组织多普勒评价重叠综合征患者右心功能的临床研究

目的通过组织多普勒(TDI)检查评价轻中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)合并重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)重叠综合征(OS)患者的右心功能变化。方法选取来我院呼吸内科就诊的轻中度慢阻肺缓解期患者120名,行多导睡眠监测(PSG),根据PSG监测结果选定单纯慢阻肺组、OS组及正常对照组各30名。对各组进行心脏多普勒及同步心电图检查,记录三尖瓣瓣环十字交叉处测三尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(Em)及舒张晚期峰值速度(Am);同时测量三尖瓣瓣环右心室游离壁处舒张早期峰值速度(Em’)及舒张晚期峰值速度(Am’),并计算心肌运动指数(Tei),Em/Am及Em’/Am’。结果正常对照组、单纯慢阻肺组及OS组三尖瓣环Em/Am比值1的比例分别为42.6%、76.3%、88.9%,与正常对照组比较,慢阻肺组及OS组三尖瓣环十字交叉处及右室游离壁侧Em/Am及Em’/Am’下降,且有统计学差异(P0.05),以OS组变化更为显著。慢阻肺组、OS组三尖瓣环十字交叉处、右室游离壁侧Tei指数均大于正常组且有统计学差异(P0.05),与单纯慢阻肺组比较,OS组Tei指数增高,有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论重叠综合征患者右心功能受累较单纯慢阻肺组更加明显,组织多普勒检测及Tei指数可作为临床评价指标。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者右心室功能的评价

目的探讨老年性慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)缓解期患者右心室功能的改变。方法应用辛普森(Simp-son)法、彩色多普勒血流显像及组织多普勒速度显像,测定COPD组及对照组的右心室射血分数(RVEF);三尖瓣血流峰值速度E峰(E)、A峰(A)、E/A比值;三尖瓣环收缩期S波的峰速度(Sm),舒张早期负向E波的峰速度(Em),舒张期负向A波的峰速度(Am)及Em/Am比值;右心室Tei指数。结果COPD组及正常组之间的RVEF、E峰、A峰、E/A比值无统计学差异,Sm、Em、Am、Em/Am比值、右心室Tei指数有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论COPD缓解期患者右心室功能下降;三尖瓣环Sm、Em、Am、Em/Am比值及右心室Tei指数能敏感地反映右心室功能的变化。     

组织多普勒联合Tei指数评价右室梗死患者右心功能

目的探讨应用多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术及Tei指数评价右室梗死患者的右心功能。方法急性下壁心肌梗死51例,于心尖四腔观切面以DTI速度模式录取三尖瓣游离壁侧瓣环、室间隔侧瓣环和游离壁中段收缩期、舒张早、晚期峰值运动速度(Sm、Em、Am)及Em/Am;以脉冲多普勒记录三尖瓣关闭至再次开放间期,并于胸骨旁短轴切面记录射血时间,计算右心Tei指数。结果右室心肌梗死组于三尖瓣游离壁侧瓣环及右室游离壁中部Sm、Em较无右室心肌梗死及正常对照组明显减低[游离壁侧瓣环Sm(70±20)cm/s比(87±19)cm/s和(106±21)cm/s,P<001;游离壁侧瓣环Em(63±19)cm/s比(79±18)cm/s和(96±19)cm/s;P<001;游离壁中段Sm(64±19)cm/s比(80±19)cm/s和(94±20)cm/s,P<005;游离壁中段Em(61±20)cm/s比(76±20)cm/s和(92±23)cm/s;P<005];右心Tei指数亦较其他两组普遍增高(065±019比040±015和026±010;P<001)。结论DTI技术检测三尖瓣游离壁侧瓣环及右室游离壁中段运动速度及右心Tei指数可无创、迅速评价右室心肌梗死患者右心室功能。     

