Obstructive uropathy in the transplanted kidney: definitive management with percutaneous nephrostomy and prolonged ureteral stenting.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Renal transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. Ureteral stenosis is the most frequent urologic complication. We report our experience with percutaneous nephrostomy and antegrade ureteral stenting, which may offer a primary and definitive alternative to open surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with renal allograft obstructive uropathy were managed with percutaneous nephrostomy and prolonged ureteral stenting. RESULTS: Percutaneous nephrostomies were successfully performed in all 15 kidneys: In 13 patients, antegrade ureteral stenting was attempted, this being successful in 11 (85%). After prolonged ureteral stenting (mean duration 15 months), the stent was removed in eight patients, and six of them (75%) did not have recurrences. During follow-up, urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium determinations and ultrasound scans were performed, and success was confirmed by the decline of creatinine and reduction in hydronephrosis. No major complication was observed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteral stenting is a safe and effective treatment for renal allograft obstructive uropathy. Prolonged ureteral stenting may offer a definitive treatment with low morbidity.     

Outcome of percutaneous nephrostomy for the management of pyonephrosis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) drainage for the interim management of pyonephrosis. METHODS: Ninety-two consecutive patients [29 men, 63 women; mean age, 57 years; range, 23 to 88] who underwent PCN for the treatment of pyonephrosis from 1996 to 1999 were evaluated retrospectively. The clinical presentation, bacteriology and patient outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The majority [77%] of patients had underlying obstructing urinary calculi. Other causes of obstruction included strictures [9%], papillary necrosis [7%], pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction [4%] and malignant stricture [3%]. The microorganisms cultured were Escherichia coli [30%], Klebsiella [19%], Proteus [8%], Pseudomonas [5%], Enterococcus [5%], and Candida spp [5%]. The microorganisms were sensitive to gentamicin [79%], ceftriaxone [71%], cephalexin [54%], nitrofurantoin [40%], cotrimoxazole [35%], nalidixic acid [32%] and ampicillin [29%]. Only 30% of bladder urine cultures were positive for microorganisms; the addition of PCN cultures improved this yield to 58%. The antibiotic regimen was revised according to the PCN culture whenever there was a discrepancy. After PCN, 69% of patients underwent minimally invasive procedures as definitive treatment of the obstructing lesion. Only 14% of patients required open surgery. There was low procedure-related morbidity [14%] and low overall mortality [2%]. CONCLUSIONS: PCN cultures yield important bacteriological information. The procedure is associated with minimal morbidity, facilitates definitive treatment and provides therapeutic benefit.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后留置气囊造瘘管和普通硅胶管的对比研究

目的：探讨留置气囊造瘘管和普通硅胶管两种不同造瘘管对微创经皮肾镜取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,mPCNL）的影响。方法：2012年3月～2012年6月将109例符合筛选条件的需要行mPCNI。处理的上尿路结石患者随机分为气囊造瘘管组（A组）和普通硅胶管组（B组）,A组58例,B组51例。观察两组患者一般情况、术前术后和拔管前血红蛋白、肾功能、中段尿培养、结石负荷、术中手术时间、术后尿外渗、造瘘管脱落、术后出血、全身炎症反应综合征（systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS）、留置造瘘管时间内平均每天的视觉疼痛评分（visual analogue scale, VAS）、平均术后血红蛋白变化、输血情况及介人情况。结果：两组患者在术后出血、介入、术后发生SIRS、造瘘管留置时间、平均每天VAS评分、超过12小时的尿瘘方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在术后平均血红蛋白变化上,术后1天和2天,A组变化小于B组,A组输血率明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A组的平均住院费用低于B组。结论：mPCNL后留置气囊造瘘管可能是一种比较全面、安全和保险的选择。在保证引流的情况下,可以减少术后的输血和住院费用,降低造瘘管脱落风险,且并不增加患者术后的不适和SIRS的发生。     

Nonoperative management of complications of percutaneous renal nephrostomy

Between 1984 and 1986 at the Wellesley Hospital in Toronto, 210 percutaneous renal nephrostomies were performed for drainage and 140 were done to provide access for nephrolithotomy. Less than 2% of the patients experienced complications requiring intervention and less than 0.5% required an open surgical approach for the management of procedure-related problems. Complications that were managed conservatively included splenic puncture, false aneurysm, laceration of the renal artery, arteriovenous fistula, hemorrhage requiring transfusion, pneumothorax-empyema, urinoma, septic shock and the hemolysis-hyponatremia-renal shutdown syndrome.     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘术在输尿管结石合并尿脓毒血症中应用的临床研究

