Xanthogranulomatous orchitis with scrotal fistulas

Xanthogranulomatous orchitis is an extremely rare inflammatory change of testis which is difficult to distinguish from testicular tumor. We report on a 21-year-old man who presented with left testicular swelling and pyogenic discharge from the scrotum. Testicular tumor markers were normal. Scrotal ultrasonography showed a testicular tumor in the left testis. Because of severe adhesion between the scrotum and intrascrotal structures, radical orchiectomy combined with hemiscrotectomy was performed to exclude possible malignancy. Histopathological findings showed xanthogranulomatous orchitis.     

黄色肉芽肿性膀胱炎1例并文献复习

目的:提高黄色肉芽肿性膀胱炎(XC)的诊治水平。方法:对1例XC的临床诊治经过程进行回顾性分析。结果:XC临床症状不典型,膀胱镜检及影像学无特异性。结论:XC临床罕见,不易与其他膀胱疾病鉴别,诊断依靠病理组织学检查,治疗以手术切除为主。     

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: our experience with review of published reports

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with review of published reports. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all nephrectomy specimens during February 1995 to January 2006. We found 26 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. We prepared a chart of these cases consisting of preoperative symptoms, laboratory findings, radiological imaging results and preoperative diagnosis. Open nephrectomy was carried out in all cases. RESULTS: Age group of the patients was 6-65 years and male : female ratio was 1.6:1. Twenty-two patients presented to us with intermittent high-grade fever, 21 with flank pain, 18 with loin mass, 2 with haematuria and 1 was detected during screening of vague gastrointestinal symptoms. Twenty-five patients had pyuria and only 10 had sterile urine culture. In all patients, only one kidney was affected. All patients had renal calculi 10-42 mm in size with bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Ipsilateral kidney was enlarged because of hydronephrosis or pyonephrosis in all cases and contralateral kidney was enlarged because of compensatory hypertrophy in 13 cases. Ipsilateral kidney had severely compromised renal function in all cases. Associated psoas abscess was present in one and tuberculosis in another. CONCLUSION: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a relatively rare entity that is associated with obstruction, stones and infection of the urinary tract. Late presentation leads to loss of renal parenchyma. It cannot be differentiated preoperatively with renal tumours (renal cell carcinoma and Wilms' tumour), pyonephrosis, infected hydronephrosis and renal lymphoma. Nephrectomy and antibiotics are the treatment of choice.     

睾丸鞘膜恶性间皮瘤1例报告

目的 探讨睾丸鞘膜恶性间皮瘤的临床特征及诊治方法.方法 报告1例睾丸鞘膜恶性间皮瘤患者的临床资料.男性,73岁,临床表现右侧阴囊进行性增大1年,B超睾丸周围可见约7.5 cm×4.1 cm液性暗区.检索Pubmed和CBM数据库相关文献进行学习.结果 患者行右侧睾丸鞘膜切除术,术后病理:睾丸鞘膜间皮细胞增生,伴非典型性增生,局灶恶变,免疫组化:CK5/6(+),Calretinin(+),E-cadlherin(+).3周后行右睾丸切除,术后11个月患者出现右侧阴囊肿物及腹股沟淋巴结肿大,行右侧阴囊肿物切除及腹股沟淋巴结切除,术后病理:脂肪结缔组织及纤维组织中恶性间皮瘤浸润,免疫组化:CK5/6(+),Calretinin灶状(+).结论 睾丸鞘膜恶性间皮瘤临床罕见,生物学行为进展快,临床症状不典型,缺少特异性肿瘤标记物,术前诊断较难,诊断主要依据病理,治疗以根治性手术为主,术后需长期严密随访,患者预后差.     

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: presentation and management in the era of laparoscopy

OBJECTIVE

To report a contemporary series of patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP, an inflammatory condition of the kidney that has traditionally been treated with open nephrectomy, ON), managed with either ON or laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN), as early reports suggest that the benefits of LN do not extend to patients with XGP.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The medical and procedural records of patients with pathologically confirmed XGP between December 1993 to February 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. During this period, 26 patients (mean age 43.5 years, range 17–85) had surgical management of XGP; information on the mode of presentation, surgical management, hospital course and complications were analysed.

RESULTS

Twelve (46%) and 14 (54%) patients had ON and LN, respectively. The LN group had significantly lower blood loss (P = 0.002), transfusion rates (P = 0.02), time to resumption of oral intake (P = 0.002) and length of hospital stay (P = 0.002) than the ON group. One (7%) LN was converted to ON due to failure to progress. The overall complication rates between the ON and LN groups were not significantly different (P = 0.95).

