Production of 19S and 7S antibodies by cancer patients

The production of 7S and 19S antibody was compared in twenty-one patients with various types of carcinoma, four with lymphomatous neoplasms, and eleven healthy controls, at weekly intervals following administration of 17D yellow fever live virus vaccine. Sera were also tested for interferon and infectious virus. Mean and range of antibody titres were very similar in carcinoma patients and controls. There was a slight delay in antibody production in the cancer patients. Viraemia was demonstrated in 1/8 healthy controls, 4/20 carcinoma patients, and 2/3 lymphoma patients. No interferon was detected.     

The effect of 7S and 19S antibodies on the primary response to Salmonella typhi antigen

The effect of IgM and IgG antibodies on the primary response to Salmonella typhi antigen has been studied. IgG antibodies given before antigenic challenge or combined with antigen in antibody excess profoundly suppressed the formation of agglutinins in rabbits and humans. IgM antibodies appeared to have little or no inhibitory effect when given as complexes in antibody excess or when infused in relatively small amounts. Larger amounts do inhibit agglutinin formation in rabbits. It is suggested that the antibodies exert their inhibitory effect by combining with antigen and removing it as a stimulant for antibody formation.     

Inhibitory effect of analogues of phenylarsonate on purified 19S and 7S antibodies specific for azophenylarsonate

Purified 19S and 7S antibodies specific for protein-conjugated azophenylarsonate were compared with respect to their affinities for the free haptens, phenylarsonate and the o-, m- and p-isomers of mononitrophenylarsonate, as judged from the technique of inhibition of haemagglutination of cells conjugated with the homologous hapten. It was found that the two antibody types were equally effective in discriminating among the isomeric haptens, but that 7S antibody was consistently more readily inhibited than the 19S by all the haptens tested. Various parameters concerning agglutination and its inhibition are discussed with regard to these two antibody forms.     

Reactions of purified hemagglutinating antigens of flaviviruses with 19S and 7S antibodies.

The rapidly sedimenting hemagglutinin (RHA) representing the purified virion and the slower-sedimenting hemagglutinin (SHA) of several flaviviruses were separated and used in hemagglutination inhibition tests with the 19S (immunoglobulin M) and 7S (immunoglobulin G) immunoglobulin fractions of rabbit antisera, prepared against purified viral antigens or against crude virus pools. The antibody specificity in tests with RHA was identical to the specificity in those employing SHA. 7S antibody cross-reacted broadly with all flavivirus antigens, whereas 19S antibodies were relatively specific in cross-reactions among flaviviruses (RHA or SHA). SHA was consistently inhibited by antibody to a greater extent than RHA. Anti-envelope protein, anti-RHA antibodies and anti-SHA antibodies were unable to discriminate between RHA and SHA. It was concluded that the relative amounts of RHA or SHA in crude hemagglutinin preparations have no influence on the result of hemagglutination inhibition tests with flaviviruses.     

Timing of different virus neutralizing 19S and 7S antibodies in natural Coxsackie infections of newborn babies and adults

Neutralizing Coxsackie antibodies arising from natural infections with Coxsackie virus type B3 or B5 were studied in adults and newborn babies. No differences could be found between the antibody response of the newborn babies and that of the adults.

The antibody titres rose approximately as rapidly in the babies as in the adult patients, and the means of the peak titres did not differ significantly in the two groups. Early in the infection the neutralizing antibodies of both newborn babies and adults were exclusively IgM. There was a gradual shift to IgG in the course of 3 months, and this shift was as rapid in babies as in adults.

     

Influence of splenectomy on platelet morphometry and function

Summary Functional and morphometric platelet abnormalities may be influenced by splenectomy and thus contribute to postoperative thrombohaemorrhagic complications, especially in patients with splenomegaly and/or platelet defects. We investigated platelet function, platelet secretion, and platelet morphometry before and one week after splenectomy in seven patients with normal platelet production and normal spleen size (Hodgkin's disease) and five patients with splenomegaly and platelet abnormalities (4 with myeloproliferative disorders and 1 with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia).Severe postoperative thrombohaemorrhagic complications occurred only in patients with myeloproliferative disorders, although platelet count and mean platelet volume increased in almost all patients after splenectomy. Four patients with myeloproliferative disorders had impaired platelet aggregation before splenectomy that improved in only one patient after surgery. Platelet buoyant density in this patient group was decreased before splenectomy and normalised thereafter. Concomitantly, intraplatelet concentrations of-granular proteins increased. Before splenectomy, there was a positive correlation between platelet density and platelet volume in patients with Hodgkin's disease (r=0.59,p<0.001), but not in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. There was no correlation between platelet density and platelet volume after splenectomy in either patient group.In conclusion, morphometric platelet abnormalities were found in all patients after splenectomy. In patients with myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disorders, decreased platelet buoyant density normalised and intraplatelet concentrations of-granule proteins were elevated after splenectomy. However, platelet function defects in this patient group were not corrected and may have been a major cause of thrombohaemorrhagic complications in the postoperative period.Abbreviations ABVD Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine - ADP Adenosine diphosphate - Ara-C Cytosine arabinoside - BS Busulfan - CML Chronic myelogenous leukemia - CMML Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia - COPP Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone - HD Hodgkin's disease - HU Hydroxyurea - MDS Myelodysplastic syndrome - MOPP Nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone - MPD Myeloproliferative disorders - MPV Mean platelet volume - PF4 Platelet factor 4 - PRP Platelet rich plasma - PV Polycythemia vera - TG -thromboglobulin     

Structural studies of the Xenopus 19S immunoglobulin and 7S immunoglobulin and two immunoglobulin-like proteins.