目的 探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘术治疗输尿管结石合并尿脓毒血症对预防感染性休克的可行性及安全性分析.方法 对本院201 1年1月至2014年12月输尿管结石合并尿脓毒血症患者46例,在积极抗感染治疗的同时,行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术外引流,观察和分析患者经皮肾穿刺造瘘术前2h和术后48h血白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞比例(NEUR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)等感染性指标变化情况以及行输尿管镜碎石术后尿脓毒血症及感染性休克发生情况.结果 46例患者中,44例顺利行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术外引流,2例行输尿管镜下双J管置入内引流术.术后48h复查血WBC、NEUR、CRP和PCT感染性指标均较前术前2h明显下降差异有统计学意义.44例经皮肾穿刺造瘘术患者待感染控制及引流充分后再行输尿管镜碎石术,术后无1例出现感染性休克.结论 对于输尿管结石合并尿脓毒血症患者,采取经皮肾穿刺造瘘术外引流和积极的抗感染治疗,有利于预防输尿管镜碎石术后感染性休克和严重感染性并发症的发生.     

Value of proximal diversion and ureteral stenting in management of penetrating ureteral trauma

Cases of penetrating ureteral trauma (17 gunshot wounds and 4 stab wounds) seen at two New York City hospitals over a nine-year period were reviewed. Early urologic complications (defined as urine drainage from the wound for greater than 2 weeks or need for a second operation) occurred in 50 percent of patients with a proximal ureteral injury but were less common when a nephrostomy and stent were used in the repair. A similar beneficial effect of stenting was seen in published cases, with a 91 percent complication rate for unstented repairs and a 15 percent rate when stenting and nephrostomy drainage were both used. The effect of stenting on midureteral repairs was less obvious, but the rate of urologic complications was lower in stented cases. None of the patients with distal ureteral injuries suffered a urologic complication. Stenting with and without a nephrostomy tube also produced good results in 2 patients with proximal ureteral injuries diagnosed late. We conclude that repair of penetrating ureteral injuries should include stenting and nephrostomy tube drainage in cases of proximal injuries, as well as generous debridement and water-tight closure. Midureteral injuries accompanied by gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and major vascular injuries should be stented and proximal diversion considered when prosthetic materials are used for vascular repairs.     

Percutaneous nephrostomy in the management of malignant ureteral obstruction secondary to bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) is a common late manifestation of metastatic bladder cancer. We investigated the effectiveness of percutaneous nephrostomy (PN) in our patients with MUO associated with bladder cancer as judged by the serum creatinine concentration in the presence of unilateral or bilateral obstruction and in relation to the treatment results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 23 consecutive patients with a mean age of 55 years (21 men, 2 women) who underwent PN were retrospectively reviewed. Eleven had unilateral obstruction. We assessed normalization of creatinine concentration, survival, and quality of life after PN in patients with either unilateral or bilateral obstruction. RESULTS: The mean serum creatinine concentration before PN was 6 mg/dL (range 2.1-24.6 mg/dL). Percutaneous nephrostomy provided improvement to normal renal function in 19 patients (83%). The mean survival of patients after PN was 4.9 months (range 1-14 months). No independent factor playing a significant prognostic role was determined. The overall complication rate was 30% (7/23), namely kinking or dislodgment of nephrostomy tubes. After PN, all patients were able to undergo treatment for bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous nephrostomy, with a low morbidity rate, is a safe urinary diversion technique in bladder cancer-induced MUO. It relieves at least the devastating effects of uremia and allows appropriate treatment for the malignancy.     

Prolonged ureteral stenting in obstruction after renal transplantation: long-term results

BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage renal disease. Ureteral stenosis is the most frequent urologic complication. We report our long-term follow-up results concerning endourologic treatment of ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation. METHODS: Between May 1997 and September 2000, 15 patients with renal transplant obstructive uropathy were managed with percutaneous nephrostomy and prolonged ureteral stenting. RESULTS: Percutaneous nephrostomies were performed successfully in all 15 kidneys. In 13 patients, antegrade ureteral stenting was attempted, which was successful in 11 patients (85%). After prolonged ureteral stenting (mean duration 15 months), the stent was removed in all patients, 90% of whom had no recurrence. During follow-up (36 to 71 months; mean 51), urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium determinations and ultrasound scans were performed. Success was defined as a reduction in hydronephrosis. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Modern endourologic procedures have replaced open reconstructive surgery in most patients with ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation, because they may offer a definitive treatment with low morbidity.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术及输尿管镜碎石术治疗输尿管上段梗阻性结石的疗效比较

