Effects of prolactin on cloned human T-lymphocytes

To evaluate the possible role of prolactin (PRL) in T-lymphocytes, we monitored gene induction in one cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clone derived from a patient with hemochromatosis and in several T-helper clones generated from a normal donor and a patient with multiple sclerosis. The CTL clone expressed conventional PRL receptor (PRLR), and PRL induced the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) and increased the expression of SOCS-2 and cytokine-inducible src homology-2-containing protein (CIS, another member of the SOCS family). As is the case in granulocytes, expression of a conventional receptor for PRL could not be shown by polymerase chain reaction analysis on three helper clones. In addition, as in granulocytes, PRL modulated the expression of genes such as the interferon-regulatory factor-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, CIS, and SOCS-2. These effects were also elicited with ovine PRL and could be prevented by anti-PRL antibodies. Thus, the use of clones allowed the detection of direct effects of PRL on T-cells, even when these have few or no detectable PRLR, confirming that human T-lymphocytes are targets for PRL.     

Effects of colchicine on intestinal mucosal dehydrogenases

Summary Histochemical methods have shown that colchicine has an apparent rapid inhibitory effect on LDH, SDH, GL-6-PDH, NADH dehydrogenase, and NADPH dehydrogenase in the mucosa of the small intestine of mice. This colchicine effect is qualitatively similar regardless of the dose of the drug given, although a single large dose (1.5 mg./kg.) did produce arrest of the mitosis in metaphase, while a single small dose (0.24 mg./kg.) did not produce abnormal histologic changes in any of the tissues examined.The importance of this effect of colchicine is discussed and related to the inhibition of other enzyme systems, functional activities and turn-over rate of intestinal mucosa, and the fate of colchicine in the body. In contrast to observations of the effect of irradiation on dehydrogenases, colchicine decreases dehydrogenase activity almost instantly.Since the site of primary action of colchicine is not known, a single explanation for the antimitotic effect of large doses and the therapeutic effect of small doses given to patients with gout is still elusive.Supported by grants CA-04980 and 2A-5286 from the U. S. Public Health Service.Trainee under Gastroenterology Training Grant TI AM 5286 from the U. S. Public Health Service. Service;     

罗格列酮联合阿托伐他汀对单个核细胞合成组织因子的影响

目的:研究罗格列酮联合阿托伐他汀干预对无糖尿病的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者外周血单核细胞合成组织因子水平及组织因子活性的影响.方法:分离无糖尿病的ACS患者外周血单核细胞,分成对照组(等容积的二甲基亚砜)、阿托伐他汀(1 μmol·L-1)组、罗格列酮(1 μmol·L-1)组及二者联合组(阿托伐他汀1 μmol·L-1加罗格列酮1 μmol·L-1)组4个组,分别与所分离的外周血单核细胞共同孵育24 h后,用夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法检测细胞组织因子水平,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定组织因子mRNA的表达,同时用底物发光法检测组织因子的活性.结果:与对照组相比较,阿托伐他汀组、罗格列酮组及罗格列酮联合阿托伐他汀组对无糖尿病ACS患者外周血单核细胞合成组织因子分别为[(3.69±0.91)ng/L、(3.27±0.46)ng/L、(1.90±0.26)ng/L:(5.78±1.29)ng/L,均P<0.01]、组织因子的活性分别为[(4.28±0.84)pmol/L、(5.37±0.59)pmol/L、(2.15±0.37) pmol/L:(16.21±3.23)pmol/L, 均P<0.01),及组织因子mRNA的相对半定量A值分别为[(0.22±0.07), (0.31±0.09), (0.14±0.05):(0.42±0.11),均P<0.01)均降低,且罗格列酮联合阿托伐他汀组比阿托伐他汀组、罗格列酮组降低更显著(P均<0.01).结论:阿托伐他汀和罗格列酮都可通过降低无糖尿病的ACS患者外周血单核细胞合成组织因子及组织因子活性,发挥抗组织因子、抗血栓形成的作用,且二者联合干预具有协同作用.因此,罗格列酮联合阿托伐他汀,可能有更佳的防治ACS作用.     

