CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴诱导前列腺癌骨转移的作用机制研究进展

研究发现趋化因子CXCL12(Stromal-derived factor-1,SDF-1)和受体CXCR4[chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4]广泛表达于组织和器官上,相关的研究发现其与前列腺癌细胞的黏附、侵袭、增殖和生存有关,并认为其在前列腺癌骨转移的发生中发挥重要作用.通过阐明CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴和前列腺癌骨转移之间的关系,从而寻找有助于疾病治疗的新途径.     

趋化因子CXCL12及其受体在人前列腺癌嗜神经过程中的表达及相关机制

目的：阐述CXCL12-CXCR4在前列腺癌嗜神经过程中的作用及相关机制。方法：H＆E染色观察前列腺癌细胞对肿瘤组织及其周围神经的浸润，免疫组织化学方法检测CXCL12和CXCR4、MMP-2、MMP-9在22例人前列腺癌和20例前列腺增生组织中的表达差别，浸润神经的肿瘤细胞CXCR4和CXCL12的表达。结果：在人前列腺癌组织中，存在着较明显的肿瘤细胞侵犯神经现象，人前列腺癌组织中CXCL12、CXCR4、MMP-2和MMP-9表达阳性率均较前列腺增生组织明显升高（P〈0．05），侵犯神经的肿瘤细胞表达CXCR4，神经组织内神经鞘膜细胞表达CXCL12。结论：在前列腺癌组织中存在肿瘤细胞嗜神经现象，肿瘤肿瘤细胞分泌CXCL12，CXCR4与MMP-2、MMP-9促进了癌细胞的嗜神经浸润。     

趋化因子CXCL12及其受体在人前列腺癌嗜神经过程中表达及相关机制

目的:阐述CXCL12-CXCR4在前列腺癌嗜神经过程中的作用及相关机制.方法:H＆E染色观察前列腺癌细胞对肿瘤组织及其周围神经的浸润.免疫组织化学方法检测CXCL12和CXCR4、MMP-2、MMP-9在22例人前列腺癌和20例前列腺增生组织中的表达差别,浸润神经的肿瘤细胞CXCR4和CXCL12的表达.结果:在人前列腺癌组织中,存在着较明显的肿瘤细胞侵犯神经现象,人前列腺癌组织中CXCL12、CXCR4、MMP-2和MMP-9表达阳性率均较前列腺增生组织明显升高(P<0.05),侵犯神经的肿瘤细胞表达CXCR4,神经组织内神经鞘膜细胞表达CXCL12.结论:在前列腺癌组织中存在肿瘤细胞嗜神经现象,肿瘤肿瘤细胞分泌CXCL12,CXCR4与MMP-2、MMP-9促进了癌细胞的嗜神经浸润.     

趋化因子受体CXCR4及其配体CXCL12在胃癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨CXCR4/CXCL12在胃癌组织中表达及其在肝转移中的作用。方法 应用Western blot 检测40例胃癌患者标本中肿瘤组织、邻近正常黏膜以及肝转移组织中CXCR4/CXCL12通路成员的表达情况,免疫组织化学法检测CXCR4/CXCL12在细胞水平的分布。结果 胃癌组织中CXCR4/CXCL12表达水平明显增高（肿瘤组织vs正常黏膜,P<0.05）;10例肝转移组织中CXCR4/CXCL12表达增高（转移组织vs原发肿瘤,P<0.05）;CXCR4/CXCL12表达水平与TNM 分期晚（Ⅲ/Ⅳ）有关（P<0.05）。结论 CXCR4/CXCL12信号转导通路可能在胃癌肝转移过程中起一定作用,详细机制尚待进一步研究。     

CXCL12- CXCR4在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究乳腺浸润性导管癌中趋化因子 CXCL12及其对应的特异趋化因子受体 CXCR4的表达,分析其与浸润性导管癌临床病理学特征的关系。方法：用免疫组化法研究200例乳腺浸润性导管癌中 CX-CL12、CXCR4的表达情况,并探讨二者单一表达或共表达与临床病理因素的相关性。结果：CXCL12在40%（80/200）浸润性乳腺癌中阳性表达,其与 TNM 分期和肿瘤大小相关（P <0.05）;CXCR4在48%（96/200）浸润性乳腺癌中阳性表达,其表达与浸润性乳腺癌的 TNM 分期相关（P <0.05）。CXCL12与 CXCR4共表达于29%（58/200）的浸润性乳腺癌,二者的共表达与 TNM 分期和淋巴结转移情况相关（ P <0.01）。结论：CX-CL12与 CXCR4共表达很可能是协同乳腺浸润性导管癌进展及淋巴结转移的重要因素,检测 CXCL12与 CX-CR4共表达比检测 CXCL12或 CXCR4单一分子标记更有意义。     

