PCNL术后肾出血介入止血的临床研究

目的研究PCNL术后肾出血的介入止血方法及效果。方法12例PCNL术后。肾出血患者均采用Seldinger法穿刺右侧股动脉，超选择插管至肾动脉或。肾段动脉行DSA检查，进一步超选插管至肾动脉出血口，以明胶海绵颗粒（条）进行栓塞，必要时加PVA或弹簧圈等栓塞材料栓塞止血。结果介入方法栓塞治疗PCNL术后肾出血12例，Hb和RBC递增，4～7天痊愈出院。结论介入方法为PCNL术后。肾出血止血安全有效的方法。     

介入栓塞治疗经皮肾镜取石术后大出血

目的研究探讨介入栓塞治疗经皮肾镜微创取石术后继发大出血的临床价值。方法回顾分析我院2007年3月—2012年3月间经介入治疗的经皮肾镜微创取石术后继发大出血的32例患者的相关资料。结果 32例中有28例经介入栓塞治疗后一次性治愈,另4例行二次介入栓塞治疗后治愈,均未见明显介入治疗相关并发症。结论介入栓塞治疗是经皮肾镜取石术后继发大出血的首选方法,疗效确切,见效快,安全性高,值得提倡与推广。     

微创经皮肾镜碎石术并发大出血原因及临床处理分析

目的 分析微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrlithotomy,MPCNL)大出血的原因,并探讨出血的预防与控制及介入栓塞术止血的效果及相关经验.方法 回顾性分析该院2004年10月～2008年6月10例MPCNL大出血患者的临床资料,其中男性9例,女性1例,年龄36～73岁,平均50岁.对出血原因,出血的预防与控制及介入栓塞止血治疗的效果进行分析和探讨.结果 MPCNL术并发出血10例,其中术中出血2例,术后出血8例,术中出血多为建立穿刺通道时以及进入集合系统后碎石时血管或肾实质损伤引起,术后出血多为假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘形成等.10例出血患者均行了介入栓塞治疗,止血效果好,术后血压、血常规及肾功能情况恢复好.结论 超选择肾动脉介入栓塞技术治疗MPCNL并发的严重出血是安全有效的,而且能很大程度上保留肾组织和保护肾功能.     

经皮肾镜取石术后大出血肾动脉数字减影血管造影表现及介入治疗

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后大出血肾动脉数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现及介入栓塞治疗的价值。方法收集2012年1月-2015年6月PCNL术后大出血患者34例,均经肾动脉DSA检查,并采取超选择性肾动脉栓塞(SRAE)治疗,栓塞材料为微弹簧毛圈、电解脱弹簧圈和/或生物胶(GLUBRAN2)。术后随访6个月~1年。结果 34例患者中DSA表现为肾动脉分支假性动脉瘤(RAP)22例(64.7%),肾动静脉瘘(RAVF)8例(23.5%),RAP伴RAVF 4例(11.8%)。所有患者均一次栓塞成功,技术成功率及止血率100.0%,最大程度保留病肾组织及功能,无严重并发症发生,术后随访6个月~1年,全部病例无血尿复发,肾功能正常。26例患者术后出现不同程度的栓塞综合征。结论 RAP、RAVF是PCNL术后肾动脉损伤导致大出血的主要类型;采用微弹簧毛圈、电解脱弹簧圈和/或GLUBRAN2胶行SRAE创伤小、止血迅速彻底,能最大限度保留肾组织及功能,是PCNL术后大出血的首选治疗方法。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后需输血及栓塞的原因分析

