抗艰难梭菌A毒素单克隆抗体的制备及特性分析

目的 :制备抗艰难梭菌A毒素的单克隆抗体 (mAb)并鉴定其特性。方法 :用纯化的艰难梭菌A毒素免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,将免疫小鼠的脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞Sp2 / 0融合 ,采用间接ELISA筛选杂交瘤细胞。用ELISA检测mAb腹水的效价、相对亲和力和进行表位分析 ;用Westernblot检测mAb的特异性。结果 :得到 6株杂交瘤细胞株 ,5C10株细胞分泌的mAb为IgG2a ,4B5和 8A1株细胞分泌的mAb为IgG1,其他 3株细胞mAb (2H7、3E9和 6G8)均分泌IgM。中和试验表明 ,所有的mAb均无中和活性。腹水mAb的效价均在 10 -4以上 ,其中mAb 2H7、6G8、5C10、4B5和 8A1具有共同的表位 ,而mAb 3E9识别的位点与其他 5株不同。mAb 8A1和 4B5的相对亲和力>10 5,其他 4株mAb的相对亲和力 >10 4。在非变性条件下 ,PAGE后Westernblot的结果显示 ,6株mAb均可与相对分子质量 (Mr)为 5 5× 10 4的A毒素产生反应 ;而在变性条件下 ,还原与非还原SDS PAGE后Westernblot均显示 ,6株mAb均可与Mr 为 5× 10 4～ 2 4× 10 4的A毒素产生反应。结论 :6株杂交瘤细胞株均能分泌抗艰难梭菌A毒素的特异性mAb ,为艰难梭菌A毒素的研究提供了有利的工具     

抗人RANTES分子单克隆抗体的制备及特性鉴定

目的:制备抗人RANTES分子单克隆抗体(mAb)并进行初步鉴定,为研究RANTES分子的组织分布和功能提供实验手段。方法:应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,制备小鼠源性抗人RANTESmAb。用ELISA法鉴定腹水mAb的效价。用Q FastFlow阴离子交换柱纯化mAb。用Westernblot鉴定mAb的抗原结合活性。用免疫组化染色法,对RANTES分子在进行小肠移植术的大鼠移植肠组织中的分布进行鉴定。结果:获得4株分泌抗RANTESmAb的杂交瘤细胞株。间接ELISA法测定腹水mAb的效价均达1×10-6,3株mAb为IgG1亚类(κ),1株为IgG2b(κ)。Westernblot的结果显示,3株mAb与人RANTES均有良好的结合活性。用3株mAb进行免疫组化染色的结果显示,RANTES分子在进行小肠移植术的大鼠小肠腺上皮细胞胞质中呈高表达。结论:获得4株能特异性识别天然RANTES分子的mAb。大鼠小肠移植后其肠上皮细胞中可高水平地表达RANTES。     

抗SARS冠状病毒N蛋白单克隆抗体的制备和初步应用

目的:研制抗SARSCoVN蛋白的单克隆抗体(mAb)。方法:以纯化的GSTN免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备抗SARSCoVN蛋白mAb;用免疫双扩散鉴定Ig亚类;Westernblot和免疫组化鉴定mAb的特异性;间接ELISA检测mAb的腹水效价、相对亲和常数。结果:获得1株可分泌特异性mAb的抗SARSCoVN蛋白的杂交瘤细胞系3E10H,Ig亚类为IgG2b;其腹水效价为8×10-5;其相对亲和力1.725×10-10mol/L,Westernblot和免疫组化阳性。结论:获得特异性抗SARSCoVN蛋白的mAb,为进一步用于临床诊断和实验研究创造了条件。     