CXCL12，CXCR4及CXCR7表达检测对乳腺癌患者疾病预后意义探讨

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者肿瘤组织中CXCL12,CXCR4和CXCR7 mRNA表达情况在肿瘤转移和疾病预后中的价值。方法采用定量PCR方法检测115例乳腺癌,临近正常组织及乳腺癌肿瘤转移患者颈部淋巴结样本中CXCL12,CXCR4和CXCR7 mRNA表达情况。随访资料采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析,对影响生存质量的因素进行多重变量Cox回归分析。结果与正常组织相比,乳腺癌组织中CXCR4和CXCR7表达明显增加,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.001）,两种组织中CXCL12的表达差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;CXCL12在肿瘤原发部位和淋巴结转移部位的表达差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）,转移瘤的CXCR4和CXCR7表达均增加（P﹤0.05）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果表明,与CXCR4和CXCR7低表达患者相比,高表达患者的总生存率较低（P﹤0.05）。Cox回归模型显示,CXCL12、CXCR4和CXCR7表达均为影响乳腺癌患者生存情况的独立因素。结论本研究结果表明CXCL12、CXCR4和CXCR7 mRNA表达在乳腺癌患者肿瘤发展和转移中发挥重要作用,可以作为乳腺癌患者疾病预后的生物标志物。     

趋化因子受体CXCR4/CXCL12信号转导通路与胃癌淋巴结转移关系的研究

目的：检测趋化因子受体CXCR4/CXCL12信号转导通路在胃癌组织、远癌正常粘膜以及转移淋巴结中的表达情况,分析CXCR4/CXCL12在胃癌淋巴结转移中的作用。方法：应用Westernblot检测胃癌组织中CXCR4/CXCL12通路成员表达。结果：胃癌组织中CXCR4/CXCL12表达水平明显高于正常胃粘膜（P〈0.05）;32例淋巴结转移癌组织中22例CXCR4/CXCL12蛋白表达高于原发癌;CXCR4/CXCL12表达水平与淋巴结转移有关（P（0.05）。结论：趋化因子受体CXCR4/CXCL12在原发胃癌及其淋巴结转移癌组织中均呈高表达,CXCR4信号转导通路可能在胃癌淋巴结转移过程中起重要作用。     

CXCL12和CXCR4在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及其与预后的关系

背景与目的：新近研究显示CXCL12／CXCR4在多种肿瘤组织中有表达,并与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭特性相关;本研究旨在检测CXCL12及其受体CXCR4在食管鳞癌中的表达,研究两者对食管癌预后的影响及其与临床及病理因素之间的关系。方法：收集食管癌术后标本186例及正常食管上皮组织20例（对照组）,应用免疫组化法检测食管癌组织中CXCR4与CXCL12的表达。结果：186例食管癌组织中CXCR4的表达率为67．2％,CXCL12的表达率为63．4％,20例正常食管上皮组织中无CXCR4及CXC112蛋白表达。多因素分析：PTNM分期及CXCR4的表达是影响食管癌根治术后患者预后的独立因素（P〈0．05）：CXCL12阳性组与阴性组5年生存率分别为18．8％和21．0％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CXCR4阳性组与阴性组5年生存率分别为2．2％和28．5％。差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;有淋巴结转移组及病理分期T3期组CXCR4表达率较无淋巴结转移组及病理分期T1-2组高（P〈0．05）,食管癌组织中CXCR4的表达与CXCL12的表达之间无相关性。结论：CXCL12和CXCR4在食管癌组织中均有较高的表达,CXCR4的表达水平与食管肿瘤的发展及预后有一定的关系。     

CXCR4和CXCR7在肿瘤中的研究进展

以往的研究认为趋化因子受体4(chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)是趋化因子CXCL12的唯一受体,CXCL12/CXCR4生物轴在肿瘤发展过程中起重要作用,然而最近研究发现CXCL12尚存在CXCR7这一新的受体,并且CXCL12/CXCR7生物轴同样对肿瘤的发生发展起重要作用.本文就有关趋化因子受体CXCR4和CXCR7在肿瘤中的表达、促进肿瘤增殖和转移、促进血管新生以及肿瘤治疗等方面的研究作一综述.     