缬沙坦和卡托普利对兔血管平滑肌细胞组织因子和组织因子途径抑制物表达及活性的影响

目的观察氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂对血管平滑肌细胞组织因子（TF）和组织因子途径抑制物（TFPI）表达和活性的影响。方法采用组织贴块法培养兔主动脉平滑肌细胞,进行形态学和α-肌动蛋白（actin）免疫组化鉴定。在细胞水平,采用免疫组化、免疫荧光法检测ox-LDL和缬沙坦对TF、TFPI蛋白表达的影响,激光共聚焦法检测ox-LDL和缬沙坦对TF蛋白表达的影响,ELISA法检测ox-LDL、缬沙坦和卡托普利对TF、TFPI抗原表达的影响,发色底物法检测ox-LDL、缬沙坦和卡托普利对TF活性的影响,RT—PCR检测ox-LDL和缬沙坦对TF mRNA表达的影响。结果ox-LDL可增加兔血管平滑肌细胞TF抗原活性和mRNA的表达,在mRNA水平调节TF的表达。ox-LDL可降低兔血管平滑肌细胞TFPI抗原的表达。不同浓度的缬沙坦和卡托普利可明显减少ox-LDL刺激的平滑肌细胞TF抗原表达及活性,缬沙坦对TF表达的影响呈浓度依赖性,同时缬沙坦还可明显减少ox-LDL刺激的TF mRNA表达,证明缬沙坦在mRNA水平上调节TF的表达。不同浓度的缬沙坦和卡托普利可增加ox-LDL刺激的血管平滑肌细胞TFPI抗原的表达,缬沙坦对TFPI表达的影响呈浓度依赖性,该结果由ELISA法得出。结论本实验在细胞水平观察到ox-LDL对血管平滑肌细胞TF表达和活性有促进作用,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素受体拮抗剂对其有抑制作用,但这两种药对TFPI的表达有促进作用。从一个新的角度说明这两种药对动脉粥样硬化斑块特别是斑块促凝性的影响,它们可能是通过部分调节TF和TFPI的表达水平而发挥作用的。     

Effects of colchicine on cyclic AMP levels in human leukocytes

The increase in human leukocyte adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels seen in response to various substances was markedly potentiated by colchicine and other agents that affect microtubule assembly. Addition of dl-isoproterenol (2 muM) or prostaglandin E(1) (10 muM), together with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (1 mM), caused a much greater increase in cyclic AMP in colchicine-pretreated cells than in control cells. With isoproterenol (2 muM) plus isobutylmethylaxanthine (1 mM), cyclic AMP levels rose about 3-fold but, in combination with colchicine, these drugs caused a more than 15-fold increase in cyclic AMP. The effects of colchicine were both time- and dose-dependent; they could be seen within 1 min after addition of colchicine or at concentrations as low as 10 nM. In addition to its potentiation of hormonally induced increases in cyclic AMP levels, colchicine also potentiated the effect of isobutylmethylxanthine alone on leukocyte cyclic AMP levels. Vinblastine, vincristine, podophyllotoxin, and oncodazole all had effects similar to those of colchicine but lumicolchicine did not. The data suggest that cytoplasmic microtubules interact with the leukocyte plasma membrane to impose constraints on the expression of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase; the therapeutic effects of colchicine may depend in part upon the relaxation of such constraints. Moreover, the synergism described here between colchicine-like agents and hormones is of potential therapeutic importance in clinical conditions in which either alkaloid or hormone has been useful separately.     

秋水仙碱对血吸虫病肝纤维化小鼠肝脏I、Ⅲ、Ⅵ型胶原蛋白表达的影响

目的阐明秋水仙碱治疗对血吸虫病肝纤维化小鼠肝脏胶原蛋白表达的影响。方法应用免疫组化技术,观察血吸虫病肝纤维化小鼠在秋水仙碱治疗前后肝脏Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ型胶原蛋白的分布及含量(半定量)变化。结果秋水仙碱治疗组小鼠与对照组相比,肝内Ⅰ型胶原蛋白无显著变化,而肝内Ⅲ型和Ⅵ型胶原蛋白的免疫组化染色均明显减弱;对胶原含量半定量分级亦显示两组Ⅰ型胶原含量无差异(χ     