CONCLUSIONS

LN in the setting of XGP is often difficult and requires advanced laparoscopic skills. In highly selected patients this approach can be offered, with acceptable morbidity, allowing for lower blood loss and shorter convalesce times.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治分析

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿行胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）的诊治。方法回顾性分析4例XGC的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果术前影像学诊断均未能明确诊断,全部病例均术后病理确诊。手术方式：3例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除术、肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫,1例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除术、肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫及部分结肠肝曲切除术,4例病人均治愈。均获随访,平均时间39个月（7个月～6年）,患者健康状况良好,无局部复发及恶变情况。结论 XGC是一种较为少见的胆囊炎,术前诊断较为困难,容易误诊为胆囊癌,确诊依赖病理检查,手术切除是治疗的最佳方法。术中冰冻病理检查可指导手术方案的实施。     

45例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎临床治疗分析

目的：研究黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊结石及高脂血症的关系,探讨胆囊结石和高脂血症在其发病中的作用。方法：回顾性分析45例经病理确诊为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果：45例均行手术治疗,术中发现合并胆囊结石45例,8例合并胆总管结石,3例合并Mirizzi综合征,合并高脂血症11例。经手术治疗后均痊愈。结论：黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的形成与胆囊结石和高脂血症有一定的联系。     

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation requiring small bowel anastomosis revision: A case report

BACKGROUND Xanthogranulomatous inflammation(XGI) is an uncommon process involving an accumulation of inflammatory cells, commonly lipid-laden macrophages. XGI has been described to occur throughout the body but only rarely in the lower gastrointestinal tract. We describe a case of XGI contributing to chronic obstructive symptoms in the terminal ileum, in which the patient had an initial diagnostic laparoscopy, continued to have symptoms, then proceeded to have the definitive treatment. To our kn...     

Syphilitic orchitis: a case report

Tertiary syphilis is recently a rare disease in Japan. In this paper, we report a rare case of syphilitic orchitis. The patient was in his early forties. The left scrotal contents were swelling and a low echoic nodule measuring about 30 mm in diameter was detected on ultrasonography. Serum alpha fetoprotein, lactate dehydrogenase, and beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin were within the normal range, whereas Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay and rapid plasma reagin were strongly positive. High orchiectomy was performed for suspicion of testicular tumor. Histological findings showed the non-specific inflammatory granuloma with lympho-plasmatic infiltration. It was diagnosed as granulomatous inflammation of left testis caused by syphilis.     

Polyorchidism: a case report and review of the literature

Polyorchidism is defined as the presence of two or more testes. It is a rare anomaly with approximately 77 cases reported in the literature. Polyorchidism is frequently associated with additional urological pathologies such as undescended testis, inguinal hernia, testicular torsion, hydrocoele, malignancy and infertility. Differential diagnosis includes spermatocoele, hydrocoele, epididymal cysts or aberrant epididymis. We report on an interesting case of polyorchidism in a 15-year-old man diagnosed on ultrasound and we review the literature and current management of polyorchidism.     

黄色肉芽肿性前列腺炎的诊治体会(附1例报告并文献复习)

目的:提高黄色肉芽肿性前列腺炎(XP)的诊治水平。方法:报告1例XP患者,男,75岁,尿频、排尿困难3个月,加重2 d。DRE:前列腺Ⅱ度增大,质硬,无压痛。血清PSA:172.5μg/L。B超:残余尿量200 ml,膀胱粘膜增厚,呈梗阻性改变,前列腺4.3 cm×3.8 cm×5.0 cm,内部回声欠均匀。MRI:前列腺体积明显增大,信号不均,双侧外周带信号减低,边缘欠光滑,部分前列腺组织略凸向膀胱,与膀胱分界欠清晰。初步诊断:前列腺癌,为明确诊断行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术。结果:活检穿刺组织病理报告:镜下可见大量泡沫细胞,混有少量多核巨细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞,伴纤维组织增生,形成瘤样结节。免疫组化:CD68(+),PSA(-)。给予间断导尿,并予坦索罗辛、糖皮质激素口服。随访20个月。4个月后排尿症状改善,血清PSA呈下降趋势,13个月后降至9.2μg/L,17个月后下降并稳定于3.6μg/L。结论:XP属临床罕见病,确诊依赖于病理及免疫组化诊断,应警惕合并前列腺恶性肿瘤的可能,治疗以对症支持治疗为主,下尿路梗阻症状严重者可行TURP术。XP患者治疗后需密切复查血清PSA,必要时进行重复前列腺穿刺活检。     

Polyorchidism: a case report and classification

Polyorchidism is an uncommon congenital anomaly, defined as the presence of more than 2—histologically proven—testes. Approximately 90 cases are reported in the literature. It is found predominantly on the left side. We report a right-sided polyorchidism found during orchidopexy in a 6-year-old boy. The supernumerary testis had its own tunica vaginalis, epididymis, and deferent duct, but shared the blood supply with the ipsilateral distal testis. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. Because of the shortness of its vessels, the supernumerary testis could not undergo orchidopexy and was removed.We review the classification systems proposed for polyorchidism. Most are based on embryologic considerations, but none is capable of including all cases described in the literature. Thus, we present an anatomical system for a more comprehensive taxonomy of polyorchidism according to its reproductive function.     

