猪胸部枪弹伤后荧光眼底造影早期观察

目的：利用荧光眼底造影技术探讨猪胸部枪弹伤远达效应致眼部组织结构、视网膜血流伤后改变,了解胸部枪弹伤后眼组织的损伤情况。方法：采用高速弹射击10只猪（20只眼）,建立胸部枪弹伤动物模型,对受试猪致伤前后不同时相点行眼底照相及荧光眼底造影,并作眼组织病理检查。结果：（1）眼底照相结果：伤后未见明显异常;（2）荧光眼底造影结果：伤后1 h耳-视网膜循环时间延长,较伤前有显著变化（P〈0.05）,伤后视网膜循环时间较伤前无显著改变;（3）病理结果：角膜上皮层肿胀、疏松,内皮层大量脱落,虹膜、睫状体、脉络膜、视网膜血管充血,血管内皮细胞部分脱落,视网膜神经纤维层水肿。结论：荧光眼底造影对胸部枪弹伤后,眼组织血流改变、视网膜功能的判断具有重要价值。     

彩色多谱勒血流成像鉴别诊断眼疾病

目的：探讨彩色多谱勒成像在眼疾病诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。材料与方法：应用彩色多谱勒血流成像技术对340例（413只眼）眼疾病患者进行彩色多谱勒血流成像调查。结果：151只眼视网膜脱离和27只眼脉络膜脱离检测有彩色血流信号；128只玻璃体后脱离，玻璃体机化膜上无血流信号；9只眼Coats病，9只眼原始玻璃体增殖症，53只眼内占位病变，11只眼眼眶血管异常疾病都显示血流信号并具有特征性；24只眼眶内占位病变无明显血流特征。结论：眼部血流的彩色多普勒表现对眼部疾病诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值，且彩色多普勒血流成像应作为屈光间质不清的眼部疾病的常规检查方法。     

彩色多普勒血流成像鉴别诊断眼疾病

目的探讨彩色多普勒成像在眼疾病诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值.材料与方法应用彩色多普勒血流成像技术对340例(413只眼)眼疾病患者进行彩色多普勒血流成像检查.结果151只眼视网膜脱离和27只眼脉络膜脱离检测有彩色血流信号;128只玻璃体后脱离,玻璃体机化膜上无血流信号;9只眼Coats病,9只眼原始玻璃体增殖症,53只眼内占位病变,11只眼眼眶血管异常疾病都显示血流信号并具特征性;24保眼眶内占位病变无明显血流特征.结论眼部血流的彩色多普勒表现对眼部疾病诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值,且彩色多普勒血流成像应作为屈光间质不清的眼部疾病的常规检查方法.     

彩色多普勒对视网膜脱离血液动力学研究

目的 :利用彩色多普勒技术评价视网膜脱离 (RD)患者球后血流动力学变化。方法 :视网膜脱离患者 3 5例 ,55只眼。对照组 2 6例 ,51只眼。彩色多普勒超声指导下 ,采用脉冲多普勒超声检测眼动脉 (OA)、视网膜中央动脉 (CRA)、睫状后动脉(PCA)收缩期 (PSV)、舒张期 (ESV)、平均血流速度 (AV)及阻力指数 (RI)、搏动指数 (PI)。结果 :RD与对照组的OA血流速度无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5) ;CRA、PCA的PSV、EDV、AV血流速度均减低 (P <0 .0 5) ;PI、RI值无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :视网膜脱离的血流动力学的变化直接影响到视网膜的微循环状态。彩色多普勒超声可正确评估球后血流灌注情况与病变的关系 ,较传统的荧光血管造影法更为直接和敏感 ,为视网膜脱离的基础研究及药物辅助治疗提供了重要的依据     