目的 确定导致MPCNL治疗术后输血及栓塞的可能因素,以便出血后迅速采取适当的措施治疗患者.方法 总计522例患者进行(共618例次)MPCNL术后,统计分析对导致出血、输血及栓塞的各种手术有关的、患者有关的因素进行评估.结果 26例需要输血,比率为4.2%,8例患者需行肾动脉造影及选择性肾动脉栓塞术,比率为1.29%.统计分析发现孤立肾、高血压、术前尿路感染及结石面积是MPCNL术后出血重要原因.年龄、糖尿病、手术史,结石侧别、患肾功能、血清肌苷水平及手术时间并不造成红细胞压积水平的明显降低.此外,肾积水有助于减少手术后失血.结论 MPCNL术后大出血可以输血或肾动脉选择性栓塞成功治疗.孤立肾、高血压、尿路感染及结石表面负荷是术后出血、输血及栓塞是致术后出血的重要原因.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗孤立肾合并肾结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗孤立肾结石的安全性与有效性。方法2005年8月～2005年9月，利用MPCNL技术治疗孤立肾结石2例。患者1行局麻经皮肾穿刺造瘘术5d后行二期局麻下MPCNL术；患者2行一期穿刺MPCNL术。2例均为单通道取石。结果结石完全清除，术后肾功能正常，无严重并发症。结论MPCNL治疗孤立肾肾结石安全、有效，同时具有对病人创伤小、易恢复等优点。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术出血并发症防治

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)出血并发症的防治.方法 回顾分析2006年3月-2007年12月MPCNL术中、术后发生明显出血8例患者临床资料.男6例,女2例;年龄41.0-62.0岁,平均49.5岁.8例患者均为肾结石,4例为多发结石,4例为鹿角状结石.结果 术中、术后发生明显出血的8例患者,其中术中明显出血5例,术后3例.术中出血5例,3例经过相应处理后,继续碎石取石;2例终止手术,行二期碎石取石.术后发生严重出血3例,其中2例行肾动脉造影并选择性肾血管栓塞止血,1例行2次肾动脉造影均未发现明显出血部位,保守治疗出血停止.结论 MPCNL创伤小、恢复快,是复杂性肾结石治疗的首选方法 .但出血并发症最严重,须予以重视并采取积极防治措施.     

肾动脉栓塞治疗经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的疗效研究

目的探讨研究超选择性的肾动脉栓塞治疗经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的临床疗效。方法收集曲靖市第一人民医院2008年6月至2012年6月经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血患者15例,其中单发结石5例,多发结石10例;位于肾下盏7例,中盏6例,上盏2例。所有患者术前行多层螺旋CT血管造影检查显示单纯肾段以下小动脉损伤6例,伴有假性动脉瘤7例,合并动静脉瘘3例;2例未显示出血灶。于出血后10 h～2周行肾动脉造影后,用明胶海绵和弹簧圈超选择性肾动脉栓塞止血。结果 15例患者成功进行了超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗,其中6例单纯肾段以下小动脉损伤,用明胶海绵一次栓塞成功,伴有假性动脉瘤和合并动静脉瘘者用明胶海绵和弹簧圈联合栓塞,2例未显示出血灶患者用明胶海绵预防性栓塞;15例肾出血患者一次性栓塞止血成功14例,成功率为93.3%,1例行二次栓塞止血成功。结论超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血成功率高,创伤小,值得临床推广。     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗经皮肾镜取石术后迟发性大出血

目的分析经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后迟发性大出血的原因、特征,并评价超选择性肾动脉栓塞术对其的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析2005年4月-2013年6月28例接受PCNL后大出血患者接受超选择性肾动脉栓塞术的临床资料。结果 28例患者出血多表现为间歇性反复发作,内科保守治疗无效后,接受超选择性肾动脉造影加栓塞治疗,出血均得到有效控制。随访6~62个月,平均41.6个月,无血尿及其他并发症。结论选择性肾动脉栓塞术是治疗PCNL术后迟发性大出血安全、有效的手段,可作为保守治疗无效患者的首选治疗方法。     

经皮肾镜取石术后出血保守治疗和超选择肾动脉栓塞术的护理

[目的]探讨经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）术后出血保守治疗和超选择肾动脉栓塞术的护理。[方法]回顾分析 PCNL术后48例发生术后大出血的临床资料,选择保守治疗和补救止血（超选择肾动脉栓塞术治疗）,同时给予心理护理、出血观察、引流管护理、预防深静脉血栓形成等护理措施。[结果]48例出血病人保守成功40例,8例行超选择肾动脉栓塞。[结论]出血是 PCNL 术后常见的并发症,加强护理、严密观察病情、保证引流管通畅是预防出血并发症和治疗成功的关键。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.