bcr—abl融合基因及其检测

bcr-abl融合基因位于染色体t(9;22)(q34;q11),由位于9号染色体上的细胞原癌基因abl部分序列从其正常位置易位至22号染色体的BCR区而形成。在绝大多数病例中,断裂点集中在5.8 kb的M-BCR区,主要形成b2a2和b3a2二种形式的转录物及蛋白质,二者差异仅为75个碱基及25个氨基酸。bcr-abl融合基因及其表达的检测对CML有重要的诊断与预后价值。用Southern印迹杂交、间期或中期染色体原位杂交等方法检测DNA,发现Ph阴性或变异型Ph病人存在bcr-abl融合基因,检测到许多新的融合类型,并确认异基因BMT后白血病的复发是源于自身MRL。用优化的RT-PCR,定量RT-PCR或RNA原位杂交检测RNA,可精确定位罕见或混合的接合型,还发现正常人中bcr-abl基因有低量表达且有随年龄增长而增加的趋势。用Western印迹或酶联免疫反应检测,发现BCR-ABL蛋白与C-ABL蛋白之比在外周血与骨髓中相似且与Ph染色体重排率有线性关系,还发现如果P190继P210之后出现,则CML的预后很差。     

Chronic myeloid leukemia: current perspectives

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), characterized by the t(9;22) and BCR/ABL1 fusion, is a disease model for studying the mechanisms of genetic abnormalities in leukemogenesis. The detection of the t(9;22), characterization of the BCR/ABL fusion, and the discovery of imatinib have elegantly reflected the success of our research efforts in CML. However, genomic instabilities that lead to the formation of the BCR/ ABL1 fusion are not fully understood. It is important to understand how various genes that are involved in regulating the signaling pathway and epigenetic deregulation cooperate with the BCR/ABL1 fusion in the initiation and progression of CML.     

BCR/ABL探针在骨髓增殖性疾病中的临床运用

本研究通过回顾分析荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测BCR/ABL融合基因结果,探讨其在慢性骨髓增殖性疾病(CMPD)和Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病(Ph+ALL)的鉴别诊断及治疗后微小残留病(MRD)动态监测中的运用价值。初诊和治疗后病例分别使用BCR/ABL(ES)和BCR/ABL(DF)探针检测BCR/ABL融合基因。结果表明:初诊CMPD 49例,形态学符合CML骨髓象28例,确诊CML 23例,形态符合率23/28(82.1%),BCR/ABL阳性23/23,敏感度、特异度均为100%。确诊病例BCR/ABL阳性细胞率为81.3%±17.7%;allo-HSCT 13例,9例长期无病生存,4例复发,经供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)、伊马替尼或allo-HSCT治疗后多次监测BCR/ABL阴性;伊马替尼治疗16例,其中11例于1年后多次监测BCR/ABL阴性,5例分别于6、7、10年后监测BCR/ABL阳性,其中1例经allo-HSCT成功,BCR/ABL转阴。结论:FISH技术是一项敏感、特异的诊断技术,针对初诊和治疗后病例分别运用两种不同的探针检测BCR/ABL融合基因,有助于准确、快速鉴别诊断CML、Ph+ALL,动态监测酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗和allo-HSCT后MRD。     

骨髓形态学染色联合荧光原位杂交技术在急性白血病鉴别诊断中的应用

目的 探讨联合骨髓形态学染色和荧光原位杂交(MGG-FISH)技术在Ph染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病(Ph+ALL)和慢性粒细胞白血病急性淋巴细胞白血病变(CML-LBC)鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值.方法 应用BCR(绿色)和ABL(橘红色)双色双融合探针,通过MGG-FISH技术对4例Ph+ALL患者、4例CML-LBC患者、1例CML急性白血病变合并淋巴瘤、1例CML急性混合细胞白血病变患者的骨髓涂片标本进行检测,依据形态学分别检测10份标本红细胞系、粒细胞系和淋巴细胞系的BCR/ABL融合信号阳性细胞百分率.结果 通过MGG-FISH方法分析,4份Ph+ALL骨髓标本红细胞系未累及,BCR/ABL融合信号阳性细胞百分率均为0%;粒细胞系阳性率分别为11%(1/9)、8%(1/12)、0%(0/8)、10%(1/10);淋巴细胞系阳性率分别为97%(76/78)、98%(87/89)、98%(97/99)、97%(75/77).4份CML-LBC骨髓标本红细胞系阳性率分别为100%(8/8)、91%(10/11)、82%(9/11)、88%(7/8);粒细胞系阳性率分别为89%(8/9)、96%(94/98)、100%(47/47)、98%(40/41);淋巴细胞系阳性率分别为96%(78/81)、93%(52/56)、96%(68/71)、95%(58/61).其余2份标本阳性率均超过80%,且通过MGG-FISH分析鉴定了恶性克隆的来源.结论 MGG-FISH技术可以准确、快速地对原发性Ph+ALL和CML-LBC进行鉴别,并可进行克隆源性分析.     

