接触甲苯、二甲苯人群计算机神经行为测试结果分析

[目的 ]　通过使用计算机神经行为测试系统项目的测试 ,探讨甲苯、二甲苯对职业工人神经行为功能的影响。　 [方法 ]　采用中文版神经行为测试系统中 9个测试项目和 3套不同参数的方案对职业性接触甲苯、二甲苯的 58名工人和对照组 70名工人进行测试。同时对作业环境空气中混苯浓度和作业工人尿中马尿酸水平进行测试。　 [结果 ]　作业环境中甲苯浓度 0 .81～ 1 71 .2 2mg/m3,平均 51mg/m3。二甲苯为 4 .57～ 1 60mg/m3,平均 2 0 .4mg/m3。心算、目标追踪、连续识别记忆、视简单反应时和注意力调转项目接触组和对照组差异有显著性。　 [结论 ]　甲苯、二甲苯可引起职业接触工人心理运动能力、计算能力、记忆能力和协调能力的改变     

4S店汽修车间职业卫生现状分析

目的 确定4S店汽修车间生产过程中产生的职业性有害因素及其浓度(强度),了解汽修工人的健康状况,更好保护劳动者的健康.方法 对23家4S店有毒有害作业点进行现场检测,对接触苯及苯的同系物人员进行职业健康检查.结果 所调查的汽修车间中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的浓度范围分别为0.0085～6.992mg/m3、0.065～28.725mg/m3、0.1～14.425 mg/m3,分别低于国家短时间接触允许浓度(PC-STEL);职业健康检查中发现,接触苯及其同系物的汽修工人白细胞降低,并且随着接触苯系作业工龄的增加,该人群中发生白细胞降低的百分率也有所增加.结论 所调查的23家4S店汽修车问中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的浓度均在国家标准允许范围之内;苯系作业会造成作业工人白细胞降低,且危害程度与工龄有关.     

某厂喷漆工业苯防护装置的研制与效果评价

为了研制与评价喷漆工业苯防护装置,降低喷漆岗位空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯(简称“混合苯”)浓度。我们采用半密闭罩通风、净化喷漆及空气幕屏蔽工业苯,使室内工人操作岗位混合苯浓度达到国家规定的卫生标准。结果表明,改装前喷漆岗位混合苯平均浓度分别为:苯74.07 mg/m3,甲苯106.50 mg/m3,二甲苯172.15 mg/m3。改造后混合苯平均浓度分别为:苯6.21 mg/m3,甲苯为22.28 mg/m3,二甲苯为48.19 mg/m3。改造前、后经统计学分析,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。改造前尾气浓度分别为:苯5.70 mg/m3、甲苯328.80 mg/m3,二甲苯3.80 mg/m3。改造后尾气浓度分别为:苯、二甲苯未检出、甲苯28.80 mg/m3;甲苯净化效率为91.20%。改造后经对喷漆作业人员176人健康检查,无中毒发生,这也间接证明防护效果的可靠性。     

某焦化厂苯化合物对作业工人健康影响的调查

[目的]调查某焦化厂职业危害情况,了解苯化合物对作业工人健康的影响。[方法]2005年10月,对该厂车间空气中苯化合物浓度进行检测,对接苯人员和部分非接苯人员进行职业性健康检查。[结果]一车间动力房空气中苯、甲苯平均浓度分别为130.5、401.6 mg/m3,二车间动力房空气中苯、甲苯平均浓度分别为120.0、150.0 mg/m3,均超国家标准;自觉症状(乏力、头痛、头晕、多梦、睡眠障碍)、血象异常的多项指标的罹患率接触组高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。[结论]该焦化厂存在较为严重的职业危害因素,对作业工人健康造成损害,需进行彻底整改。     

