原发性肝癌术后复发和肝外转移灶再切除的疗效分析(附267例随访)

目的 原发性肝癌手术切除后，复发是大多数患者术后的死亡原因。本文旨在评价原发性肝癌术后复发和肝外转移灶再切除的疗效并总结经验。方法 对1960年1月到2000年7月的267例再切除的复发性肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，其中205例行再次肝切除，51例行肝外转移癌切除，11例行复发性肝癌和肝外转移癌联合切除，并进行临床病理特征和手术类型和生存率的比较。结果 再次肝切除中，11．2％患者行左外叶切除术，4．4％行半肝切除术或扩大半肝切除术，68．3％行局部根治性切除，17．1％行亚段切除术。复发高峰(64．4％)在1-2年。二次手术后总的1，3，5和10年生存率为81．0％，40．3％，19．4％和9．0%，而三次手术后则为77．5％，29．8％，13．2％和6．61％。中位生存时间为44个月。附外转移癌的再切除也延长了生存期。结论 结果表明局部根治性切除和亚段切除适用于大多数再次肝切除。复发高峰可能与门静脉癌栓及手术因素相关。再手术切除不但适用于肝内复发癌也适用于肝外转移癌。鉴于目前化疗或非手术治疗均不能达到比再切除更满意的效果，因此，再切除是复发性肝癌的首选治疗方法。     

36例肝癌术后复发的治疗

目的:探讨肝癌术后复发再治疗的方法与意义。方法:根据肝功储备和复发病灶的具体情况选择再次切除、无水酒精瘤内注射、和介入治疗、放疗、化疗,并进行回顾性分析。结果:经再次切除的7 例中生存期超过5 年1 例,8 年2 例,3 例超过8 年仍在访;经无水酒精瘤内注射加插植,后装放疗4 例中3 例生存均达4 年; 经肝动脉或门静脉置泵灌注化疗22 例中生存1 年、1 年半、2年、5 年的各为4 例、6 例、3 例和1 例,随访2 年后失访的6 例。经导管肝动脉/ 门静脉双向灌注栓塞化疗的3 例均在访,存活时间分别达10 月、18 月、19 月。结论:对于复发性肝癌采用再次切除和介入治疗为主的综合治疗方法,可以延长部分患者的生存期,提高5 年存活率     

30例肝癌术后肝内复发灶的再切除治疗

目的探讨原发性肝癌术后复发的治疗措施,旨在提高肝癌术后的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析我院自1990年1月至2004年12月手术切除的30例肝癌术后复发的再切除治疗资料。结果30例肝癌术后复发再切除34例次,二次手术30例,三次手术4例,其中包括3例肝移植;第一次手术与第二次手术平均间隔时间为(40.8±13.1)个月,第二次手术与第三次手术平均间隔时间为(23.0±19.9)个月(P<0.05);30例原发肿瘤平均最大直径为(6.5±2.1)cm,复发病灶平均最大直径为(3.8±1.2)cm(P<0.05)。结论再切除治疗复发性肝细胞癌是延长肝癌病人生存时间的有效手段;肝移植治疗复发性肝癌仍在探索中。     

肝癌再次切除术后肝移植的临床应用价值

目的:探讨肝移植在肝癌再次肝切除术后患者治疗中的合理适应证及其临床价值.方法:回顾性分析10例肝癌再次肝切除术后复发或肝功能衰竭患者肝移植的临床资料和随访结果.结果:肝癌再次肝切除术后患者肝移植围手术期(术后2个月内)死亡率为2/10,手术相关死亡率为1/10.术后并发症发生率为3/10.随访过程中肿瘤复发率为5/8(肺转移2例,肝内转移2例,骨转移1例),肝移植术后肿瘤中位复发时间17个月(3～25个月).4例患者分别于肝移植术后12、37、42和48个月死于肿瘤复发、进展,肿瘤复发诊断后中位生存时间25个月(9～45个月).目前生存4例,分别无瘤生存12、50、50和62个月.首次肝切除到肝移植的中位生存时间为93个月(41.5～147个月);从再次肝切除到肝移植的中位生存时间为60个月(10.5～105个月).结论:肝癌再次切除术后患者肝移植治疗是可行的,但要严格选择恰当的适应证,Milan标准是目前肝癌再次肝切除术后肝移植的理想标准.肝切除和肝移植相结合可使肝癌患者获得长期生存的机会.     