脉冲多普勒Tei指数评价早期新生儿右心室功能的价值

目的 探讨脉冲多普勒Tei指数评价早期新生儿右心室功能的价值.方法 129例早期新生儿,其中足月儿77例（足月儿组）,早产儿52例（早产儿组）,两组均行彩色多普勒超声心动图检查,测量右室射血分数（RVEF）、三尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值（E峰）、舒张晚期血流峰值（A峰）,计算并比较两组E/A、Tei指数.结果 早产儿组右心室Tei指数高于足月儿组（P＜0.05）.两组RVEF、E、A、E/A值比较差异无统计学意义.结论 脉冲多普勒Tei指数可用于评估新生儿的右心功能.     

组织多普勒技术评估血栓抽吸治疗对急性下壁心肌梗死患者右室功能的影响

目的 探讨组织多普勒(TDI)技术评估血栓抽吸治疗对急性下壁心肌梗死(AIMI)患者右室功能的影响.方法 将46例AIMI患者随机分为两组,对照组27例行急诊经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗,观察组19例行PCI+血栓抽吸治疗.两组均于PCI后1周行超声心动图检查,在胸骨旁长轴用M型超声检测左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、左房前后径(LAD)、右室舒张末内径(RVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF);在标准心尖四腔心切面转换为TDI频谱多普勒形式,检测三尖瓣环收缩期峰值运动速度(Sm)、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Em)、心房收缩期峰值运动速度(Am)及Em/Am比值;并计算右室Tei指数.结果 与对照组比较,观察组三尖瓣环的Sm、Em、Am及Em/Am比值升高,右室Tei指数下降(P均＜0.05),LVEDD、LAD、RVEDD、LVEF均无明显变化(P均＞0.05).结论 TDI技术能检测到AIMI患者的右室功能变化,血栓抽吸治疗可改善其右室功能.     

组织多普勒技术对充血性心力衰竭患者右室舒张功能评价

目的:应用脉冲组织多普勒显像技术评价充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的右室舒张功能。方法:应用脉冲多普勒测量35例心功能(NYHA)Ⅲ~Ⅳ级CHF患者(CHF组)和40例健康人(对照组)舒张早期三尖瓣血流峰值速度(E),舒张晚期峰值速度(A),并计算E/A;应用脉冲组织多普勒测量三尖瓣隔叶及前叶瓣环处舒张早期峰值速度(Em)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Am),Em/Am,等容舒张时间及E/Em值;并对2种检测方法和各组测值进行比较。结果:CHF组Em/Am均<1,Em降低,等容舒张时间较对照组明显延长(P<0.01),E/Em增高,对照组Em/Am>1;CHF组的A及Am均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:组织多普勒显像能够反映CHF患者右室舒张功能的变化。     

组织多普勒成像与血浆脑钠肽对舒张性心衰患者右心功能的评估

目的通过组织多普勒超声与血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平测定,了解左室收缩功能正常的心衰患者（HFNEF）的右室功能,评估无创检查对观察HFNEF患者右心功能的价值。方法选取HFNEF的心衰患者30例,健康对照组28名,分别进行血浆BNP水平测定与组织多普勒超声检查。通过测定右室射血分数（RVEF）、舒张早期和晚期三尖瓣血流峰值速度（E与A）、三尖瓣舒张早期和晚期峰值运动速度（Et与At）,计算E／A、Et／At、E／Et值和右室Tei指数。结果与对照组相比,HFNEF组患者RVEF值明显降低（49．79±5．49比56．35±6．43,P〈0．01）;E／Et明显升高（8．81±3．23比4．87±0．70,P〈0．01）;Tei指数显著增高（0．44±0．10比0．33±0．08,P〈0．01）。两组间血浆BNP水平差异无统计学意义。结论左室收缩功能正常的心衰患者右室收缩和舒张功能均受损。多普勒超声的无创检查对左室收缩功能正常的心衰患者右心功能的评估要优于BNP测定。     