犬颅脑枪弹伤后脑实质致伤区超声显像研究

目的 探讨犬颅脑枪弹伤致伤区的超声显像特点.方法 取成都本地健康成年杂种犬18只,随机分为实验组(12只)和对照组(6只).麻醉后用53式滑膛枪以左额部为弹着点自左向右冠状向致伤制作犬颅脑低速枪弹伤模型.致伤后去除颅骨瓣,经骨窗应用二维及彩色多普勒超声分别在伤后即刻及1、3、6h观察脑实质内致伤区的成像特点.对照组不予致伤,其余处理同实验组.结果 实验组致伤后0.5h内死亡2只,10只纳入观察.对照组脑实质内主要解剖结构正常,实验组脑实质可观察到显著的致伤区特征:①高分辨率二维超声显示脑实质致伤区表现为内径不一、回声显著增强的近似管状回声,并可见斑片状强回声后方伴声影;彩色多普勒超声显示致伤区内未见血流信号,不同时相超声表现未见明显变化,盲管伤伤道较贯通伤复杂;②致伤区周围及远隔部位脑组织仍以低回声为主,图像分析显示致伤区与周边脑组织易于区别.结论 超声显像可清楚地显示颅脑枪弹伤脑实质内致伤区或其中伤道的分布和走行,对于颅脑枪弹伤的诊治有重要意义.     

彩色多普勒血流显像对脑卒中高危人群视网膜中央动脉血流动力学的研究

目的：探讨脑卒中高危人群视网膜中央动脉血流动力学变化。方法：采用对照研究,对180例脑卒中高危人群（观察组）和71例健康人群（对照组）进行视网膜中央动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,检测视网膜中央动脉的血流频谱,测量收缩期最大峰值血流速度（PSV）、舒张末期血流速度（EDV）和血流阻力指数（RI）。结果：观察组视网膜中央动脉血流峰值流速及舒张末期流速较对照组明显缓慢,阻力指数明显增加。观察组和对照组视网膜中央动脉PSV分别为（10．97土1．93）和（12．50士1．21）cm／s,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;两组的EDV分别为（3．65士0．93）和（5．26士1．01）cm／s,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;两组的R1分别为0．67士0．07和0．58士0．06,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈O．001）。结论：超声多谱勒血流显像可发现脑卒中高危人群视网膜中央动脉发生的血流动力学改变,可为脑卒中患者早期干预提供依据。     

猪胸部枪弹伤后胸部螺旋CT检查的应用价值探讨

目的：利用64层螺旋CT容积扫描及重建技术探讨猪胸部枪弹伤后胸部影像学表现,结合解剖结果加以分析,为胸部枪弹伤的早期、全面救治提供参考依据。方法：建立猪胸部枪弹伤动物模型10只,致伤后2 h内行胸部64层螺旋CT容积扫描及三维重建,其后解剖。结果：（1）2只（4、10号）弹道出口处粉碎性肋骨骨折,大量出血致失血性休克及右肺功能丧失而死亡。2只（1、9号）CT及解剖出血量有较大差异,提示损伤的右肋间后动脉持续出血可能,符合数小时后解剖发现右侧胸腔积血量明显增加改变。1只（8号）出血量有部分增加,结合CT表现考虑为右肋间后动脉副支损伤导致出血。2只（5、7号）双肺散在渗出性积液、积血,肺组织外观呈暗红色团片影与正常萎缩肺组织相间分布,结合死亡时间,提示5号为急性呼吸衰竭死亡,而7号为继发呼吸衰竭而死亡。（2）肺组织解剖标本测值,弹道区变化不明显,挫伤区及震荡区较CT检查结果明显缩小,考虑为肺组织萎缩后弹道区因血凝块充填,萎缩程度小,而挫伤区及震荡区相反则萎缩程度大。结论：64层螺旋CT不但能清晰显示胸部枪弹伤后血气胸程度,而且能较好地显示枪弹所致肺组织损伤及肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉损伤等易被忽视的致死性损伤,为降低此类患者的死亡率,提高临床救治水平起到重要作用。     