目的对比微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）及输尿管镜碎石术（URSL）治疗输尿管上段梗阻性结石的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析北京友谊医院自2006年12月至2008年9月共56例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料,所有患者结石直径均大于1.5cm,分别行微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL组）及输尿管镜碎石手术（URSL组）。对比两组之间手术时间,出血量,结石清除率,住院时间及术后并发症发生率。所有数据采用卡方检验。结果MPCNL组结石清除率为91．3％,URSL组为69．7％,两者之间有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,而手术时间、出血量、平均住院时间及术后并发症URSL组优于MPCNL组,两者之间有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。站论MPCNL对于治疗输尿管上段直径大于1．5cm梗阻性结石具有结石清除率高,并能同时治疗肾结石的优点,URSL则有更好的安全性。     

输尿管逆行置管和经皮肾造瘘术在糖尿病患者急性感染性输尿管梗阻中的应用

目的比较逆行输尿管置管（USP）和经皮肾造瘘术（PCN）在糖尿病患者急性感染性输尿管梗阻中作为初始引流手术的治疗效果。 方法2018年1月至2021年6月,共118例急性感染性输尿管梗阻的糖尿病患者入组。回顾性收集患者病历数据,比较两组手术失败率、并发症发生情况、肌酐恢复最低值时间、ICU入住率、死亡率。 结果两组共118例患者,通过倾向性得分匹配分析后两组各有30例纳入分析。结果显示,USP和PCN手术的失败率和引流效果相同。在手术时间、疼痛评分、肌酐最低值及达到最低值时间、白细胞恢复正常时间、体温恢复正常时间、ICU入住率方面,两组具有基本相同的结果。在并发症方面,PCN组并发症事件数和并发症病例数均比USP组高（P<0.05）。 结论USP和PCN都可作为糖尿病患者急性感染性输尿管梗阻的初始引流手术,但USP具有更少的并发症优势。     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘在急性肾后性肾衰诊治中的作用

目的:探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘术在急性肾后性肾衰患者诊治中的作用。方法:回顾性总结28例肾后性急性肾衰的临床资料。14例行ESWL,6例行输尿管镜治疗,开放手术2例,保守治疗4例。在B超引导下肾脏穿刺造瘘25例。结果:24例为上尿路结石引起;14例为功能性孤立肾。引流后2~7天,28例肾功能均恢复正常。本组26例治愈,2例长期留置肾造瘘管,均无造瘘后出血和感染发生。结论:经皮肾穿刺造瘘对急性肾后性肾衰患者挽救肾脏功能有重要价值,B超定位可以显著增加成功率。     

Use and maintenance of percutaneous nephrostomy

Percutaneous nephrostomy has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of 64 patients. There have been no unsuccessful attempts at nephrostomy placement and no major complications were noted. This procedure can be accomplished readily and safely, reliably and effectively for short- and long-term urinary diversion in various urologic conditions in children and adults. Catheter care is described, and use of the nephrostomy tract for various urological problems is discussed.     

微创经皮肾造瘘与输尿管镜下置管两种引流方法治疗肾积脓的比较

目的 比较微创经皮肾造瘘与经尿道输尿管置管引流治疗肾积脓的疗效及优缺点,旨在指导临床治疗.方法 收集2002年6月至2012年6月我院186例肾积脓患者的资料,其中68例行微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘术（实验组）,118例行经尿道输尿管置管引流术（对照组）,对两种治疗方法、临床疗效及优劣等资料进行评价.结果 两组患者年龄,性别,体重指数,发病时间,病史情况、和术前感染指标均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.比较结果提示微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流术优于输尿管镜下置管引流术,差异有统计学意义（P=0.027）,两组患者手术用时比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.006）,术后并发症比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 采用微创经皮肾造瘘与输尿管镜下置管两种引流方法治疗肾积脓均安全有效,选择哪种引流方法最终取决于临床情况（患者全身情况、感染严重程度、结石大小、梗阻部位及程度）来制订个体化方案,选择不同的治疗方法.     