2009-2011年上海市奉贤区作业场所空气中苯系物监测结果分析

目的了解上海市奉贤区近3年来苯、甲苯和二甲苯职业危害状况,为制定控制苯系物职业危害的具体措施和方案提供依据。方法对使用苯系物企业进行职业卫生学调查,并按国家有关标准和规范对企业进行连续3年(2009-2011年)7月到9月的作业场所空气中苯、甲苯和二甲苯采样分析。结果苯8h时间加权平均容许浓度(GTWA)均值为1.0 mg/m3,最高浓度为31.8 mg/m3;苯短时间接触容许浓度(CSTEL)均值为1.9 mg/m3,最高浓度为63.2mg/mg3;甲苯GTWA均值为29.4mg/m3,最高浓度为722.7mg/m3;甲苯CSTEL均值为82.1mg/m3,最高浓度为1908mg/m3;二甲苯GTWA均值为6.5 mg/m3,最高浓度为115.8 mg/m3,二甲苯CSTEL均值为20.0 mg/m3,最高浓度为408.9 mg/m3。苯、甲苯和二甲苯的浓度合格率均在80%以上,但3年合计的苯、甲苯和二甲苯合格率比较,甲苯合格率明显低于苯、二甲苯合格率,差异有统计学意义(χ2=25.86,P0.05)。苯、甲苯和二甲苯的个体采样合格率高于定点采样,其中甲苯的个体和定点样本合格率比较,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.83,P0.05)。甲苯和二甲苯的合格率在行业之间比较,差异有统计学意义,分别为(χ2=38.45,P0.01)、(χ2=16.17,P0.05)。结论应加强生产工艺改革和通风排毒防护措施、改善作业环境,加强职业卫生健康监护,有效控制急、慢性职业病的发生。     

中山市某石油运输服务企业加油站作业工人血常规和血糖调查

目的 了解中山市某石油运输服务企业加油站作业环境的职业病危害以及人员的职业健康状况。
方法 选择中山市某石油运输服务企业18~40岁的在职人员作为研究对象, 以油枪作业岗位315名工人为研究组, 307名非油枪作业岗位人员为对照组; 收集其一般情况和职业史等资料, 以及职业性体检结果进行分析。
结果 该企业加油站存在的化学毒物有苯、甲苯、二甲苯、溶剂汽油和正己烷, 其中加油作业岗位空气中苯、溶剂汽油、甲苯、二甲苯、正己烷的时间加权平均浓度(C_TWA)值分别为(0.25 ±0.03) mg/m3、(76.73 ±7.03) mg/m3、(0.63 ±0.13) mg/m3、(0.26 ±0.04) mg/m3、(1.25 ±0.09) mg/m3, 办公人员岗位空气中苯、溶剂汽油、甲苯、二甲苯、正己烷浓度均未检出。所有检测点空气中苯、溶剂汽油的C_TWA值均未超标。研究组工人的血红蛋白水平低于对照组(P < 0.05), 血红蛋白异常率高于对照组(P < 0.05);研究组工人的血糖浓度和异常率高于对照组(P < 0.05)。
结论 该石油运输服务企业员工职业病防护管理未到位, 工人血糖、血红蛋白浓度异常检出率升高, 长期接触汽油对作业人员健康造成一定损害, 应加强加石油作业工人的职业健康监护。
     

低浓度苯系物作业人员尿中反-反式黏糠酸和苯巯基尿酸与8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的关系

目的 以低浓度苯系物职业接触人群为研究对象,分析低浓度苯接触剂量与尿中反-反式黏糠酸(ttMA)、苯巯基尿酸(S-PMA)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)水平关系.方法 以7家企业120名苯系物接触工人为研究对象(接触组),对照组为同企业共84名不接触苯系物的行政和后勤工作人员.热解析气相色谱法测定工作环境中苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度,高效液相色谱三重串联四级杆质谱(HPLC-MS-MS)测定职业接触人群尿中ttMA、S-PMA和8-OHdG含量,并进行统计分析.结果 在作业场所苯平均加权浓度(CTWA)0.25～5.98 mg/m3时,尿中ttMA、S-PMA与空气中苯浓度均呈相关性(r2＝0.8759,r2=0.7497).低浓度苯系物(CTWA＜6 mg/m3)、甚至低于3.25 mg/m3的苯也对职业苯接触人员造成遗传损伤,且损伤程度有随苯浓度的增高而增强的趋势;尿中8-OHdG含量与苯接触浓度呈一定的剂量-反应关系(r2=0.181、P＜0.01).结论 尿中ttMA、S-PMA与空气中苯浓度均具有较高的相关性,可作为低浓度苯职业性接触生物监测的接触标记物;低浓度苯具有遗传损伤效应,尿中8-OHdG可作为苯致遗传损伤的效应标志物.未发现混杂接触限值以内的甲苯、二甲苯(CTWA＜50 mg/m3)对苯遗传损伤产生协同或拮抗作用.     