颅脑撞击伤并发眼部损伤的实验研究

目的：研究颅脑撞击伤时眼组织的损伤，为早期救治的时机提供实验依据．方法：采用ＢＩＭ－Ⅱ型生物撞击机，建立以额顶为着力部位的家兔重度颅脑撞击伤后眼部损伤的实验动物模型．致伤家兔１７只，分４个时相活杀后，对视神经、视网膜及色素膜作了组织病理学观察．结果：１７只兔伤后经解剖证实均为重度颅脑伤，以蛛网膜下腔出血和脑挫裂伤为主．１７只兔均出现眼部损伤．大体观察：球后段视神经鞘膜下积血，眼底镜下部分兔眼表现为视网膜水肿、出血．光镜观察：伤后６小时内表现为球后视神经蛛网膜下腔出血，脉络膜血管普遍扩张，视神经纤维层水肿，６小时后均出现后极部视网膜脱离，视网膜下蛋白样渗出，视细胞外节变性和消失．结论：颅脑撞击伤后眼组织损害是间接损伤，早期表现为局部循环障碍，晚期出现组织细胞变性坏死．     

糖尿病眼底动脉血流动力学的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的:探讨糖尿病眼底血流动力学的变化。方法:彩色多普勒超声检测糖尿病患者67例和正常对照者40例的视网膜中央动脉(central retinal artery,CRA)、睫状后动脉(posterior ciliary artery,PCA)的收缩期血流峰值速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)、阻力指数(RI),分析糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy DR)和糖尿病不伴视网膜病变(non-diabet-ic retinopathy,NDR)时其血流动力学的改变以及正常人不同年龄组血流参数的变化规律。结果:正常人不同年龄组间的PSV差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);不同年龄组间EDV、RI差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。与对照组相比较,糖尿病患者PCA、CRA的血流速度减低,阻力指数增高,差异有显著性意义;且在无视网膜病变时不仅CRA而且PCA也存在血流动力学的异常。结论:彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病眼底动脉血流动力学变化的显示具有较高临床价值。     

甲亢突眼征眼部动脉血流频谱特征和血流动力学研究

目的:探讨甲亢突眼征眼部动脉血流频谱特征和血流参数变化的规律,及与眼轴、眼压等的关系。方法:应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对甲亢突眼征患者(31例,62只眼)和正常人(25例,50只眼)的眼动脉(OA)、睫状后短动脉(SPCA)、视网膜中央动脉(CRA)的收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期最小流速(EDV)和阻力指数(RI)以及眼轴等进行检测。结果:①6项超声指标中,甲亢突眼组与正常对照组比较,眼轴、球横径无显著性差异(P>0.05);球尖距、球后软组织周长、球后软组织面积及球后软组织体积差异显著(P<0.05或<0.01)。②甲亢突眼征眼部动脉频谱形态OA第一峰高尖,第二峰降低圆钝,甚至出现两峰融合,峰时延长、后移;SPCA第一峰增高且宽大,第二、三波峰圆钝,峰时后移;CRA第一峰上升速度明显加快,波峰较高,而第二峰峰时延长、后移。③眼部血流动力学变化特点为:甲亢突眼组与正常对照组比较OA、SPCA和CRA的PSV均明显增高(P<0.01),EDV和RI有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:甲亢突眼征眼部血流频谱形态特征、血流动力学参数和球尖距、球后软组织周长、球后软组织面积及球后软组织体积发生改变。     

Unusual bullet embolism in the brachial artery: Case report and literature review

Chest cardio-vascular trauma by a gunshot bullet is less common than head trauma in forensic medicine practice, but still an extremely mortal injury. In front of no exit wound, ballistic trajectory could appear unexplained. We present the case of a 43-year-old man who sustained a gunshot wound in his chest. The entrance was facing the sternum and there was no exit wound. An autopsy completed by forensic radiology (CT-scan of the whole body) showed a wound of anterior pericardial, massive bleeding of pericardia, a wound of the anterior ascending thoracic aorta, and then the bullet embolism to the left brachial artery. Without forensic imaging, the bullet was difficult to find. Bullet embolization should be suspected when there is a gunshot injury to the chest without an exit injury and with no projectile in the area, particularly if the projectile is small. Forensic radiology can help to find bullet projectile: by using whole-body radiography or computed tomography.     