应用Tei指数评价三尖瓣关闭不全时右心功能改变及其意义

目的 探讨三尖瓣关闭不全对右心功能的影响及其意义。方法 三尖瓣返流组和正常对照组各50例,超声检测三尖瓣返流程度、速度,估算跨三尖瓣压差及肺动脉收缩压,同时启用组织多普勒测量、计算右心室Tei指数。结果 与正常对照组相比,三尖瓣关闭不全患者组的右室等容收缩时间(ICT)及等容舒张时间(IRT)之和明显延长,右室流出道射血时间（ET）明显缩短,右室Tei指数显著升高（P<0.01）。结论 三尖瓣关闭不全可导致右心功能减低,三尖瓣关闭不全程度越重,右心功能减低越明显。     

超声心动图评估老年心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者右心功能的临床价值

目的探讨超声心动图评估老年心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者右心功能的临床价值。方法选取2014年5月至2015年4月在我院住院治疗的老年心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者108例,按照左室射血分数(LVEF)不同分为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组,另选取健康老年人45例作为正常对照组,采用M型超声心动图、组织多普勒成像(TDI)、单心动周期实时三维超声心动图对右心功能进行评估。结果本研究发现与正常对照组相比,老年心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者的三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)降低(F=105.018,P0.001),室间隔Tei指数、右室游离壁三尖瓣环Tei指数均升高(F=5097.979,1075.706,P均0.05),其中以Ⅲ组的TAPSE为最低,室间隔Tei指数、右室游离壁三尖瓣环Tei指数均为最高;正常对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室每搏量(RVSV)两两相比均没有统计学差异(P均0.05),Ⅲ组的RVEDV、RVESV与其余3组相比显著增大(P均0.05);Ⅲ组的RVSV与其余3组相比显著降低(P0.05);4组的右室射血分数(RVEF)两两进行比较均有统计学差异(P均0.05),以Ⅲ组的RVEF为最低;老年心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者的RVEF与LVEF呈正相关关系(r=0.852,P0.05)。结论 M型超声心动图、TDI、单心动周期实时三维超声心动图3种检测方法都可以发现心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者右心功能受损,但是单心动周期实时三维超声心动图在评估右心功能方面具有独特的优势。     

超声心动图在老年女性继发肺动脉高压的类风湿关节炎患者右心室功能检测中的应用

目的探讨超声心动图在老年女性继发肺动脉高压(PAH)的类风湿关节炎(RA)患者右心室功能检测中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析RA老年女性患者超声心动图检查结果。其中,继发PAH 36例,无PAH 34例,测定两组患者的右室舒张末横径(RVDD)、右室游离壁舒张末厚度(RVDT)、三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)、主肺动脉内径(MPA)、右室收缩末期面积(RVESA)和右室舒张末期面积(RVEDA),并计算右室面积变化率(RVFAC);测量三尖瓣舒张期血流峰值流速E/A比值;测量血流加速时间(AT)和肺动脉瓣收缩期血流最大频移(MFS),计算肺动脉僵硬度(PAS);通过三尖瓣反流峰值估测肺动脉收缩压(SPAP);采用组织多普勒成像技术(DTI)测量舒张早期、晚期峰值速度(Em、Am),并计算Em/Am,测量三尖瓣前叶瓣环处组织运动收缩期峰值速度(Sm)和右室肌射血时间(ET)、等容收缩(ICT)、舒张时间(IRT),计算右室Tei指数。结果 PAH组与无PAH组相比,RVDD和RVDT明显增大,TAPSE下降,RVFAC降低;MPA及PAS明显增大;三尖瓣舒张期血流峰值流速E/A比值下降;右室肌运动速度Em/Am、Sm降低,右室肌ET缩短,ICT+IRT延长,Tei指数增加(P<0.01)。结论患有RA的老年女性PAH患者,右心室功能显著下降,超声心动图对其具有良好的诊断价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.