组织因子和组织因子途径抑制物1对无复流作用的实验研究

目的 观察缺血再灌注时兔心肌组织和血浆中组织因子(TF)和组织因子途径抑制物1(TFPI-1)水平的变化,研究外源性TFPI-1对无复流严重程度的影响,探讨TF激活的外源性凝血系统及TFPI-1抑制途径在无复流发病过程中的作用.方法 40只新西兰大白兔随机分为4组(每组10只):缺血再灌注组(IR组,结扎回旋支120 min,再灌注60 min)、缺血再灌注TFPI-1组(TFPI-1组,再灌注时rTFPI-1 100 ng/kg静脉注射,1ng·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)静脉滴注)、缺血组(结扎回旋支180 min)和假手术组,每组10只.用硫磺素S和Evan's蓝活体染色区分无复流区和缺血区.无复流严重程度用无复流面积/缺血面积表示.用逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法测定无复流区、缺血区及正常区心肌组织TF和TFPI-1 mRNA表达水平,ELISA方法测定开胸前、冠状动脉结扎前即刻及结扎120 min、再灌注10和60 min血浆TF和TFPI-1水平.结果 开胸前、冠状动脉结扎前即刻及结扎120 min,各组血浆TF、TFPI-1水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);再灌注10和60 min时,IR组血浆TF水平均显著高于缺血组和假手术组[10min:(20.7±4.1)pg/ml比(13.9±2.2)pg/ml(P<0.001),(20.7±4.1)pg/ml比(13.2±2.6)pg/ml(P<0.001);60 min:(15.8±2.6)pg/ml比(13.5±1.6)pg/ml(P<0.05),(15.8±2.6)pg/ml比(12.1±0.7)Pg/ml(P<0.001)].再灌注10 min时,IR组血浆TFPI-1水平较缺血组及假手术组无明显变化(P>0.05);60 min时,血浆TFPI-1水平[(9.7±1.6)ng/ml]反而显著低于缺血组[(11.6±1.6)ng/ml,P<0.05]及假手术组[(10.1±1.3)ng/ml,P<0.01].IR组无复流区心肌组织TF mRNA表达高于缺血组及假手术组(P<0.05或P<0.001);TFPI-1 mRNA表达较缺血组无明显变化(P>0.05).TFPI-1组无复流严重程度明显低于IR组(0.39±0.11比0.54±0.06,P<0.01).结论 无复流区心肌组织TF转录水平及再灌注过程中TF血浆蛋白水平表达明显上调;而无复流区心肌组织TFPI-1转录水平无明显变化,再灌注过程中血浆蛋白水平反而相对降低;外源性rTFPI-1可以减轻无复流严重程度.TF激活的外源凝血途径在无复流发病过程中起到重要作用.     

Heligmosomoides polygyrus immunomodulatory factor (IMF), targets T-lymphocytes

Experiments were performed to investigate the immunological site of action of an immunomodulatory factor (IMF), isolated from the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus . IMF inhibited antibody production in murine and human 'T-helper (Th-2) driven' immunoassays. The effects were mediated via T lymphocytes as T cell-depleted cultures failed to respond to IMF, a result confirmed by prepulsing discrete cell subsets with the immunomodulant. Although the molecular nature and mode of action of IMF has yet to be determined, it would appear to be a relatively small non-proteinaceous molecule. From this data, we suggest that H. polygyrus secretes a systemically-active IMF from the intestinal lumen, to down-regulate Th-2 cell development in order to promote its survival in a potentially immunologically hostile environment .     

Interleukin-1 is a chemotactic factor for human T-lymphocytes

Macrophages and T-lymphocytes physically interact in the lung in disorders such as sarcoidosis to initiate and/or maintain cellular immune responses. In these studies, we demonstrated that natural interleukin-1 (IL-1), as well as recombinant IL-1 beta, a polypeptide released from stimulated macrophages, is a potent chemotactic factor that is relatively specific for helper T-cells. This chemotactic activity is blocked by a species-specific anti-IL-1. Compared with its capacity to augment proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated murine thymocytes, IL-1 is more active as a chemotactic factor for mature T-cells. These studies suggest that stimulated lung macrophages, as well as other macrophages, may enhance their interaction with circulating T-lymphocytes via IL-1, which acts as both a chemoattractant and an initiator of T-lymphocyte activation.     