寒冷干燥环境下肢体火器伤的病理学观察

目的：通过动物实验方法，探讨寒冷干燥环境下火器伤的病理变化特点，为临床救治提供理论基础。方法：将30只新西兰大白兔一侧后肢枪击，于伤后1、3、6、12、24、48h进行大体和光镜、电镜的病理形态学观察。结果：所有伤道均为贯通伤。伤后12～24h肢体肿胀，伤道内有较多坏死组织和凝血块，伤后48h伤口有少量分泌物；光镜和电镜观察示寒冷干燥环境下伤道病理形态学改变随伤后时间的推移呈进行性加重，但明显轻于常温常湿条件下，挫伤区深层还残存有部分成活肌组织。结论：寒冷干燥环境下肢体火器伤与常温常湿条件相比，其感染出现晚、病理变化轻，因此，救治时不应过分强调彻底清创。且其清创时限可适当延长到12～24h。     

Pseudo-gunshot wound injury from perforating rib fracture: a cautionary case report

We report a case of a young woman who was found unresponsive in a garbage dumpster beneath the balcony of her 9th floor apartment residence. Initial investigations by the police and coroner raised concerns regarding the circumstances of the death. Initial examination of the body, revealed a single penetrating injury on the chest with a wide abrasion collar––the injury pattern was similar to a gunshot entry wound or a shored exit wound. Autopsy revealed the abraded skin perforation along with major chest injuries with bruising of the chest wall, extensive comminuted rib fractures, and pleural and lung lacerations. These injuries were consistent with the effects of a fatal descent from height. The penetrating injury with the abrasion collar was due to a fractured end of a rib protruding through the skin mimicking a gunshot wound. The involvement of a firearm was further excluded by postmortem radiography (no projectile in situ), detailed external examination of the clothing, and scene investigation revealing that the decedent had descended from a balcony into the dumpster. This case underscores the concept that all round penetrating wounds with abrasion collars are not gunshot injuries.     

Laceration of the thoracic aorta from a .22 lr bullet

A gunshot wound (.22 long rifle) to the chest including perforation of the aorta ascendens is presented. The small wound tract in soft tissue was characteristic for this type of ammunition and did not show any special peculiarities. However, arterial injury was not restricted to two small perforations, as expected in the light of previous wound ballistic findings. Three large longitudinal ruptures (3.0–4.5 cm in length and two of them independent of the perforations) additionally occurred, which led to rapid exsanguination. This extraordinary extent of vascular injury can be explained by perforation of the artery during the ventricular ejection phase, which causes a considerable dilation of the aorta analogous to a windkessel. The pre-existing dilation enables intraluminal temporary cavitation to have an “explosive” effect despite the high elastic tolerance of the vessel wall. The importance of tissue characteristics in gunshot wounds in general and the possible role of temporary cavitation inside the vessel in vascular gunshot wound production in particular are stressed. Received: 7 November 1996     

Loss of visual function as the result of gunshot injuries of the eye

The article presents the clinical-and-statistical analysis of causes of visual function loss occurred after the gunshot injuries of eyes. The main cause of sight loss is the eye destruction as the result of gunshot injury (61.1%). Because of the unsuccessful treatment of posttraumatic changes in eyeball the injured eyes were removed in 38.9% of the casualties. In most cases the fragmentation and mine-explosive trauma were the cause of eye destruction. In the cases of eyeball destruction enucleation and evisceration were the main surgical interventions. In the therapy of posttraumatic changes in the injured eye (flaccid inflammatory process without tendency towards its resolution, painful syndrome as well as eyeball atrophy and subatrophy) enucleation was performed. Improvement of conservative methods in therapy of posttraumatic complications could contribute to decrease in the number of casualties with sight loss after the eye gunshot injures.     