原发性肝癌术后肝内复发与肝外转移再手术切除疗效分析

[目的]探讨原发性肝癌术后肝内复发与肝外转移再手术切除的疗效.[方法]回顾性分析267例再切除的复发性肝癌患者的临床资料,其中205例行再次肝切除,51例行肝外转移癌切除,11例行肝内复发和肝外转移癌联合切除,比较其临床病理特征和生存率.[结果]肝内复发组第二次手术后1年,3年,5年和10年生存率为81.7%,42.2%,20.0%和10.0%,第三次手术后为78.3%,30.4%,13.0%和8.7%.中位生存时间为44个月.肝外转移组第二次手术后为80.4%,32.0%,16.0%和4.3%,第三次手术后为76.0%,27.9%,13.6%和0.中位生存时间为43个月.肝内复发联合肝外转移切除组总的1年,3年,5年和10年生存率为100.0%,72.7%,36.4%和0.肝内复发组与肝外转移组再切除术后生存率的比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).[结论]再手术切除不仅适用于肝内复发,还可有选择适用于肝外转移.肝外转移再切除也能延长生存期.     

原发性肝癌术后复发246例再治疗的近期疗效

目的探讨不同治疗方法对复发性肝癌患者治疗效果的影响。方法回顾性分析我院246例复发性肝癌患者的临床资料,38例行再次切除术,其中复发性肝癌单纯根治性手术切除18例;复发．性肝癌手术切除联合综合治疗20例;经皮肝动脉插管栓塞化疗（TACE）62例;146例患者给予保守治疗。结果1、3,5年生存率手术切除组分别为76．3％、394％及25．8％;TACE治疗组分别为53．2％、19.6%及9．3％;保守治疗组分别为37．7％、8．0％及1．5％,手术切除组与TACE治疗组及保守治疗组的生存率差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论复发性肝癌二次手术切除治疗仍为首选方法,手术切除联合综合治疗是目前复发性肝癌再治疗的理想治疗模式,对患者的无瘤生存率及生存率均有所提高,并降低肝内再次复发,延长患者生存时间。     

第Ⅷ肝段切除15例临床体会

目的 总结15例第Ⅷ肝段切除术的临床经验.方法 使用彭氏多功能手术解剖器(PMOD),采取选择性肝血流阻断,对15例第Ⅷ段肝癌进行肝段或联合肝段切除.结果 15例手术均顺利完成,无一例手术死亡.其中13例行第Ⅷ肝段切除,2例行联合第Ⅶ、第Ⅷ肝段切除.术中肝血流阻断1-2次,时间12～25 min,平均(17.3±5.2)min,切肝时间(阻断肝血流至肝脏肿块切除时间)10-23 min,平均(18.3±4.7)min.出血量约(50-700)ml,平均(186±78)ml,2例患者需输血.术后有2例合并胸腔积液,1例胆漏并发膈下感染.结论 使用PMOD在选择性肝血流阻断下,安全快捷地行第Ⅷ肝段的切除是完全可行的.     

肝切除治疗原发性肝癌自发性破裂

目的 探讨肝切除治疗原发性肝癌自发性破裂(简称肝癌破裂)的作用。方法 分析我院1973年以来采用肝切除术治疗肝癌破裂12例的临床资料。结果 本组男10例，女2例。平均年龄42(22—65)岁。11例为急症肝切除术，1例为2期肝切除，包括肝左外叶切除6例，左内叶切除1例，左半肝切除1例，右肝部分切除2例，肿瘤局部切除2例。本组中Child-Paugh肝功能分级A组的11例中无死亡；B组者1例术后死于肝衰，手术死亡率为8．3％。术后生存的1例均获随访，平均生存时间为16．5个月，1，3，5年生存率分别为72．7，18．2％，9．1％。其中1例已无瘤生存25年9个月。结论 肝切除是治疗肝癌破裂的最好方法，当有可能时应争取施行。肝切除治疗肝癌破裂可能使患者获行长时间生存。     

原发性肝癌术后复发的再次手术治疗

手术是目前根治原发性肝癌的主要治疗手段,但术后肝内仍有较高的复发率1,3,5年分别为569％,72．3％,阴％。我院原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发的6例病人,包括单发的或多发的局限在一叶或一肝段内的,均行再次手术切除,从而延长了生存期。报告如下：临床资料我院自1992～1998年,共切除原发性肝癌76例,术后发现肝内复发17例（肝内复发率22％）,其中单发的4例,局限在一叶多发的5例。1年以内复发的7例（占41％）,2年以内复发12例（70．5％）。年龄36～64岁。方法：6例患者首次肝癌切除术式：为左半肝切除2例,右肝5～6段切除2例,肝中…     