趋化因子受体CXCR7及其与肿瘤的关系

CXCR7是继CXCR4之后发现的趋化因子CXCL12的新受体.目前研究表明,CXCL12/CXCR7生物轴对多种肿瘤的发展有重要影响,与CXCL12/CXCR4生物轴的作用有一定相似性.CXCR7广泛表达于多种肿瘤组织及肿瘤细胞,在肿瘤细胞的生长增殖、黏附迁徙中起重要作用.抑制CXCR7表达或阻断其信号传导通路可能为肿瘤治疗提供新策略.     

Tumor-derived CXCL8 signaling augments stroma-derived CCL2-promoted proliferation and CXCL12-mediated invasion of PTEN-deficient prostate cancer cells

Impaired PTEN function is a genetic hallmark of aggressive prostate cancers (CaP) and is associated with increased CXCL8 expression and signaling. The current aim was to further characterize biological responses and mechanisms underpinning CXCL8-promoted progression of PTEN-depleted prostate cancer, focusing on characterizing the potential interplay between CXCL8 and other disease-promoting chemokines resident within the prostate tumor microenvironment. Autocrine CXCL8-stimulation (i) increased expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in PTEN-deficient CaP cells suggesting a self-potentiating signaling axis and (ii) induced expression of CXCR4 and CCR2 in PTEN-wild-type and PTEN-depleted CaP cells. In contrast, paracrine CXCL8 signaling induced expression and secretion of the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 from prostate stromal WPMY-1 fibroblasts and monocytic macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In vitro studies demonstrated functional co-operation of tumor-derived CXCL8 with stromal-derived chemokines. CXCL12-induced migration of PC3 cells and CCL2-induced proliferation of prostate cancer cells were dependent upon intrinsic CXCL8 signaling within the prostate cancer cells. For example, in co-culture experiments, CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling but not CCL2/CCR2 signaling supported fibroblast-mediated migration of PC3 cells while CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCL2/CCR2 signaling underpinned monocyte-enhanced migration of PC3 cells. Combined inhibition of both CXCL8 and CXCL12 signaling was more effective in inhibiting fibroblast-promoted cell motility while repression of CXCL8 attenuated CCL2-promoted proliferation of prostate cancer cells. We conclude that tumor-derived CXCL8 signaling from PTEN-deficient tumor cells increases the sensitivity and responsiveness of CaP cells to stromal chemokines by concurrently upregulating receptor expression in cancer cells and inducing stromal chemokine synthesis. Combined chemokine targeting may be required to inhibit their multi-faceted actions in promoting the invasion and proliferation of aggressive CaP.     

Effect of CXCL12 and Its Receptors on Unpredictable Renal Cell Carcinoma

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that participate in numerous cell functions during hematopoiesis, morphogenesis, inflammation, neovascularization, and autoimmune diseases and cancer. They achieve their functions on binding to their G protein-coupled receptors. CXCL12, or stromal cell-derived factor-1, is a homeostatic chemokine secreted by fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. It binds to CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4), also known as fusin (CD184), and alternate CXC receptor 7 (CXCR7), also known as atypical chemokine receptor 3. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis participates in homing of hematopoietic stem cells and the development and production of B and T lymphocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. It has been examined in > 20 different malignancies. CXCL12 plays an important role in tumor metastasis because it mediates the migration of tumor cells through the endothelial vessel wall and extracellular matrix. Its expression has been highest in common metastatic sites such as the brain, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and liver. CXCR4 is expressed by tumor cells in prostate, breast, lung, and other malignancies. Numerous studies have shown its correlation with a poor prognosis, recurrence-free survival, and poor overall survival. The present review has addressed the structure and function of CXCL12 and its receptors and the effect CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has on the pathogenesis and clinical development of renal cell carcinoma, one of the most aggressive cancers in urology, with limited therapeutic options.     