Virtual autopsy: preliminary experience in high-velocity gunshot wound victims

PURPOSE: To retrospectively assess virtual autopsy performed with multidetector computed tomography (CT) for the forensic evaluation of gunshot wound victims. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study and did not require informed consent of the next of kin. Thirteen consecutive male gunshot wound victims (mean age, 27 years) were scanned with 16-section multidetector CT prior to routine autopsy. Retrospectively, the total-body nonenhanced scans were interpreted at a three-dimensional workstation by radiologists blinded to autopsy findings. Images were evaluated for lethal wound, number and location of wound tracks, injured structures, and metal fragment location. After image review, autopsy reports and photographs were compared with the images and interpretations to validate the multidetector CT determinations. RESULTS: Multidetector CT aided in correct identification of all lethal wounds, and metallic fragment location was always precise. In four cases, multidetector CT aided in accurate assessment of organ injuries and lethal wounds but led to underestimation of the number of wounds if comingling paths occurred. In two cases of a chest wound, multidetector CT aided in accurate assessment of the chest as having the lethal wound but failed to help identify specific sites of hemorrhage. In two cases of craniofacial injury, the path of the wound was not clear. Autopsy revealed a total of 78 wound tracks (mean, 6; range, 1-24). Ten (13%) wound tracks were not identified at multidetector CT (six upper extremity wounds and four thigh wounds). In two cases, findings missed at autopsy (fracture of the cervical spine, bullet fragments in the posterior area of the neck) were identified at multidetector CT. CONCLUSION: Multidetector CT can aid prediction of lethal wounds and location of metallic fragments.     

The role of computed tomography in gunshot lesions of the chest. The authors' personal experience

PURPOSE: CT is a valuable tool in assessing thoracic gunshot wounds. CT is also the method of choice in emergency, because it permits rapid depiction of bullet damage to the chest and to other body districts. This in turn permits correct assessment of the main thoracic injuries, plus adequate and prompt planning of surgical treatment or support intensive care. We report on the role of CT in diagnosing the complex pleuropulmonary, cardiovascular and thoracic wall injuries caused by gunshot wounds, with their specific and acute signs which differ greatly from those of other types of chest trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the last 4 years, we observed 76 cases of gunshot injury, twenty-six of them involved the chest. The patients, 25 men and 1 woman (mean age: 32 years, range: 17-48), were all submitted to emergency CT with i.v. contrast agent injection and the CT-angiography technique. The reanimator was always present to monitor the patients' vital functions and shock state. CT of the chest was integrated with CT of the abdomen and pelvis in 4 cases and with CT of the skull in 3 cases, to detect associated bullet wounds if any. RESULTS: The most frequent CT finding was lung parenchyma tear and bruise (25 cases), followed by hemothorax (18 cases) and subcutaneous chest wall emphysema (9 cases). Pneumothorax was seen in 5 cases, associated with hemothorax in 6; rib injuries were found in 7 cases; pneumomediastinum was found in 4 cases and areas of pulmonary atelectasis in 3; the diaphragm was ruptured in 4 cases. CT showed spinal involvement in 11 patients, with injury of D3 and D5 in 4 and 3 cases, respectively; signs of interrupted spinal marrow were found in 7 cases. Damage from gunshot wounds was detected in the liver, spleen, skull and limbs in 3, 2, 3 and 10 cases, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Chest radiography shows major gunshot wound damage to the chest and lungs, except for heart injuries and minimal pneumothorax. When abdominal and skull injuries are associated, CT should be the method of choice because it permits prompt and panoramic assessment of the severity of pulmonary and extrathoracic damage. This results in prompt and targeted treatment, avoiding unnecessary delays which may damage the patient further.     

寒冷干燥环境下肢体火器伤早期三种外科处理的实验研究

目的：探讨寒冷干燥环境下肢体火器伤早期外科处理方法。方法：45只新西兰大白兔枪击一侧后肢后分成传统切除、改良切开和显微外科修复法3个组(各15只)，对比观察了伤道病理和伤口愈合情况。结果：改良切开法和显微外科修复法在防治伤道感染、促进创面愈合、减少伤口瘢痕等方面明显优于传统切除法。结论：寒冷干燥环境下肢体火器伤伤后6—24h伤道清创均安全有效，改良切开法和显微外科法治疗效果明显优于传统切除法。