荧光原位杂交技术检测BCR/ABL融合基因的临床应用

本研究探讨应用荧光原位杂交技术( FISH)检测BCR/ABL融合基因在临床中的应用价值.对初诊考虑为慢性骨髓增殖性疾病或骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性疾病的患者、急性淋巴细胞白血病患者及异基因造血干细胞移植后的慢性髓系白血病(CML)患者,行骨髓细胞学检查并用FISH法检测BCR/ABL融合基因.结果表明:①46例在初诊时考虑为慢性骨髓增殖性疾病或骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性疾病的患者中,有22例患者诊断为CML,应用FISH法检测BCR/ABL融合基因均为阳性(100％),骨髓细胞学检查显示CML者占86.4％ (19/22);另24例患者诊断为非CML的慢性骨髓增殖性疾病及骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性疾病,FISH法检测BCR/ABL融合基因均为阴性(100％),而骨髓细胞学检查有3例支持CML诊断、1例支持MDS诊断;②7例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者,有3例FISH法检测BCR/ABL融合基因为阳性;③2例异基因造血干细胞移植后的CML患者,应用HSH法检测BCR/ ABL融合基因可检测到阳性细胞(分别为6.5％及1.2％).结论:FISH法检测BCR/ABL融合基因敏感、可靠,对慢性骨髓增殖性疾病及骨髓增生异常/骨髓增殖性疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值;可明确Ph+急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的诊断;在CML患者行异基因造血干细胞移植后监测微小残留病灶方面也有重要意义.     

BCR/ABL双色双融-荧光原位杂交技术的信号模式探讨

目的研究BCR/ABL双色双融合探针荧光原位杂交技术(dual color dual fusion BCR/ABL probe-fluorescence in situ hy-bridization,DCDF-FISH)在白血病遗传学异常检测中的常见信号模式,探讨各种信号模式与染色体异常的关系。方法采用BCR/ABL的DCDF-FISH技术和染色体核型分析技术对初诊的40例慢性粒细胞白血病(chronic myelocytic leukemia,CML)、30例急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)以及10例其它(包括AML和骨髓增生性疾病)患者骨髓标本进行检测,比较DCDF-FISH各种信号模式与染色体关系。结果DCDF-FISH检测见11种信号模式:2R2G为正常细胞信号模式;2R3G、3R2G及3R3G为无BCR/ABL融合基因的异常信号模式;1R1G2F、1R1G1F、1R2G1F和2R1G1F模式的核型都为t(9;22);1R1G3F核型模式为t(9;22)伴有Ph+;2R2G1F为三条以上染色体易位t(9;22;V);1R2G2F为t(9;22)伴多一条22号染色体,这些信号模式的细胞内都存在着BCR/ABL融合基因。结论BCR/ABL DCDF-FISH检测时存在着多种信号模式,明确各种信号模式的意义,对临床疾病的诊断、预后有重要指导意义。     

Differential diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia and the related disorders]

Chronic myeloid leukemia(CML) is a generic term that includes five subtypes; i.e. chronic granulocytic leukemia(CGL) (95% of all CML, 90% are Ph+, 5% are Ph-, BCR/ABL+), atypical CML(survival is worse than that of CGL), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia(a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (Ph-, BCR/ABL-) and juvenile CML(Ph-, BCR/ABL-). It is not so easy to make a diagnosis of Ph-negative CML. Also, about 25% of adult acute lymphoid leukemia(ALL) patients and some essential thrombocythemia patients have Ph chromosome. In addition, about a half of cases with Ph-positive ALL have the same size of BCR/ABL fusion protein as that in Ph-positive CML. It is necessary to distinguish them by the distinctive morphological, cytogenetical and immunological characteristics of these diseases.     