甲苯对作业工人听力改变的调查

目的探讨甲苯对作业工人听力改变的影响.方法选择接触甲苯超标组(浓度＞100mg/m3)和未超标组(浓度＜100mg/m3)的作业工人各50名,对照组为不接触甲苯作业工人50名,进行纯音测定.结果超标组的甲苯浓度(264.42±36.99)mg/m3,未超标组甲苯的浓度(66.60±14.11)mg/m3;超标组发生听力异常率36%,对照组为4%,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01),超标组与未超标组(16%)比较差异亦有显著性(P＜0.05);超标组听力异常出现的频率范围主要在2～6 kHz,并且听力下降率有随工龄增加而升高的趋势.结论职业性长期接触浓度超标甲苯对作业工人的听力可能有一定的影响.     

重庆市某区中小型企业作业场所苯系物污染状况调查

[目的]了解重庆市中小型企业作业场所苯系物的职业危害状况,为有关部门控制职业性有害因素提供依据.[方法]对重庆市某区28家中小型企业作业场所职业卫生状况进行调查,测定空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的浓度.[结果]苯、甲苯、二甲苯的平均浓度分别为14.48、62.03、45.01mg/m3,其合格率分别为27.27%、74.42%、83.72%.其中油漆工作业场所苯污染比喷漆工作业场所严重(苯合格率分别为18.18%、46.67%, P<0.05).[结论]重庆市中小型企业作业场所中苯系物的污染严重,需加强职业危害因素的监测和控制.     

职业性铝接触对作业工人心理及行为功能的影响

目的探索铝的神经毒性和职业性铝作业工人的心理和神经行为功能改变。方法采用ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为测试组合，对１０３名铝作业工人和６４名对照工人进行心理状况调查和神经行为功能测试，同时对作业环境空气中铝浓度和作业工人尿铝水平进行测定。结果铝作业工人尿铝含量明显高于对照组工人，两组差异有显著性。铝接触工龄＞１０年的工人紧张、忧郁、愤怒、疲劳和困惑情感得分均高于对照组工人；手提转捷度、数字译码和目标追踪得分显著降低。而铝接触工龄≤１０年的工人除目标追踪得分明显降低外，未发现其他行为功能和心理指标改变。结论长期职业性铝接触可以引起作业工人出现明显的心理状态、神经运动速度和准确性以及运动协调能力的改变。     

Correlation of xylene exposure and methyl hippuric acid excretion in urine among paint industry workers

Different calculations of methyl hippuric acid excretion in urine were correlated to the time-weighted average (TWA) of the xylene exposure of a complete workday for 40 paint industry workers exposed to 12 different solvents. The 8-h TWA xylene exposure varied between 0 and 865 (median 69) mg/m3. The amount of methyl hippuric acid excreted in about 24 h showed only a slightly higher linear correlation to the xylene exposure than the amount of methyl hippuric acid excreted per hour during the latter part of the workshift among the 37 subjects exposed to TWA xylene air concentrations of 0-200 mg/m3. It was concluded that the methyl hippuric acid excretion rate during the latter part of the workshift can be used for crude xylene exposure categorizations.     

Exposure of workers to a mixture of toluene and xylenes. I. Metabolism.

The urinary excretion of hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid was studied in workers (233 subjects; 122 men and 111 women) exposed to toluene and xylenes in combination and in non-exposed controls (281 subjects; 141 men and 140 women) recruited from the same factories or factories of the same regions. Smoking and drinking habits of the subjects were obtained by medical interviews. From each worker, one urine sample was collected at the end of a shift and analysed for hippuric and methylhippuric acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Air samples for the estimation of toluene and xylenes were collected with diffusive personal samplers. There was a linear correlation between the time weighted average exposure either to toluene or xylene isomers and the concentrations of hippuric acid or methylhippuric acid isomers in urine. Essentially no difference was found in the correlation between quantitative exposure and excretion in the three xylene isomers. Comparison of the slopes of regression lines indicated the absence of metabolic interaction between toluene and xylenes at the measured concentrations. The metabolism of toluene and xylenes was significantly reduced among smokers or drinkers compared with non-smokers and non-drinkers.     