Oncogenic roles and drug target of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in lung cancer and cancer stem cell

Although the great progress has been made in diagnosis and therapeutic in lung cancer, it induces the most cancer death worldwide in both males and females. Chemokines, which have chemotactic abilities, contain up to 50 family members. By binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), holding seven-transmembrane domain, they function in immune cell trafficking and regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, activation, and migration, homing under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. The alpha-chemokine receptor CXCR4 for the alpha-chemokine stromal cell-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1) is most widely expressed by tumors. In addition to human tissues of the bone marrow, liver, adrenal glands, and brain, the CXC chemokine SDF-1 or CXCL12 is also highly expressed in lung cancer tissues and is associated with lung metastasis. Lung cancer cells have the capabilities to utilize and manipulate the CXCL12/CXCR system to benefit growth and distant spread. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is a major culprit for lung cancer and has a crucial role in lung cancer initiation and progression by activating cancer stem cell. This review provides an evaluation of CXCL12/CXCR4 as the potential therapeutic target for lung cancers; it also focuses on the synergistic effects of inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and immunotherapy as well as chemotherapy. Together, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis can be a potential therapeutic target for lung cancers and has additive effects with immunotherapy.     

胰腺癌CXCL12/CXCR4通路研究进展

目的:总结CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴与胰腺癌侵袭和转移关系的研究现状.方法:应用PubMed及CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统,以“CXCL12、CXCR4和胰腺癌”等为关键词,检索2005-2011年的相关文献,共检索到中文文献56条,英文文献152条.纳入标准:1)CXCL12-CXCR4生物学轴的生物学特性及功能;2)CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴与肿瘤发生、发展的关系;3)CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴信号转导通路的相关调控因子及其调节机制;4)CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴在胰腺癌侵袭、转移中的作用及其机制;5)CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴与胰腺癌的治疗及预后.根据纳入标准共采用中文文献3条,英文文献17条.结果:趋化因子受体CXCR4与其配体CXCL12结合组成的生物学轴具有高度特异性,在胰腺癌细胞的黏附、侵袭、转移、增殖和生存中发挥重要作用,与细胞外基质降解、胰腺癌血管、淋巴管生成及嗜神经侵袭密切相关,并受相关因子调控影响其信号转导通路.结论:CXCL12/CXCR4生物学轴在胰腺癌发生、发展中发挥着重要作用,有望成为胰腺癌靶向治疗的新靶点,但其具体作用的相关转导通路和调节机制还未完全明确,有待进一步研究.     

CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer

The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. Similarly, treatment of BR5-1-derived tumors with AMD3100, a selective CXCR4 antagonist, resulted in increased tumor apoptosis and necrosis, reduction in intraperitoneal dissemination, and selective reduction of intratumoral FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). Compared with controls, CXCR4 blockade greatly increased T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses, conferring a significant survival advantage to AMD3100-treated mice. In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease.     

HP 感染和趋化因子及受体 CXCL12 / CXCR4 与胃癌关系研究的最新进展简

幽门螺杆菌（helicobacter pylori,HP）感染在胃黏膜癌变过程中是一个重要致病因素,趋化因子及受体CXCL12／CXCR4与胃癌关系密切。本文综述了HP感染、趋化因子及受体CXCL12／CXCR4与胃癌及癌前病变的相互关系,为临床胃癌的癌前病变监控提供有实用价值的监控预测标志物,同时为HP的除菌治疗提供有用的实验室依据。     

CXCR6 is expressed in human prostate cancer in vivo and is involved in the in vitro invasion of PC3 and LNCap cells

In spite of the clinical importance of prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis, the precise mechanisms for the directed migration of malignant cells remain unclear. In the present study, the expression of CXCR6 in human PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia samples, and the expression of CXCL16 in human osseous tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry. It was found that the level of CXCR6 protein expression was elevated in human malignant prostate tumors, and CXCL16 was expressed positively by human osteocytes in vivo . The in vitro experiments further confirmed that the PCa cell lines PC3 and LNCap expressed CXCR6 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and exogenous CXCL16 has the potential to stimulate the invasion of PC3 and LNCap. To further elucidate the role of the CXCL16–CXCR6 axis in PCa progression, we compared the expression of CXCR6 and CXCR4 in human PCa tissues and the effects of CXCL16 and CXCL12 on the in vitro invasion of PC3 and LNCap cells. It was shown that CXCR6 and CXCR4 proteins were coexpressed and elevated in human PCa samples, and CXCL16 and CXCL12 promoted the invasion of PC3 and LNCap via their respective receptors. Furthermore, in contrast to CXCL12, which enhanced the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and MMP2 in PC3 and LNCap, CXCL16 ligation resulted in stronger MMP9 and MMP2 activity in LNCap but not in PC3. Our results suggest that besides CXCL12/CXCR4, CXCL16/CXCR6 might be another important factor involved in PCa bone metastasis. ( Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1362–1369)