17家蓄电池极板生产企业整改后职业病防护设施效果评价

目的评价某地17家乡镇蓄电池极板生产企业整改后职业病防护设施的效果。方法对17家生产企业作业场所空气中的铅尘、铅烟含量进行监测，对铅接触人员的血铅含量进行测定。结果对17家生产企业149个铅作业点进行了现场检测，共收集1237件样品。其中，114个作业点合格，点合格率为76．5％；35个点TWA超标，铅尘TWA最高值为0．64mg／m^3，超过国家标准12．8倍，铅烟TWA最高值为0．167mg／m^3，超过国家标准5．6倍。对953名铅作业工人进行职业性健康体检，轻度铅中毒者8人，血铅水平偏高（≥400μg／L）112人，工人平均血铅水平为309μg／L。结论整改后的17家乡镇蓄电池极板生产企业的职业病防护设施较整改前完善，有较明显防护效果；但某些蓄电池极板生产企业铅作业岗位仍存在明显的职业危害情况，应进一步完善作业场所的卫生防护设施，为工人配备有效的个体防护用品。     

某铅酸蓄电池企业整改前后工作场所空气中铅浓度的调查分析

通过对某铅酸蓄电池企业防护设施整改前后工作场所铅烟(尘)浓度检测,评价其防护设施整改效果。结果显示,整改前工作场所铅烟和铅尘水平合格率分别为33.3%和20%,整改后为78.6%和75%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。该厂如按建议完善超标岗位防护设施,可有效控制铅职业危害。     

宿迁市某铅酸蓄电池生产企业铅尘铅烟治理情况

目的评价宿迁市某铅酸蓄电池生产企业铅尘铅烟的治理效果,找出存在问题,以助企业后期整改。方法通过现场职业卫生调查、职业病危害因素检测和职业健康检查,综合分析治理前后工作场所的铅尘铅烟检测情况和铅作业劳动者血铅体检情况。结果治理后的铅尘、铅烟浓度无明显降低,仍有75%铅尘铅烟岗位超标;且休息室中铅尘和铅烟的浓度较高(0.129 mg/m~3);治理后劳动者血铅超标率变化不大,仍有劳动者血铅≥400μg/L。结论本次治理效果一般,地面、设备表面、工作台面积尘较多,休息室和劳动者工作服积尘较多,未制定劳动者盥洗、进出休息室着装、防护用品佩戴的制度,应立即按照治理方案进一步整改。     

某铅酸蓄电池企业职业病防护措施分析与评价

目的对某铅酸蓄电池企业职业病防护措施进行评价,提出针对性改进措施。方法采用职业卫生调查、职业病危害因素检测对该企业职业病防护设施和职业卫生管理措施进行分析评价。结果该企业主要职业病危害因素铅烟、铅尘、硫酸合格率分别为60%、40%和100%,铅烟铅尘通风防护设施效果差,现场管理混乱。结论只有工程防护设施与管理措施双管齐下,才能从源头上控制职业病危害,减少职业病的发生,保护劳动者健康。     

武汉市铅酸蓄电池企业工人铅接触水平的调查分析

目的了解武汉市铅酸蓄电池行业企业工作场所空气中铅污染状况,分析铅污染与暴露者血铅浓度相关性,并对企业存在的职业卫生问题提出建议。方法在武汉市4家铅酸蓄电池企业的工作场所采集铅烟和铅尘的样本,并检测铅接触工人血铅水平。结果生产岗位空气中铅浓度超标率为34.95%;1 435名工人中血铅浓度超标率1.74%。随着接害龄的增加,工人血铅平均浓度也升高,且各企业工人血铅浓度组间两两比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论武汉市铅酸蓄电池行业铅尘超标情况较严重,不同企业铅接触者血铅浓度有明显的差异。对此相关部门及从业人员均应采取相应措施,以减轻其危害。     

某铅酸电池组装厂铅职业病危害调查

目的了解惠州地区铅酸电池生产铅职业病危害情况,为监管部门整治铅酸电池生产行业提供科学依据。方法对现场进行职业卫生学调查、工作场所通风防尘(毒)设施检测、工作场所铅烟(尘)浓度检测及对接触铅作业工人职业健康检查等结果进行分析。结果铅酸电池生产工艺落后,工作场所通风防尘设施设计、安装不合理,效果差;工作场所中铅尘超标率达75%,铅烟超标率达100%,最高超标29倍;接触铅作业工人血铅超正常值29人,占14.4%;疑似职业性慢性轻度铅中毒6人,占3.0%。结论该铅酸电池组装厂铅职业病危害严重;建议企业加强对工作场所局部通风设施的改造,提高其控制效果,治理铅酸电池铅职业病危害的根本途径是采用先进的工艺和自动化生产。     

某铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害因素识别与评价

采取现场职业卫生学调查、现场检测与评价等方法,对某铅酸蓄电池生产存在的职业危害因素进行识别、分析与评价。铅酸蓄电池企业生产过程产生的主要职业危害因素是铅烟、铅尘、噪声等。铅烟检测超标率为40.0%,铅尘检测超标率为100.0%,噪声检测超标率为50.0%;职业健康体检血铅水平达到400μg/L以上者占总人数的15.3%;极板、焊接岗位职工血铅超标率高达34.1%和26.2%;部分作业场所职业病防护设施设置不合理;部分岗位员工个体防护用品佩戴不规范,提示铅酸蓄电池企业职业危害因素现状不容忽视,需加紧采取有效的职业病危害预防控制措施。 更多还原     

铅酸蓄电池生产工序职业病危害调查及防治对策

目的了解铅酸蓄电池行业的职业病危害现况,发现其生产工序的关键控制点,探讨该行业职业病危害的防治建议和对策。方法采用职业卫生学调查、工作场所职业病危害因素现场检测,对山东省10家铅酸蓄电池企业检测结果进行分析。结果铅粉制造工序铅尘超标率为27.3%,板栅制造工序铅烟超标率为40.9%,极板制造工序铅尘超标率为57.1%,组装电池工序铅烟、铅尘超标率分别为50%和58.3%,电池化成及包装工序硫酸超标率为零;其中铅烟最高超标17.8倍,铅尘最高超标46倍;板栅铸造工序和组装电池工序工作场所空气中铅烟浓度差异有统计学意义(t=2.91,P0.01),铅粉制造工序、极板制造工序和组装电池工序中铅尘浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论铅酸蓄电池行业普遍存在铅烟、铅尘超标的现象。应提高生产工艺自动化、机械化程度,增加铅烟、铅尘岗位局部排风,配备适宜的个体防护用品,提高员工防护意识和加强企业职业卫生管理。     

广东省惠州地区铅酸电池生产企业铅职业病危害调查

目的了解惠州地区铅酸电池生产企业铅职业病危害情况及造成危害的主要原因。方法采用职业卫生学调查及现场职业病危害检测、职业健康体检等方法。结果 7家铅酸电池生产企业工作场所铅烟C_(TWA)浓度平均为0.216 mg/m~3,超标率为44.7%,焊接岗位铅烟浓度最高,为4.220 mg/m~3,超标139倍;铅尘C_(TWA)浓度平均为0.161 mg/m~3,超标率为29.4%。铅超标率高低与企业规模大小无关。接触铅作业体检1 311人,血铅浓度超过1.90μmol/L限值328人,血铅超限率为25.02%,其中92人超过2.90μmol/L,占血铅超限人数的28.05%。铅职业病危害严重的主要原因是生产工艺落后,生产布局不合理,通风设施设计安装不符合要求,工人自我防护意识差,不能正确使用防护设施和个人防护用品等。结论惠州地区铅酸电池生产企业铅职业病危害严重,应采用先进生产工艺,优化通风设施设计安装,加强企业职业病防治管理等综合治理措施,才能有效降低工作场所铅职业病危害,保护工人健康。     

湘潭某铅酸电池厂职业危害治理措施与效果评估

目的评价某铅酸电池厂职业病危害整改的控制效果,预防、控制铅的危害。方法运用职业卫生调查法、职业卫生检测法、职业病防护设施检测、职业健康检查法等方法,对湘潭某铅酸蓄电池厂2015年采取工艺改革、职业卫生培训、卫生工程防护、职业健康监护等职业危害治理措施1年后的治理效果进行评估,以整改前后的作业场所铅烟(尘)浓度合格率、铅作业工人的自觉症状阳性率、血铅超标率和答题正确率等指标,对治理效果进行综合评估。问卷调查设计30题,内容为:基本知识(铅的理化性质、接触途径、铅中毒临床表现)、卫生保健、卫生工程防护措施。结果培训前有112人参加问卷调查,培训后有106人参加问卷调查,培训前作业工人答题正确率从45.43%提高到培训后的62.23%,培训后铅作业工人职业卫生知识掌握程度有显著提高(P0.05)。整改前铅粉制造、浇铸板栅、电池装配3个岗位的铅烟(尘)PC-TWA检测合格率分别从52.6%、50.0%、25.0%提高到整改后的100%、100%、100%,合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),3个岗位采取的综合治理措施取得了良好的效果。铅作业工人11项自觉症状8项整改前后的发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。整改前血铅≥1.9 mmol/L的21人,超标率18.8%,整改后血铅≥1.9 mmol/L的4人,超标率3.77%,两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论湘潭某铅酸电池厂采取工艺改革、职业卫生培训、卫生工程防护、职业健康监护等职业危害治理措施后取得了良好的效果。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.