抗人μ链单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定及初步应用

目的:制备高效价的鼠源性抗人μ链单克隆抗体(mAb),并建立可用于感染性疾病早期血清学诊断的ELISA捕捉法。方法:以人IgM全分子免疫BALB/c小鼠,按常规方法进行细胞融合,用间接ELISA法筛选及克隆化,建立可稳定分泌抗μ链mAb的杂交瘤细胞株。mAb的特性(效价、Ig亚类、特异性及相对亲和力)采用ELISA及Westernblot法鉴定。以纯化的mAb包被建立ELISA捕捉法,并用于可疑乙脑患者标本中特异性IgM抗体的检测。结果:筛选到1株可稳定分泌抗人μ链mAb的细胞株2E5。mAb腹水的ELISA效价为1×10-6,Ig亚类(型)为IgG1(κ),相对亲和力为1×10-5。Westernblot结果显示mAb2E5仅与IgM的μ链结合,Mr为75000。以辛酸硫酸铵法纯化的mAb2E5包被,建立了ELISA捕捉法,用于30份乙脑患者血清IgM的检测,敏感性及特异性良好。结论:成功地制备1株抗人μ链mAb2E5,建立了可用于感染性疾病早期血清学诊断的ELISA捕捉法。     

抗人层黏连蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及特性鉴定

目的:制备抗人层黏连蛋白(laminin,LN)单克隆抗体(mAb)并鉴定其特性。方法:以人LN免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备抗人的mAb;同时采用间接ELISA法柃测mAb的腹水效价及mAb的相对亲和力;采用ELISA法鉴定mAb的Ig亚类、进行表位分析及特异性鉴定。结果:获得4株可分泌特异性mAb的杂交瘤细胞2A3、2C6、3G7和4H2,其腹水mAb 的效价为3.6 × 104～2.1×106;4株mAb的Ig亚类为IgG1,轻链均属κ型;相对亲和力2C6在1012以上,2A3、3G7和4H2在106以上;其中2株与1个表位结合,另2株与另外的1个表位结合。结论:成功地制备出抗人LN的mAb,为进一步研究LN在一些疾病中的作用提供了工具。     

抗豚鼠气单胞菌单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立及其特性鉴定

目的:制备抗豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonascaviae)单克隆抗体(mAb)并进行鉴定。方法:用灭活的豚鼠气单胞菌全菌免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备mAb。用间接ELISA法对mAb的效价及其与其他细菌的交叉反应性进行鉴定;用免疫组化染色法对mAb的免疫反应性进行鉴定。结果:获得7株能稳定分泌抗豚鼠气单胞菌mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为0E10、1A2、1C4、1F1、1F10、1H8和2A1。经测定杂交瘤细胞培养上清及腹水mAb的效价,分别为10-1~10-2和10-3~10-5。mAb的Ig亚类鉴定表明,1F1为IgG1,1C4、1F10和1H8为IgG2a,2A1为IgG2b,0E10和1A2为IgG3。交叉反应试验显示,各株mAb均具有较好的特异性。免疫组化染色结果表明,mAb能和豚鼠气单胞菌特异性结合。结论:成功地制备分泌抗豚鼠气单胞菌mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,为该菌的快速检测及免疫学研究奠定了基础。     

抗H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

目的 :制备抗禽流感病毒 (AIV)H9亚型血凝素蛋白的单克隆抗体 (mAb)。方法 :以AIVH9亚型油乳剂灭活疫苗作为免疫原 ,免疫 8wk龄BALB/c小鼠。采用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备抗AIVH9亚型血凝素蛋白的mAb ;采用ELISA和血凝抑制试验(HI)检测腹水mAb的效价 ;采用ELISA、HI、免疫荧光染色 (IF)及Westernblot鉴定mAb的特异性。结果 :获得 3株可稳定分泌特异性mAb的杂交瘤细胞株 2A3、2H1和 1C8,其腹水mAb的ELISA效价依次为 1× 10 7、1× 10 5和 5× 10 6,血凝抑制效价为 1× 2 8～ 1× 2 13 ;3株mAb的Ig亚类均为IgG1。以mAb 2H1进行Westernblot的结果显示 ,该mAb能与AIV的Mr 为 75 0 0 0的蛋白条带起反应 ,表明其是针对AIVH9亚型血凝素蛋白的mAb。与 32株AIVH9亚型国内分离株进行血凝抑制试验表明 ,mAb 2H1具有良好的广谱性。结论 :成功地制备了抗AIVH9亚型血凝素蛋白的mAb ,为AIV的抗原性分析、血清学诊断、疫苗质量的监测及流行病学调查等奠定了基础     