Endopyeloureterotomy using the holmium:YAG laser for the management of adult ureteral and ureteropelvic junction obstructions

AIM: To determine the efficacy of endopyeloureterotomy using a holmium:YAG laser for the management of adult benign ureteral and ureteropelvic junction obstructions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical outcomes of eight primary procedures performed in 5 patients. The causes of the strictures were idiopathic in five and stone impaction in three procedures. All strictures except one were approached in a retrograde fashion with either a rigid (8.0 Fr) or flexible (9.3 Fr) ureteroscope. The only energy source employed was the laser, and no balloon dilation was performed. In all cases, a 4.8-Fr ureteral stent was left indwelling, and retrograde ureteropyelography was performed within 6-8 weeks to remove the catheter. RESULTS: Follow-up was performed in all patients for a mean period of 14.9 (minimum 10) months. Two strictures in 1 patient failed to be stent free, while six strictures were patent on postoperative radiographic imaging. There were no perioperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Endopyeloureterotomy using a holmium:YAG laser is safe and effective. Its relative noninvasiveness and its retrograde approach make it a first-line alternative for the management of benign upper urinary tract strictures in adults.     

Emergency percutaneous nephrostomy in the septic kidney.

From 250 upper tract obstructive uropathy cases we have studied 64 patients hospitalized with toxico-septic shock. The constant symptom was arterial hypotension. Other 3 patients with long-standing urinary infection due to lithiasis developed this dreaded complication after PNL (staghorn stones-2, pyelic stone-1). In complicated obstructive uropathy cases associated with toxico-septic shock, percutaneous nephrostomy for high urinary derivation in emergency is usually made under local anaesthesia. Its aim is rapid and efficient clearance of kidney obstruction, with minimal damage for the patient; then it is followed by strong antibiotherapy associated with other reanimation and intensive care measures. There were 11 deaths. The stone generating obstructive uropathy was removed subsequently, after the improvement of biological constants and general state of the patient, under the protection of percutaneous nephrostomy.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy in the pediatric patient.

Percutaneous nephrostomy drainage may be established rapidly using ultrasonic guidance in severely ill pediatric patients with obstructive uropathy. B-mode ultrasonography has proved to be rapid, accurate and free of irradiation hazards, making it applicable to children with little or no sedation.     

Advances in the percutaneous management of the ureteropelvic junction and other obstructions of the urinary tract in children

In conclusion, endopyelotomy has been developed over the past several decades on the basis of sound laboratory and clinical research. The success rates have been similar to those of the standard open pyeloplasty, and the procedure is not associated with undue complications. Endopyelotomy has several distinct advantages over open surgery, including the decreased morbidity and associated expense of an open operation, minimal interference with the blood supply of the ureter, and avoidance of removal of the ureter from its natural sheath, preventing the tendency to adhere to adjacent structures and thus kink. As the instrumentation available for percutaneous renal surgery has improved and been miniaturized, the techniques developed in adults have been progressively applied to younger and smaller children. There seems to be little doubt that a comparison of morbidity and socioeconomic factors associated with a successful endopyelotomy versus an open pyeloplasty in adults heavily favors the percutaneous procedures, and judicious application to children would seem warranted. However, the changing presentation of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children that has resulted from the widespread use of prenatal ultrasonography may make the question moot. Open infant pyeloplasty is a highly successful procedure, accompanied by minimal morbidity and accomplished in a 2- to 3-day hospital stay. The socioeconomic factors are obviated in the infant, who already requires constant maternal care. However, endopyelotomy deserves consideration in the older child, especially if the obstruction is secondary in nature after a previous open procedure.     

The role of percutaneous nephrostomy in the management of obstructing candidiasis of the urinary tract in infants

We report on 5 neonates with obstructive urinary tract candidiasis in whom percutaneous nephrostomy had a major role in management. The advantages of percutaneous nephrostomy in this setting include prompt drainage of the obstructed renal pelvis or ureter, direct access to obtain specimens from the renal pelvis to confirm the diagnosis, direct irrigation of the fungus balls with amphotericin B and an access route for fragmentation of fungus balls by guide wire manipulation. In 3 cases percutaneous placement of the nephrostomy tube was successful in obtaining and maintaining access to the renal pelvis, while in 2 surgical intervention was required because of problems maintaining placement of the percutaneous catheters. Percutaneous nephrostomy with antegrade amphotericin B irrigation, coupled with systemic antifungal therapy, is the mainstay of treatment. The usefulness of ultrasonography in the early diagnosis of renal candidiasis also is emphasized.