A new derivatization procedure for the analysis of hippuric acid and m-methyl-hippuric acid by gas chromatography

Summary The industrial solvents, toluene and xylene, have physicochemical properties that can be hazardous to the workers exposed. Since hippuric acid and m-methyl-hippuric acid represent the products of toluene and xylene biotransformation in urine, they are used as biological markers in studies on occupational exposure to these solvents. Several methods have been used to determine hippuric acid and m-methyl-hippuric acid —either based on gas chromatography or on high-performance liquid chromatography. In this study we propose the derivatization of hippuric acid and methyl-hippuric acid using methanol in acid medium (HCl), a low-cost reagent with a low level of toxicity. The method has been routinely used in our laboratory for 1 year and has proven to be a reliable procedure for the biological control of occupational exposure to toluene and/or xylene.     

Effect of benzene, toluene, xylene on the semen quality and the function of accessory gonad of exposed workers

The effects on semen and the function of accessory gonad of workers after short and long term exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene were examined. The semen and blood of 24 married workers exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene were collected. Routine sperm characteristic, acrosin activity, and Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) relative activity were detected. The results showed that benzene, toluene, and xylene were found in the blood and semen of some ex-workers at workplaces where the air concentration of benzene, toluene, and xylene exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). No such solvents were detected in the blood and semen of workers of the control group. The sperm vitality and sperm motility decreased in the exposed workers. The mean acrosin activity, gamma-GT activity and LDH-C4 relative activity in the exposed workers were lower, and fructose concentration was higher than those in the control. There were negative correlations between sperm vitality, sperm activity, acrosin activity, or LDH-C4 relative activity and working history. These results suggest that the mixture of these solvents could affect the sperm and the function of accessory gonad. This might be one reason of the abnormal pregnancy outcome among the wives of workers exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene.     

Mutual metabolic suppression between benzene and toluene in man

Summary The exposure intensity during a shift and the metabolite levels in the shift-end urine were examined in male workers exposed to either benzene (65 subjects; the benzene group), toluene (35 subjects; the toluene group), or a mixture of both (55 subjects; the mixture group). In addition, 35 non-exposed male workers (the control group) were similarly examined for urinary metabolites to define background levels. A linear relationship was established between the intensity of solvent exposure and the corresponding urinary metabolite levels (i.e. phenol, catechol and quinol from benzene, and hippuric acid and o-cresol from toluene) in each case when one of the three exposed groups was combined with the control group for calculation. Comparison of regression lines in combination with regression analysis disclosed that urinary levels of phenol and quinol (but not catechol) were lower in the mixture group than in the benzene group when the intensities of exposure to benzene were comparable, indicating that the biotransformation of benzene to phenolic compounds (excluding catechol) in man is suppressed by co-exposure to toluene. Conversely, metabolism of toluene to hippuric acid was suppressed by benzene co-exposure. Conversion of toluene to o-cresol was also reduced by benzene, but to a lesser extent. The significance of the present findings on the mutual suppression of metabolism between benzene and toluene is discussed in relation to solvent toxicology and biological monitoring of exposure to the solvents.     

Delayed and Competitively Inhibited Excretion of Urinary Hippuric Acid in Field Workers Coexposed to Toluene,Ethyl Benzene,and Xylene

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the metabolic suppression of hippuric acid (HA) occurs in field workers coexposed to toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene. Eleven male spray painters were recruited into this study and monitored for 2 weeks using a repeated-measures study design. The sampling was conducted for 3 consecutive working days each week. Toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene in the air were collected using 3M 3500 organic vapor monitors. Urine samples were collected before and after work shift, and urinary HA, methyl hippuric acid, mandelic acid, and phenylgloxylic acid concentrations were determined. In the first week, toluene concentrations were 2.66 ± 0.95 (mean ± SE) ppm, whereas ethyl benzene and xylene concentrations were 27.84 ± 3.61 and 72.63 ± 13.37 ppm, respectively, for all subjects. Pre–work shift HA concentrations were 230.23 ± 37.31 mg/g creatinine, whereas pre–work shift HA concentrations were 137.81 ± 14.15 mg/g creatinine. Mean urinary HA concentration was significantly greater in the pre–work shift samples than in the pre–work shift samples (p = 0.043). In the second week, toluene concentrations were much lower (0.28 ppm), whereas ethyl benzene and xylene were 47.12 ± 8.98 and 23.88 ± 4.09 ppm, respectively, for all subjects. Pre–work shift HA concentrations were 351.98 ± 116.23 mg/g creatinine, whereas pre–work shift HA concentrations were 951.82 ± 116.23 mg/g creatinine. Mean urinary HA concentration was significantly greater in the pre–work shift samples than in the pre–work shift samples (p <0.01); a significant correlation (r = 0.565; p = 0.002) was found between pre–work shift urinary HA levels and ethyl benzene exposure. This study showed that urinary HA peak was delayed to next morning for workers coexposed to toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene; xylene and ethyl benzene probably played competitive inhibitors for metabolism of toluene. The study also presumed that urinary HA became the major metabolite of ethyl benzene at the end of work shift, when the exposure concentrations of ethyl benzene were 2.0 times those of xylene.     

Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents

Summary A group of printing workers (n = 34) exposed to toluene was examined according to the concentrations of hippuric acid, phenol, o-cresol, and (m+p)-cresol in urine. The average concentration in the air of the workroom was 23 ppm. It is shown that, besides hippuric acid, small amounts of o-cresol. which is not a normal constituent of urine, were formed from toluene. The occurrence of o-cresol could be proved by mass spectrometry. On account of the small amounts of benzene present in industrially used toluene—in this case 0.025%—the average concentration of phenol in urine of the exposed group was significantly higher statistically than in urine from the controls .     

甲苯的慢性危害和尿中的马尿酸作为职业性接触的生物学监测指标探讨

本文对１４０名接触以甲苯为主的有机溶剂的包漆工（平均接触工龄８．３９年）进行了横断面调查，发现头昏、头痛、失眠、乏力、腹隐痛等症状的出现率，神衰综合征和慢性咽炎的患病率明显高放对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。常规肝功能和血清碱性磷酸酶（Ｓ－ＡＫＰ）无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。包漆工班末尿马尿酸平均浓度显著高於班前和对照组班末的平均浓度（分别Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。男、女包漆工班末尿马尿酸平均浓度均高于班前（分别Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。空气中苯系物的浓度均在最高允许浓度范围内。结果提示，长期接触低浓度的以甲苯为主的有机溶剂，对中枢神经系统有不利影响。尿中马尿酸水平可作为反映工人接触低浓度甲苯的有用的、生物学监测指标。     

职业接触低浓度混苯对健康的影响

目的观察低浓度混苯对作业人员健康的影响.方法.观察118名从事混苯作业人员,对照119名条件相当非接触混苯的行政人员健康状况.结果低浓度混苯接触组头晕、头痛、记忆力下降、月经紊乱以及鼻炎、咽炎、皮炎发病率明显高于对照组,发病者专业工龄无明显差异.结论职业接触低浓度混苯可损害神经系统、生殖系统、皮肤黏膜.     

Excretion of hippuric acid and m- or p-methylhippuric acid in the urine of persons exposed to vapours of toluene and m- or p-xylene in an exposure chamber and in workshops, with specific reference to repeated exposures

Ogata, M., Takatsuka, Y., and Tomokuni, K. (1971).Brit. J. industr. Med.,28, 382-385. Excretion of hippuric acid and m- or p-methylhippuric acid in the urine of persons exposed to vapours of toluene and m- or p-xylene in an exposure chamber and in workshops, with specific reference to repeated exposures. Four male volunteers were exposed to 200 p.p.m. of toluene for five one-hour periods separated by one-hour intervals. The excretion curve of hippuric acid showed multi-peaks, and almost concided with a theoretical curve previously described. The fraction of the toluene absorbed which was accounted for as hippuric acid was only slightly lower than after a single exposure.

In a paint spraying shop exposure was measured both from the concentrations of toluene in the air by a Kitagawa detector and from the exceretion of urinary hippuric acid. The results were in general agreement, with a correlation coefficient of 0·67.

Urinary hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid were determined on urines from two workers in a shipbuilding yard who used paint thinned with toluene and xylene. The concentrations of the acids varied from day to day depending on the kind and the duration of work. From the concentrations found the mean concentrations to which the workers were exposed were calculated as a fraction of the maximum allowable concentration (M.A.C.). One worker was, on this evidence, exposed to more than the combined M.A.C. on three days out of six.