、与ISI呈负相关。     

2型糖尿病患者护骨素与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者护骨素与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（EDAD）的关系。方法 选择40例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者和46名健康个体。2型糖尿病患者采用胰岛素治疗6个月。血浆护骨素采用ELISA法测定。采用高分辨血管外超声法检测肱动脉血流介导的EDAD和硝酸甘油介导的内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能。结果 2型糖尿病患者治疗前血浆护骨素为（3．44±0．52）ng／L，明显高于对照组（2．38±0．25）ng／L（P〈0．01），治疗6个月后血浆护骨素水平明显降低（2．61±0．55）ng／L（P〈0．01）。2型糖尿病患者治疗前EDAD为（3．19±0．52）％，明显低于对照组的（4．46±0．56）％（P〈0．01），治疗6个月后明显改善（4．18±0．48）％（P〈0．01）。多元相关分析显示，治疗前血浆护骨素与EDAD、空腹血糖（FPG）、HbA1C超敏C反应蛋白（CRP）相关（均P〈0．01）。治疗前后护骨素的变化与EDAD、FPG、HbA1C、CRP的变化相关（P〈0．01）。结论 新诊断的2型糖尿病患者血浆护骨素水平明显增高，血浆护骨素与血管内皮功能相关。     

Ethnic differences in the relationship between birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women

AimThe objective of this study is to examine the relationship between self-reported birth weight and the adult occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a large multi-ethnic population of women.MethodsBaseline data from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study [n = 75,993] was used to examine the association between participant birth weight category and prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus. Models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index and other pertinent risk factors. Sub-analyses were performed stratifying by ethnicity.ResultsThere was a strong inverse association between birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus with a birth weight of <6 pounds (lbs) (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.33) significantly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a birth weight of ≥10 lbs (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.92) associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to women who reported their birth weight between 7 and 8 lbs 15 ounces (oz). Stratifying by ethnicity, the inverse association between birth weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus was only apparent in White women, but not Black, Hispanic or Asian women.ConclusionLower birth weight was associated with increased T2D risk in American White and Black post-menopausal women.     

Regional abdominal fat distribution in lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women: relationships with insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors

To determine the relationships of body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women, 9 lean and 11 obese subjects, with respective mean age 41.7 +/- 6.3 (SD) and 48.0 +/- 8.5 years, and mean body mass index (BMI) 23.5 +/- 1.8 and 30.3 +/- 3.7 kg/m2, were studied. The amount of total body fat (TBF) and total abdominal fat (AF) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer, whereas subcutaneous (SAF) and visceral abdominal fat areas (VAF) were measured by computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen at the L4-L5 level. Insulin sensitivity was determined by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Cardiovascular risk factors, which included fasting and post-glucose challenged plasma glucose and insulin, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), lipid profile, fibrinogen, and uric acid, were also determined. VAF was inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity as determined by glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the clamp, in both lean (r=-0.8821; P=.009) and obese subjects (r=-0.582; P=.078) independent of percent TBF. SAF and TBF were not correlated with GIR. With regards to cardiovascular risk factors, VAF was correlated with SBP (r=0.5279; P=.024) and DBP (r=0.6492; P=.004), fasting insulin (r=0.7256; P=.001) and uric acid (r=0.4963; P=.036) after adjustment for percent TBF. In contrast, TBF was correlated with fasting insulin (r=0.517; P=.023), area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (r=0.625; P=.004), triglyceride (TG) (r=0.668; P=.002), and uric acid (r=0.49; P=.033). GIR was not correlated with any of cardiovascular risk factors independent of VAF. In conclusion, VAF was a strong determinant of insulin sensitivity and several cardiovascular risk factors in both lean and obese Thai type 2 diabetic women.     

Relationship between autonomic neuropathy and thermogenesis in non diabetic and diabetic obese patients

Autonomic neuropathy is a well known complication of diabetes. Diabetes is often superimposed on obesity. A reduction in the variability of the heart rate in the resting state has been demonstrated in 16 obese diabetic subjects as well as in 34 obese non-diabetic subjects. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the heart rate during 30 minutes of resting was significantly decreased in both obese groups (3.9 +/- 0.2% for the diabetics; 5.2 +/- 0.2%, p less than 0.01 for the non diabetics) as compared to their own controls (4.5 +/- 0.6% and 6.5 +/- 0.4%, respectively). Age also contributes to decreased heart rate variability. Furthermore, this defect of autonomic function has been correlated with the blunted glucose-induced thermogenesis (GIT) seen in both obese groups (r = 0.52, p. less than 0.001): the increase in energy expenditure over basal values following a 100 g oral glucose load was only 4.8 +/- 0.8% for the diabetic obese group (p less than 0.001), and 8.5 +/- 0.7% for the non-diabetic obese group (p less than 0.001) as opposed to their own controls (12.4 +/- 1.3% and 13.3 +/- 0.6% respectively). Measurement of the variability of heart rate in obese individuals may be of predictive value in assessing blunted glucose-induced thermogenesis in non diabetic and diabetic obese patients.     