阿托伐他汀对脂肪组织中细胞组织因子的影响

目的观察高胆固醇(TC)食物喂养兔的脂肪组织和脂肪细胞组织因子(TF)表达及阿托伐他汀对其影响。方法24只兔随机分为3组,对照组给予普通饲料,高TC组喂以高脂饲料,阿托伐他汀组在高脂饲料喂养8周后加用阿托伐他汀干预4周,于第12周末取兔皮下脂肪组织,并分离培养脂肪细胞,RT-PCR测定脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF mRNA表达;同时采血分离血浆,ELISA法测定血浆TF活性。结果高TC组血浆TF活性〔(0.074±0.029)g/L〕与对照组〔(0.033±0.011)g/L〕比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);该组脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF mRNA表达分别为(1.084±0.130)和(0.980±0.140),高于对照组的(0.909±0.150)和(0.823±0.110),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);阿托伐他汀治疗后,该组脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF mRNA表达分别为(0.901±0.150)和(0.803±0.120),低于高TC组(P<0.01),血浆TF活性〔(0.040±0.012)g/L〕降低(P<0.01)。结论高TC喂养兔脂肪组织和脂肪细胞表达TF增加,血浆活性增强;阿托伐他汀能明显抑制高TC喂养兔脂肪组织和脂肪细胞TF表达及活性,提示阿托伐他汀可能具有抗血栓作用。     

Effects of norplant on endometrial tissue factor expression and blood vessel structure

Abnormal uterine bleeding after Norplant administration is primarily responsible for the high discontinuation rate of this safe and effective long-acting implantable progestin-only contraceptive agent. Although tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of hemostasis, previous studies indicated that Norplant-associated bleeding persists despite relatively high TF levels in the stromal compartment. Recently, we determined that progestin-enhanced TF expression during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells involves both the epidermal growth factor receptor and progesterone receptor (PR]. The current study evaluated TF levels in endometrial bleeding (BL) and nonbleeding (NBL) sites obtained by camera-guided hysteroscopy during Norplant contraception. After 1 yr of therapy, immunohistochemical TF levels were unexpectedly higher at BL than at NBL sites. Use of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting indicated that both sites displayed elevated epidermal growth factor receptor levels and that the BL sites exhibited high levels of the PR, as well as the PR(A) and the PR(B) isoforms. Microscopic examination of 1-yr biopsies revealed that significantly larger numbers of enlarged, distended vessels were present in BL, compared with NBL sites. Elevated TF levels and abnormally enlarged blood vessels in the BL sites are consistent with the recently discovered angiogenic role of TF. By promoting aberrant angiogenesis, chronic endometrial overexpression of TF could produce fragile vessels, which are at increased risk to bleed. Analysis of endometrial BL and NBL sites, during Norplant contraception, offers the potential of elucidating local mechanisms that control enhanced TF expression, leading to abnormal angiogenesis at specific endometrial sites.     

沉默结缔组织生长因子对鼠转化生长因子β/Smads信号的影响

目的 研究小干扰RNA(siRNA)沉默结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)对大鼠转化生长因子(TGF)β/Smads信号通路的影响.方法 将化学合成CTGF siRNA转染肝星状细胞(HSC)T6和经门静脉注入CCl4诱导6周的肝纤维化大鼠,设空白及随机siRNA对照,抽提HSC T6及大鼠肝组织总RNA和蛋白质,应用Western blot和RT-PCR检测HSC T6及肝组织CTGF及TGF β1,Smad2、3、7蛋白质和基因表达. 结果与空白对照组相比,siRNA能显著下调HSC T6 CTGF蛋白表达,以48 h最明显,CTGF蛋白表达下调94%±4%(t=46.196,P<0.01),而TGF β1、Smad2,3,7 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义;模型组及对照siRNA组,CCl4诱导的大鼠肝组织CTGF和TGF β1蛋白表达明显上调,与模型组相比,CTGF siRNA组大鼠肝组织CTGF及TGF β1蛋白表达分别下调95%±2%(F=21.234,P<0.01)和74%±8%(F=13.464,P<0.05),但Smad2和Smad7蛋白表达无明显改变. 结论沉默CTGF基因表达对大鼠肝TGF β/Smads信号具有阻抑作用.     