原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血31例外科治疗分析

目的:探讨原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的临床表现,治疗方案疗效.方法:对1998年1月到2008年1月我院收治的31例原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献进行探讨.结果:全组31例中,非手术治疗10例,手术治疗21例,4例行肝动脉结扎加大网膜填塞止血,余17例行肝切除.左肝外叶切除5例,左肝内叶切除2例,左半肝切除2例,肝右叶部分切除8例.非手术组生存时间平均为30±23天,手术组肝动脉结扎加大网膜填塞生存时间平均为199±86天.肝切除组生存453±124天.1、3、5年生存率为75.4%、40.2%、0%.结论:应尽量完善术前检查,及时诊断,严格掌握治疗方法适用症,迅速控制出血,是抢救肝癌自发性破裂出血病人的关键.肝切除是治疗原发性肝癌破裂出血的最好方法.     

Repeat hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases: A worthwhile operation?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: After curative resection of hepatic colorectal metastases, 10-20% of patients experience a resectable hepatic recurrence. We wanted to assess the expected risk-to-benefit ratio in comparison to first hepatectomy and to determine the prognostic factors associated with survival. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients from a group of 152 patients resected for colorectal liver metastases underwent 32 repeat hepatectomies. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 3.5% (1/29 patients); the morbidity after repeat hepatectomy was lower than that after first hepatic resection. Combined extrahepatic surgery was performed on 34.5% of repeat hepatectomies vs. 6.9% of first hepatectomies (P = 0.01). Overall actuarial 3-year survival was 35.1%: four patients have survived more than 3 years and one survived for more than 5 years. The number of hepatic metastases and the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serum levels were significant prognostic factors on univariate analysis. The synchronous resection of hepatic and extrahepatic disease was not associated with a lower survival rate when compared with that of patients without extrahepatic localization: three patients of the former group are alive and disease-free at more than 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat hepatic resection can provide long-term survival rates similar to those of first liver resection, with comparable mortality and morbidity. The presence of resectable extrahepatic disease must not be an absolute contraindication to synchronous hepatectomy because long-term survival is possible.     

Long-term survivors after resection for primary liver cancer. Clinical analysis of 19 patients surviving more than ten years

From July 1958 to June 1978, a total of 333 cases with pathologically proven primary liver cancer (PLC) were admitted to the Zhong Shan Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai, the people's Republic of China. Of these, 39.6% (132 of 333) were resected and 14.4% (19 of 132) survived over 10 years after resection for PLC. These 19 patients surviving over 10 years were investigated in this paper. All 19 patients underwent radical resection, including right hemihepatectomy in two cases, left hemihepatectomy in ten cases, left lateral segmentectomy in three cases, and local resection in four cases. By the end of June 1988, follow-up varied from 10 years and 1 month to 26 years and 7 months, with a mean follow-up of 15 years and 4 months. All 19 patients are still alive with free of disease. The longest survival patient had a tumor measuring 10 X 8 X 6 cm in size and underwent local resection. Upon follow-up after 26 years and 7 months, the patient was found to be still living and well. Two patients with intraperitoneal ruptured PLC have survived for 19 years and 4 months, and 16 years and 11 months, respectively, after resection of the tumors free of disease and have returned to work. Subclinical recurrence of PLC was discovered in one patient in whom reoperation with cryosurgery was carried out. The patient has been in good condition with negative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for 8 years and 10 months after cryosurgery. Subclinical solitary pulmonary metastasis was detected in two patients because of a secondary rise in AFP level. Reoperations were carried out and the metastatic tumors were removed. These two patients are still in good health with negative AFP 9 years and 6 months, and 10 years and 1 months, respectively, after reoperation. These results indicate that early and radical resection are the principal factors influencing long-term survival; reoperation for subclinical recurrence and solitary metastasis remains an important approach to prolong survival further; intraperitoneal rupture of PLC does not exclude the possibility of cure; new surgical techniques, such as cryosurgery and bloodless hepatectomy, have been shown to be effective in some patients.     

Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent colorectal liver metastases

PURPOSE: Liver resection represents the best and potentially curative treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC) to the liver. After resection, however, most patients develop recurrent disease, often isolated to the liver. The aim of this study was to determine the value of repeat liver resection for recurrent MCC and to analyze the factors that can predict survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1992 to October 2002, 42 patients from a group of 168 patients resected for MCC were submitted to 55 repeat hepatectomies (42 second, 11 third, and 2 fourth hepatectomies). Records were retrospectively reviewed. The primary tumor was carcinoma of the colon in 26 patients and carcinoma of the rectum in 16 patients. Liver metastases were synchronous in 24 patients (57.1%). RESULTS: There were 25 men and 17 women with the mean age of 63.5 years (range: 34-80). There was no intraoperative or postoperative mortality. The morbidity rates were 9.5%, 14.3%, and 18.2% (P = 0.6) respectively after a first, second, or third hepatectomies. No patients needed reoperation. Operative duration was longer after a second or third hepatectomie than after a first hepatectomie without difference for operative bleeding. Overall 5-year survivals were 33%, 21%, and 36% respectively after a first, second, or third hepatectomies. Factors of prognostic value on univariate analysis included serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels (P = 0.01) during the first hepatectomy, the presence of extrahepatic disease (P = 0.05) and tumor size larger than 5 cm (P = 0.04) during the second hepatectomie. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat hepatectomies can provide long-term survival rates similar to those of first hepatectomies.     

Combined multimodal approach to the treatment of metastatic anal carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: We report on a patient with squamous cell anal carcinoma and liver metastases, who underwent multimodal treatment for cure, consisting of repeated partial hepatectomy in combination with chemoradiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 54-year-old woman presented with squamous cell anal carcinoma and liver metastases. She was treated with a combination of chemoradiotherapy for the primary tumor and then underwent surgery for liver metastases. 2 and 5 years after presentation, the patient underwent repeated partial hepatectomies for recurrent liver disease. At present, 5 months after completing therapy and 71 months after the initial diagnosis, she is in good health with no evidence of disease. RESULTS: Repeated partial hepatectomy led to prolonged survival in a patient with squamous cell anal carcinoma metastatic to the liver. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of aggressive partial hepatectomy for recurrent liver metastases resulting from anal cancer. Based on our experience, we suggest that in selected patients repeated hepatectomy should be part of an aggressive multimodal treatment program with curative intent.     

Treatment of tumour recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Analysis of 97 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term results of aggressive treatment of HCC recurrence. METHODS: Two hundred and nine consecutive patients underwent hepatic resection for HCC in our hospital. Tumour recurrence was diagnosed in 97 (51%) of the 190 patients with curative resection. Sixteen underwent hepatic resection: two right hepatectomies, one three-segmentectomy, one left hepatectomy, five two-segmentectomies, six segmental resections and one subsegmentectomy. Two patients with metastasis in the spine were submitted to a vertebral body resection. Twenty-five patients were treated with percutaneous ethanol injection or intra-arterial chemoembolization. Fifty-four patients with a poor performance status and liver function or multiple extra hepatic recurrences did not receive any treatment. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths. The postoperative mortality rate was 5.5% (one patient). The cumulative overall survival after the second resection was respectively 89%, 46% and 31% at 1, 3 and 5 years. There was a significant difference in survival between patients treated with repeat resection and those submitted to a non-surgical or conservative treatment (p<0.0001). There were no differences in operative deaths, postoperative mortality and morbidity between the first and second hepatic resection. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive management with combined resection or loco regional therapy for intrahepatic recurrence and resection of isolated extra-hepatic recurrence may offer long-term survival in selected patients. Second liver resection for recurrence of HCC can be safely performed.     

Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for primary, secondary liver cancer and a number of benign liver lesions. Complications are mainly related to blood loss. Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection (RF-LR) has been proposed in order to achieve minimal blood loss during parenchymal transection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2005 and April 2007, 46 consecutive patients with various hepatic lesions underwent RF-LR using Radionics, Cool-Tip System. There were 28 men and 18 women with median age 65 years (range 54-76 years). Twelve major and 34 minor hepatectomies were performed for various diseases: hepatocellular carcinoma (n=19), metastatic carcinoma (n=23), focal nodal hyperplasia (n=2) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) (n=2). Hepatic inflow occlusion was not used. RESULTS: No perioperative death was documented. Median blood loss was 100ml (range 30-300cm(3)). Blood transfusion was required postoperatively in one patient. Median transection time was 35min (15-60min). Three patients developed biliary fistulas, four patients pleural effusions, one patient hyperbilirubinemia, two pneumonia and four wound infection. The median postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range 4-10 days). In a median 12 month follow-up (range 3-24 months), four patients with colorectal metastases (CRM) and one patient with ICC developed recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Cool-Tip RF device provides a unique, simple and safe method of bloodless liver resections and is indicated in cirrhotic patients with challenging hepatectomies (segment VIII, central resections).     