Xenopus laevis 19S and 7S immunoglobulins (Ig) were extensively reduced and alkylated, their H and L chains spearated and their molecular weights determined. Two kinds of L chains of molecular weight 25,000 and 27,000 were revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition two Ig-like proteins consisting of heavy chains only, of 19S H-type and with similar molecular weight, were detected in Xenopus serum ans isolated. These proteins share common antigenic determinants with Xenopus 19S Ig heavy chains and are devoid of light chain determinants.     

Effect of cortisone acetate on 19S and 7S haemolysin antibody: A time course study

A single subcutaneous injectio of cortisone acetate (400–500 mg/kg body weight) depressed the serum haemolysin response of adult Swiss mice to sheep erythrocytes when administered near the time of antigen injection. The greatest suppression of the early haemolysin response occurred when cortisone was injected 3–4 days prior to antigen, while the late antibody response (20–30 days after antigen injection) was markedly decreased when cortisone was given up to 4 days after antigen. Cortisone depressed both 19S and 7S haemolysin when given prior to antigen, but depressed only the 7S antibody when administered after antigen. An attempt was made to correlate the depression of the immune response with the decrease in lymphoid tissue following cortisone treatment and a striking correlation was observed between the number of circulating lymphocytes at the time of antigen injection and the 7 day titres of total and 19S antibody.     

Association of ataxin-7 with the proteasome subunit S4 of the 19S regulatory complex.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ataxia and selective neuronal cell loss caused by the expansion of a translated CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract in ataxin-7, the SCA7 gene product. To gain insight into ataxin-7 function and to decipher the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in SCA7, a two-hybrid assay was performed to identify ataxin-7 interacting proteins. Herein, we show that ataxin-7 interacts with the ATPase subunit S4 of the proteasomal 19S regulatory complex. The ataxin-7/S4 association is modulated by the length of the polyglutamine tract whereby S4 shows a stronger association with the wild-type allele of ataxin-7. We demonstrate that endogenous ataxin-7 localizes to discrete nuclear foci that also contain additional components of the proteasomal complex. Immunohistochemical analyses suggest alterations either of the distribution or the levels of S4 immunoreactivity in neurons that degenerate in SCA7 brains. Immunoblot analyses demonstrate reduced levels of S4 in SCA7 cerebella without evident alterations in the levels of other proteasome subunits. These results suggest a role for S4 and ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal proteolysis in the molecular pathogenesis of SCA7.     

19S γM, followed by 7S γG anti-Jka antibodies associated with pregnancy

Mrs H., a white woman, with three previous pregnancies, developed anti-Jk^a blood group antibodies in her serum, but her twins, both the Jk(a+), did not develop haemolytic disease of the newborn. It was shown that her antibodies were 19S γM anti-Jk^a antibodies, that they did not cross the placental barrier, and were absent from the serum of the children. One month after delivery, 7S γG antibodies appeared in her serum. Five months later, the 19S antibodies faded leaving 7S anti-Jk^a antibodies behind.

This change is considered to be as a result of immunization of pregnancy due to the influx of Jk(a +) foetal cells into the maternal circulation.

Various aspects of the investigations on the maternal serum are discussed.

     

硝酸镧对大鼠睾丸7型水通道基因表达的影响

目的:观察不同剂量稀土元素-镧对大鼠睾丸7型水通道(aquaporin7,AQP7)基因表达水平的影响。方法:取硝酸镧灌胃6个月大鼠的睾丸组织提取总RNA进行Northernblot分析。结果:低剂量La(NO₃)₃(0.1mg/kg)抑制大鼠睾丸AQP7的mRNA表达,而高剂量La(NO₃)₃(20mg/kg)的作用与对照组比较无明显差别。结论:大鼠睾丸内可见AQP7mRNA的表达;硝酸镧能影响大鼠睾丸AQP7mRNA表达的强度。     

Enhancement of reagin formation in rabbits by passively administered 19S antibody

Rabbits immunized with haemocyanin in Freund's complete adjuvant responded in almost all cases with the formation of serum homocytotropic (reaginic) antibodies. Intravenous administration of 19S antibodies 1 day before or after antigenic stimulation resulted in an enhancement of the formation of the homocytotropic antibodies. No significant effect on the synthesis of 7S and 19S antibodies, reactive in passive haemagglutination, was observed. The results are discussed in relation to hyposensitization therapy.     

Characteristics of the 19S and 7S response to bacteriophage ΦX174 in the fowl

After intravenous injection of 10¹⁰ plaque forming particles of ØX174 bacteriophage into White Rock fowls, immune elimination began at 30 hours and viable phage was cleared from the circulation by 50–52 hours, the approximate time at which detectable antibody appeared. Little change was noted in the serum neutralizing activity in the interval from 44 to 217 days after injection, at which time the birds were reinjected with ØX174.

Sephadex Peak I (19S globulin) accounted for most of the early activity of the primary response. By Day 9 most of the activity had shifted to Peak II (7S globulin). In the secondary response, the shift had occurred by Day 4. Both 19S and 7S globulin fractions showed an increase in activity when compared to the same days of the primary response, but the 7S increase was proportionately greater.

All sera and serum fractions (whether 19S or 7S) were sensitive to reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, but became, less sensitive during the course of immunization.

With regard to the production of 19S antibody, White Rock fowls showed a different response to the particulate antigen ØX174 compared with the response to injection of the soluble antigen, bovine serum albumin. There is evidence of immunological memory in the 19S response to ØX174.