Effect of erythropoietin on tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in uremic hemodialysis patients

Some parameters of extrinsic coagulation pathway, including concentration and activity of tissue factor and concentration of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, have been estimated in uremic hemodialysis patients. The impact of erythropoietin treatment on the extrinsic coagulation pathway has also been the aim of the study. Increased concentration of tissue factor pathway inhibitor--TFPI has been found both in dialysed and non-dialysed uremic patients. This finding may be the evidence of endothelial damage as well as the protective factor against thrombotic complications. Erythropoietin treatment seemed not to induce statistically significant changes in extrinsic coagulation pathway. Some results indicate that estimation of "truncated' and "full length" forms of TFPI may be more useful comparing to complete TFPI concentration.     

Effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation

Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of blood coagulation. Circulating TF procoagulant activity (TF-PCA) is associated with blood cells and microparticles and is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Combined hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and to a lesser degree selective hyperinsulinemia for 24 hours in healthy volunteers increased circulating TF-PCA, monocyte TF surface expression and mRNA, plasma thrombin generation, and coagulation factors VII and VIII activities, suggesting that the coagulation system had been activated. In addition, platelet CD40L and platelet-monocyte aggregates increased, indicating platelet activation. Somatostatin abolished these changes. We conclude that hyperinsulinemia, but particularly the combination of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, creates a prothrombotic state and may, in addition, be proinflammatory and proatherogenic by virtue of the actions of CD40L and TF.     

内毒素对肝星状细胞结缔组织生长因子表达的影响

结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)是调节细胞增生、分化和细胞外基质形成的重要效应分子。肝星状细胞(HSC)是肝纤维化时产生CTGF的主要细胞。内毒素(LPS)血症是肝纤维化的诱因之一。现研究HSC在LPS作用下CTGF mRNA表达情况,探讨CTGF在LPS介导肝纤维化中的作用和地位。     

Effects of colchicine and phenothiazine on biliary excretion of organic anions in rats

Vesicular transport inhibitors have been reported to inhibit biliary excretion of some organic anions, suggesting that vesicular transport has a role in intracellular transport of these compounds. However, these inhibitors are substrates for P-glycoprotein. To examine whether P-glycoprotein has a role in canalicular transport of organic anions in addition to the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, we studied the effect of colchicine, a vesicular transport inhibitor, and phenothiazine to increase P-glycoprotein expression on biliary excretion of various organic anions in rats. Colchicine treatment slightly but significantly inhibited biliary excretion of indocyanine green, dinitrophenylglutathione and pravastatin, and had no effect on biliary excretion of sulphobromophthalein and dibromosulphophthalein. Phenothiazine treatment did not affect biliary excretion of indocyanine green and pravastatin, but it increased biliary sulphobromophthalein-glutathione excretion. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that P-glycoprotein plays an additive role on biliary excretion of some organic anions in addition to the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter.     

秋水仙碱对肝纤维化大鼠肝脏基质金属蛋白酶-1及其抑制因子-1表达的影响

目的 观察秋水仙碱对纤维化肝脏基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)表达的影响,从胶原降解的角度探讨秋水仙碱对肝纤维化有无逆转作用及可能存在的机制.方法 制备免疫性大鼠肝纤维化模型,并给予秋水仙碱治疗;通过RT-PCR检测MMP-1、TIMP-1的表达,并作Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的免疫组化以及Masson胶原染色.结果 发现秋水仙碱对肝纤维化大鼠MMP-1的表达无明显影响(P>0.05),但可以抑制TIMP-1的表达(P<0.05),促进Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的降解(P<0.05);然而在病理形态学的观察中,未发现秋水仙碱治疗组与肝纤维化模型组之间存在的显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 秋水仙碱可以抑制纤维化肝脏TIMP-1的表达,从而增强间质胶原酶的活性,促进Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的降解,产生抗肝纤维化的作用,但其作用有限.