Xanthogranulomatous cystitis: A case report and review of the literature

Xanthogranulomatous cystitis is a rare benign chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. We report a case of xanthogranulomatous cystitis. the patient is well more than 15 years after partial cystectomy. The relevant literature is reviewed.     

Effect of experimentally induced Escherichia coli epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin treatment on rat spermatogenesis

We investigated the effects of epididymo-orchitis and ciprofloxacin on rat testicular histology and spermatogenesis. The control group underwent left orchiectomy. The second group received oral ciprofloxacin (150 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. Escherichia coli (10(6) cfu/mL, 0.1 mL) was injected into the proximal right ductus deferens in the third group. The fourth group received ciprofloxacin treatment 48 h after E. coli inoculation. In groups 3 and 4, bilateral orchiectomy was performed 14 days after the challenge. In healthy rats, ciprofloxacin caused recognizable histological damage associated with a mild decrease in testicular volume and sperm concentration. Infected testicles in groups 3 and 4 revealed severe histological damage associated with severe testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis that were more significant in infected rats which received ciprofloxacin treatment. Contralateral testicles in these animals showed similar histopathological changes to a lesser extent. The results of our study suggest a gonadotoxic potential for ciprofloxacin and this potential in humans should be addressed with further studies.     

Polyorchidism with varicocele: a case report and review of literature

Polyorchidism is defined as the presence of more than 2 histologically proven testes. We report the case of a 20-year-old man with polyorchidism, presenting with right scrotal pain and right scrotal ovoid mass. Scrotal examination revealed two ovoid, mobile lumps with testicular sensation in the right side of the scrotum. Scrotal colour Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of double testes with common epididymis and common vas. Microscopic varicocele ligation was performed, and then, two ipsilateral testes were sutured together. The testes were then returned to the scrotum with fixation.     

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a systematic review of treatment and mortality in more than 1000 cases

Objectives

To systematically review the current demographics, treatment and mortality rate associated with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) and to test the hypothesis that the weighted pooled peri-operative mortality rate will be <10%.

Methods

Searches were performed of the Cochrane, Embase and Medline databases and the grey literature for studies published during the period 1 January 2000 to 30 August 2021. Eligible studies reported cohorts of ≥10 predominantly adult patients with XGP and described either average patient age or mortality rate.

Results

In total, 40 eligible studies were identified, representing 1139 patients with XGP. There were 18 deaths, with a weighted pooled peri-operative mortality rate of 1436 per 100 000 patients. The mean age was 49 years, 70% of patients were female and 28% had diabetes mellitus. The left kidney was more commonly affected (60%). Four patients had bilateral XGP, and all of whom survived. Renal or ureteric stones were present in 69% of patients, including 48% with staghorn calculi. Urine culture was positive in 59% of cases. Fistulae were present in 8%. Correct preoperative diagnosis occurred in only 45% of patients. Standard treatment continues to comprise a short cause of antibiotics and open radical (total) nephrectomy. Preoperative decompression occurred in 56% of patients. When considered at all, laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in 34% of patients. Partial nephrectomy was conducted in 2% of patients.

Conclusions

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis has a lower mortality rate than historically reported. A typical patient is a woman in her fifth or sixth decade of life with urolithiasis. While open radical nephrectomy remains the most common treatment method, laparoscopic, and to a lesser degree partial nephrectomy, are feasible in well selected patients.     

睾丸原发性神经内分泌癌1例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨睾丸原发性神经内分泌癌的起源、诊断要点和治疗方法,提高对该疾病的认识。方法：回顾性分析我院收治的1例睾丸原发性神经内分泌癌患者的资料,并复习有关文献。结果：患者左侧睾丸有一无痛肿块,质硬。彩超扫描证实左侧睾丸内存在一2．7cmX2．3crux3．1cm低回声实性团块,包膜完整,界限清楚,肿块内血流信号丰富;腹膜后、腹股沟彩超检查未见肿大淋巴结。血清肿瘤标记物pHCG、CEA和AFP未见异常。手术完整切除肿瘤,术后病检提示为睾丸神经内分泌癌。病变组织起源于神经内分泌细胞,癌细胞类圆形,胞质伊红染,核圆形,颗粒状,癌细胞呈巢状或岛状排列。癌细胞弥漫性表达突触素、嗜铬颗粒A和细胞角蛋白。结论：睾丸原发性神经内分泌癌罕见,临床表现缺乏特异性,组织学特点和免疫组化标记物是诊断该病的主要依据,需与转移性类癌和混合性类癌相鉴别。早期诊断并手术效果良好,术后应密切随访预防复发和转移。