抗温和气单胞菌单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

目的制备抗温和气单胞菌(Aeromonassobria,As)单克隆抗体(mAb)并进行鉴定。方法以灭活的温和气单胞菌免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用常规杂交瘤技术制备抗温和气单胞菌mAb。用间接ELISA法对mAb的特性进行初步鉴定。结果获得6株能稳定分泌抗温和气单胞菌mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1A8、2A8、2F11、3C6、3D11、4G2。经测定杂交瘤细胞培养上清及其诱生的腹水mAb效价分别为1×10-2~1×10-3、1×10-5~1×10-6。6株杂交瘤细胞系所分泌的mAb亚类是2A8、2F11为IgG1,1A8、3D11为IgG2a,3C6为IgG2b,4G2为IgG3。其中mAb3C6经交叉反应试验证明,与弧菌属其他几种细菌均不起反应,特异性强。结论成功地制备了抗温和气单胞菌mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,为该病的免疫学诊断及防治提供了基础。     

抗SARS冠状病毒M蛋白片段单克隆抗体的制备与初步鉴定

目的:制备抗SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)M蛋白N端1~43氨基酸(aa)单克隆抗体(mAb),并对其特性进行初步鉴定。方法:用纯化的SARS-M/GST融合蛋白抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备抗M蛋白片段的mAb。用间接ELISA法筛选能分泌抗M蛋白片段mAb的杂交瘤细胞株。Westernblot和间接ELISA鉴定所获mAb的特异性,并用小鼠mAb亚类测定试剂盒检测所获的mAbIg亚类。为分析mAb识别位点,进一步将M蛋白片段截短为部分重叠的2段表达,以Westernblot初步定位mAb识别位点。结果:获得1株可分泌特异性抗SARS-CoVM蛋白片段的mAb杂交瘤细胞株(3H9),Ig亚类鉴定为IgG2a,轻链为κ型。Westernblot显示其mAb可特异识别SARS-CoVM蛋白N端1~43aa,间接ELISA证实mAb可与包被于聚苯乙烯微孔板上的SARS病毒全蛋白抗原发生特异性反应,其识别位点位于M蛋白N端16~28aa。结论:成功获得1株抗SARS-CoVM蛋白N端1~43aamAb杂交瘤细胞,并初步定位其识别位点。     

抗O139群霍乱弧菌单克隆抗体的制备和生物学特性的鉴定

目的制备抗O139群霍乱弧菌(vibriocholeraeO139)的单克隆抗体(mAb),并鉴定其特性,为进一步研制检测O139群霍乱弧菌的胶体金免疫试纸条创造条件。方法以灭活的O139群霍乱弧菌免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备抗O139群霍乱弧菌的mAb。采用间接ELISA方法和Westernblot对mAb的特异性进行鉴定。采用间接ELISA法鉴定mAb的Ig亚类、检测其腹水效价及相对亲和力,并进行表位分析。结果获得2株可分泌特异性mAb的杂交瘤细胞(O4D7和O4D10),其Ig亚类分别为IgG2b和IgG3;腹水mAb的效价均为1∶107;mAbO4D7的相对亲和力在1×105以上,O4D10在1×104以上。ELISA相加实验的结果显示,2株mAb可识别不同的抗原表位。结论成功地制备抗O139群霍乱弧菌的两株mAb,为建立快速特异检测O139群霍乱弧菌感染的试验方法提供了有力的工具。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.