Relationship between metabolic control and HDL2-cholesterol in type I diabetic patients

Summary The relationship of the degree of metabolic control to the serum lipoprotein pattern has been studied in 62 young insulin treated diabetic patients. Stable HbA₁ and 24-h mean blood glucose, but not daily insulin dosage, were positively correlated to VLDL-TG (p<0.001) and negatively correlated to HDL₂-C (p<0.05). HDL₂-C was higher in patients with HbA₁<10% than in patients with HbA₁>10%. In 13 patients, in whom an improvement of metabolic control was achieved, a significant increase of HDL₂-C was recorded after three months. Our data are consistent with the view that in insulin-treated patients, good metabolic control is associated with low VLDL-TG and high HDL₂-C levels.     

Relationship between plasma leucine concentration and clearance in normal and type 1 diabetic subjects

In a series of studies in normal and type 1 diabetic subjects, we analysed the relationship between isotope-calculated leucine clearance and plasma leucine concentration. All studies were performed under euglycaemic conditions. Plasma leucine concentrations were either experimentally decreased by means of insulin infusion, or increased by means of exogenous amino acid infusion in the presence of hyperinsulinaemia. Leucine clearance rates were compared in normal and diabetic subjects at similar plasma insulin levels. The effect of hyperinsulinaemia was examined by measuring clearance rates in normal subjects at comparable leucine levels but different insulin concentrations. Our data show that leucine clearance is inversely related to leucine concentration, and that it is not independently stimulated by hyperinsulinaemia. Type 1 diabetes is not associated with decreased leucine clearance. A general equation relating leucine concentration and clearance is proposed. These data support the view that peripheral leucine utilization is not decreased in type 1 diabetes mellitus.     

Relationship between birth weight and blood pressure variability in children

This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between birth weight, 24-h blood pressure and blood pressure variability in childhood. Blood pressure was measured in 976 schoolchildren, free from cardiovascular disease, aged between 6 and 16 years. Blood pressure variability was estimated as the standard deviation of the 24-h mean (systolic and diastolic) blood pressure values. Linear regression showed that variation in systolic or diastolic blood pressure was not significantly associated with birth weight. Similarly, no association was found between blood pressure variability and birth weight when using the birth weight groups used by a previous study. Adjusting for other covariates, including mean 24-h blood pressure, made little difference to the observed results. No interactions were observed between birth weight and either gender or age on blood pressure variability. The results of this study do not support the suggestion of a significant association between birth weight and blood pressure variation in childhood. This might suggest that blood pressure variability is influenced mainly by environmental or lifestyle factors, but as little research has been published in this area, further investigation is required and in particular it would be important to assess the use of other measures of blood pressure variation.     

Impaired glucose disposal following mild hypoglycemia in nondiabetic and type I diabetic humans.

Insulin-mediated glucose disposal was studied immediately prior to and following moderate hypoglycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM), the latter having varying epinephrine secretory capacities. Plasma insulin concentration was fixed throughout the study at approximately 300 to 400 pmol/L to avoid effects of waning insulin action and plasma glucose was clamped at either 5 mmol/L (euglycemic control) or at 3.1 mmol/L (hypoglycemic) periods of 120 minutes. Baseline (clamp 1) and postexperiment (clamp 2) periods were assessed for net glucose disposal (as a function of the exogenous glucose infusion rate) and glucose kinetics using 3H-glucose. In normal subjects, glucose disposal increased progressively by 132% during control studies but only by 57% with intervening hypoglycemia (P less than .005). Similarly, 33% during hypoglycemia, P less than .025). These changes were mediated by reduction of whole-body glucose uptake (rate of glucose disappearance [Rd], [3H]-3-glucose) and metabolic clearance rates with comparable suppression of hepatic glucose production in both groups. The increase in plasma free-fatty acids (FFA) following hypoglycemia was modest but greater in subjects with IDDM (P less than .01), whereas IDDM had reduced concentrations of epinephrine (P less than .01) and glucagon (P less than .005) during hypoglycemia. In subjects with IDDM but not in normal subjects, the change in posthypoglycemia glucose disposal was inversely correlated with the increase in plasma norepinephrine (R2 = .54, P less than .004) and epinephrine (R2 = .32, P less than .04). Glucose disposal did not correlate with other counterregulatory hormones, plasma FFA, or antecedent glycemic control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)