Resection of hepatic and pulmonary metastases in patients with colorectal cancer.

The resection of liver and lung metastases is now regarded as valid therapy, although the surgical procedure of both metastatic sites has not been clearly defined. Nine consecutive patients who underwent resection of both liver and lung metastases from colorectal cancer (5 Dukes' stage B, 3 C, 1 D) between 1986 and 1999 were studied retrospectively. A total of 19 resections were performed: 8 hepatectomies, 2 liver wedge resections, and 9 lung lobectomies. No operative or hospital deaths occurred, and mean postoperative hospital stay per procedure was 12 days. Mean survival after resection of the primary colorectal tumor was 66.3 (range: 26-96) months. The median interval was 24.2 (range: 2-39) months from resection of the liver metastasis and 30.4 (range: 3-45) months from resection of the lung metastasis. At the last follow-up, 6 patients were still alive, 4 of whom were free of recurrence 59, 69, 74, and 76 months, respectively, after resections. Three patients died with metastases. Aggressive treatment of liver and lung secondaries from colorectal cancer was performed without hospital mortality and acceptable morbidity. Longer survival times warrant the use of this alternative therapy for selected patients. In association with new effective chemotherapies, it will be possible to select patients who will benefit from surgery.     

Surgery including liver resection for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors or gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas

BACKGROUND: In recent years, imatinib mesylate (STI 571), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown short-term clinical usefulness for gastrointestinal stromal tumor or gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma (GIST). The value of surgical resection, including hepatectomy, for metastatic GIST remains unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the outcome of surgical resection, including hepatectomy, for metastatic GIST at a single institute. METHODS: Eighteen patients who underwent hepatectomy for metastatic GIST were identified and the clinicopathological data of these patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The primary site of GIST included stomach in 10, duodenum in five, ileum in two and esophagus in one patient. A hemihepatectomy or greater resection was undertaken in eight patients. Six patients underwent simultaneous resection for primary and hepatic disease. There was no in-hospital mortality in this series. The post-hepatectomy 3- and 5-year survival rates were 63.7 and 34.0% respectively, with a median of 36 (17-227) months. Recurrence after the initial hepatectomy was documented in 17 patients (94%), and metastatic mass of the remnant liver developed in 15 of these 17 patients (88%). Three patients survived >5 years after the initial hepatectomy who underwent multiple surgical resections during this period. No clinicopathological characteristic was a significant predictive factor for survival. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple surgical resections, including hepatectomy, may contribute to important palliation in selected patients with metastatic GIST. Surgical cure seems to be difficult due to the high frequency of repeat metastasis to various sites. Therefore, adjuvant therapy must be required in the treatment of metastatic GIST.     

The use of neoadjuvant lobar radioembolization prior to major hepatic resection for malignancy results in a low rate of post hepatectomy liver failure

BackgroundNeoadjuvant yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is increasingly being used as a strategy to facilitate resection of otherwise unresectable tumors due to its ability to generate both tumor response and remnant liver hypertrophy. Perioperative outcomes after the use of neoadjuvant lobar TARE remain underinvestigated.MethodsA single center retrospective review of patients who underwent lobar TARE prior to major hepatectomy for primary or metastatic liver cancer between 2007 and 2018 was conducted. Baseline demographics, radioembolization parameters, pre- and post-radioembolization volumetrics, intra-operative surgical data, adverse events, and post-operative outcomes were analyzed.ResultsTwenty-six patients underwent major hepatectomy after neoadjuvant lobar TARE. The mean age was 58.3 years (17–88 years). 62% of patients (n=16) had primary liver malignancies while the remainder had metastatic disease. Liver resection included right hepatectomy or trisegmentectomy, left or extended left hepatectomy, and sectorectomy/segmentectomy in 77% (n=20), 8% (n=2), and 15% (n=4) of patients, respectively. The mean length of stay was 8.3 days (range, 3–33 days) and there were no grade IV morbidities or 90-day mortalities. The incidence of post hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) was 3.8% (n=1). The median time to progression after resection was 4.5 months (range, 3.3–10 months). Twenty-three percent (n=6) of patients had no recurrence. The median survival was 28.9 months (range, 16.9–46.8 months) from major hepatectomy and 37.6 months (range, 25.2–53.1 months) from TARE.ConclusionsMajor hepatectomy after neoadjuvant lobar radioembolization is safe with a low incidence of PHLF.