慢性髓系白血病急变期分子遗传学研究进展

9号和22号染色体相互易位产生Ph染色体及BCR-ABL融合基因,几乎在所有慢性髓系白血病（CML）出现,BCR-ABL编码的蛋白具有持续增高的酪氨酸激酶活性,使白血病细胞异常增殖。急变期是CML的晚期,在此期间常常出现其它附加染色体和分子的改变。大量研究表明,BCR-ABL基因与其他失调的基因共同作用并异常激活下游的信号传导通路,促进了疾病的进展。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼对大多数慢性期CML患者治疗效果显著。IRIS5年的临床试验显示：用伊马替尼治疗的98%患者达血液学完全缓解,92%患者达主要细胞遗传学缓解,87%患者达完全细胞遗传学缓解。然而,仍有少数慢性期和大多数进展期患者用伊马替尼治疗疗效欠佳。在耐药机制的研究中发现ABL激酶区点突变与临床耐药关系密切。第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂可改善伊马替尼耐药,本文就急性变的分子机制、伊马替尼耐药等做一综述。     

实时定量荧光PCR检测白血病融合基因

本研究旨在建立实时定量荧光PCR的方法并检测CML、ALL、APL患者中融合基因的拷贝数,观察患者体内融合基因转录水平的变化。构建质粒标准品,制作标准曲线。检测49例患者的骨髓及外周血标本130份,对个别患者连续监测融合基因转录表达水平,结果表明：在82．4％（28／34）的CML患者中检测到BCR—ABL^p210阳性（BCR—ABLP210／ABL比值为0．01～3．19）,其中在1例CML急淋变患者检测到BCR—ABL^p210。和BCR—ABL^p190双阳性;在66．7％（4／6）的ALL患者中检测到BCR—ABL阳性,其中2例BCR—ABL^p210阳性,2例BCR—ABL^p190阳性;在77．8％（7／9）的APL患者中检测到PML—RARa融合基因阳性（PML—RARa／ABL比值为0．0014～3．199）,其中3例为长型,3例为短型,1例为变异型,检测结果为阴性的患者处于缓解期;连续监测患者融合基因转录表达水平与临床缓解和复发的变化情况相吻合。结论：实时定量荧光PCR技术成熟、操作简便,检测白血病融合基因结果准确稳定,对于临床明确诊断、具体分型、动态观测肿瘤负荷、选择治疗方案、评估治疗效果和预后都有较大价值,值得推广应用。     

慢性粒细胞白血病急变伴t(3;21)(q26;q22)染色体易位受累基因的研究

目的探讨慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）急性髓系白血病（AML）变伴t（3;21）（q26;q22）的受累基因.方法对1例CML AML变伴t（3;21）（q26;q22）患者细胞间期和中期分裂相细胞采用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）检测AML1和bcr/abl基因重排,RT-PCR联合序列分析检测t（3;21）（q26;q22）受累基因.结果der（3）和der（21）染色体上均检测到AML1基因杂交信号,AML1-MDS1-Evi1、AML1-MDS1、AML1-EAP及Evi1基因均表达,未见AML1-Evi1融合基因表达,AML1-MDS1-Evi1基因表达水平是AML1-MDS1、AML1-EAP表达水平的1.58和1.54倍,患者Evi1基因表达水平是HEL细胞系Evi1表达水平的2.71倍.结论t（3;21）（q26;q22）导致形成AML1-MDS1-Evi1、AML1-MDS1融合基因及Evi1基因激活,这些继发的分子遗传学异常是CML急性变伴t（3;21）（q26;q22）患者急变发生的分子基础.     

BCR/ABL-mediated increased expression of multiple known and novel genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia

The BCR/ABL chimeric protein plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Intensive research has elucidated many signal transduction pathways activated by BCR/ABL. However, few studies addressed BCR/ABL-dependent alterations in gene expression that may contribute to the pathobiology of CML. To additionally define such downstream genes, we performed a subtractive hybridization between cord blood (CB) CD34(+) cells transduced with an MSCV-retrovirus vector containing either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) alone or p210(BCR/ABL)-internal ribosome entry site-eGFP. Thirty-four subtracted clones expressed in p210-eGFP but not eGFP-transduced CD34(+) cells have been confirmed by Northern blot and sequenced. Fifty-nine percent represent novel proteins, and 41% are homologous to known genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that 14 of 14 genes tested were also overexpressed in additional populations of p210(BCR/ABL)-transduced CB CD34(+) cells, as well as in CD34(+) cells from primary newly diagnosed CML patients versus GFP-transduced CB or samples from normal donors. Western blot analysis showed that the known sequences were also overexpressed at the protein level. Treatment of BCR/ABL(+) cells with the Abl-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 decreased expression at the mRNA as well as protein level of some but not all of the gene products. This suggests that increased gene expression is in some cases tyrosine kinase-independent. Some of the overexpressed genes are implicated in cellular processes known to be disturbed in CML, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase or the ubiquitin pathway, whereas overexpression of other genes, including RAN and NUP98, may implicate new cellular pathways involved in CML. Additional characterization of downstream genes activated by BCR/ABL may lead to important new insights in the molecular mechanisms underlying CML and identify potentially novel therapeutic targets for CML.