儿童脊髓髓内胶质瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结儿童脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微神经外科治疗的经验.方法 1999-2005年共手术治疗儿童脊髓髓内胶质瘤52例,男30例,女22例,年龄2～14岁(平均7.8岁),病程2个月-3年;肿瘤直径占脊髓横断面的60%～90%,长度跨越4～11个椎体;临床表现按McCormick神经功能分级:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级35例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级2例.早期采用传统椎板切除术、后期采用整块切除棘突及椎板后再回植重建的方法进入椎管,在显微镜下沿脊髓后正中裂切开脊髓显露肿瘤并分块切除.结果 星形细胞瘤35例(67%),其中全切26例(74%),部分切除9例(26%);室管膜瘤15例(29%),均全部切除;节细胞瘤2例(4%),其中1例全切,1例部分切除.术后近期症状较术前加重或出现新神经损害症状者29例(56%),症状改善或无变化者23例(44%);随访6个月-6年,38例恢复正常生活或学习,10例可自理生活,4例不能自理生活.肿瘤复发2例.患儿功能预后与术前神经功能分级密切相关,术前神经损害症状越轻,术后恢复越好.结论 显微神经外科手术切除脊髓髓内胶质瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施,最佳手术时机是在患儿尚未发生严重神经损害症状之前.     

脊髓髓内胶质瘤的显微神经外科手术处理

目的总结脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微神经外科手术治疗的经验。方法1999年至2005年共手术治疗脊髓髓内胶质瘤71例,男39例,女32例,年龄4~68岁(平均38.1岁),病程2个月~9年;肿瘤直径占脊髓横断面的60%~90%,长度跨越4~11个椎体;临床表现按McCormick神经功能分级:Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级3例。早期42例采用传统椎板切除术,后期29例采用整块切除棘突及椎板后再回植重建的方法进入椎管,在显微镜下沿脊髓后正中裂切开脊髓显露肿瘤并分块切除。结果手术全切肿瘤59例(83%),大部分切除12例(17%)。术后病理诊断:室管膜瘤51例(72%),星形细胞瘤19例(27%),恶性小圆细胞瘤1例(1%)。术后近期症状较术前加重或出现新的神经损害症状者40例(56%),症状改善或无变化者31例(44%)。随访6个月~6年,52例(73.2%)恢复正常工作或学习,13例(18.3%)可自理生活,6例(8.5%)不能自理生活;肿瘤复发2例。患者功能预后与术前神经功能分级密切相关,术前神经损害症状越轻,术后恢复越好。结论显微神经外科手术切除脊髓髓内胶质瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施,最佳手术时机是在患者尚未发生严重神经损害症状之前。     

天幕脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨天幕脑膜瘤的手术入路、手术方式,总结治疗效果.方法回顾性分析37例天幕脑膜瘤患者的临床表现、影像学资料、手术入路、切除程度及21例随访资料.结果患者平均年龄39.8岁,主要临床表现为头痛(83.8%)、步态不稳(35.1%)和偏盲(21.6%).根据肿瘤附着于天幕的位置分为5型.直接手术36例,11例幕上入路,25例幕下入路.肿瘤全切(SimpsonⅠ级和Ⅱ级)28例(77.8%),次全切除8例(22.2%),死亡1例.随访21例,14例(66.7%)恢复正常生活,3例(14.3%)生活不能自理.8例次全切除者随访4年,未见肿瘤的生长,未再次手术.结论术前应根据肿瘤的位置及周围结构受累的情况选择合适的手术入路及切除方式,对天幕裂孔处的肿瘤切除困难时,可采取次全切除以保证患者的生存质量.     

显微外科手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤36例

目的　探讨显微神经外科技术在脊髓髓内肿瘤切除中的应用。方法　对 3 6例脊髓髓内肿瘤行显微神经外科切除术 ,观察手术前后症状及体征变化 ,评价对脊髓功能的影响。结果　 3 6例脊髓髓内肿瘤全切除 1 7例 ,次全切除 1 5例 ,部分切除 4例。 3 0例随访 6个月至 3年 ,恢复工作和学习 1 2例 ,生活自理 1 4例 ,生活需照顾 4例。结论　显微神经外科技术明显提高脊髓髓内肿瘤的切除率 ,改善生活质量 ,是髓内肿瘤治疗的主要手段     

脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤的临床诊断和治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤的临床特点和外科治疗方法.方法 回顾分析8例髓内神经鞘瘤的临床特点、影像学表现及其手术治疗效果.结果 8例患者肿瘤均获手术全切除,术后均进行临床随访,随访时间3 - 108个月.术前有肌力下降的5例患者,术后3个月肌力较术前明显改善,有6例患者术后出现不同程度感觉异常:所有患者MRI复查未见肿瘤复发.结论 脊髓背外侧生长且边界清楚,均匀强化的脊髓髓内肿瘤伴有明显神经根症状,应考虑髓内神经鞘瘤诊断,手术全切肿瘤是该病的最佳治疗选择,手术入路和手术技巧与预后密切相关.     

不同入路手术治疗鞍区脑膜瘤(附30例分析)

目的总结鞍区脑膜瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析30例鞍区脑膜瘤的临床资料。根据CT和MRI测量的肿瘤最大径分型:小型(<3cm)8例,中型(3～5cm)15例,大型(>5cm)7例。采用4种不同的手术入路(眶上锁孔、翼点锁孔、单侧额下和Yasargil标准翼点入路)切除肿瘤,比较手术结果和术后恢复情况。结果肿瘤全切除24例,次全切除6例。术后恢复良好者23例,生活自理4例,无法自理2例,死亡1例,病死率3.3%。18例有视力障碍者中,改善10例,无改善7例,减退1例。结论锁孔入路适用于位置深在的鞍区脑膜瘤手术;标准翼点入路适用于基底宽广,跨颅前、中窝的大型脑膜瘤。合理选择手术入路并恰当运用显微手术技术,是安全和完全切除肿瘤的关键。     

显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术入路和治疗策略.方法回顾性分析32例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料,其中经单侧额下入路6例,经额外侧入路9例,经翼点入路8例,经额下-纵裂入路9例.结果肿瘤达SimpsonⅡ级切除26例,SimpsonⅢ级切除6例.失访3例,29例随访3～60个月,平均18.5个月.9例术前激素水平低下者术后均恢复正常.病人恢复正常工作和生活25例,不能独立生活4例.肿瘤复发2例.结论根据肿瘤大小和不同的生长方式选择恰当的手术入路,同时保护好鞍结节周围的重要结构,是获得良好手术效果的保证.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤手术疗效分析

目的 探讨显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤的疗效和预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年1月鞍结节脑膜瘤手术病例38例.男12例,女26例,年龄24～69岁,平均36.5岁.所有患者术前、术后均行头颅CT和(或)MRI检查.视力、视野障碍为其主要临床表现.经单侧额下入路13例,经翼点入路17例,经额纵裂入路8例.结果 本组手术全切除32例,次全切除6例.视力较术前明显改善30例,无明显变化6例,视力加重2例,围手术期死亡1例.17例患者获得随访3个月-5年,14例生活自理,3例需照顾,其中随访期内复发1例,第1次手术2年后再次手术.结论 根据肿瘤不同生长方式选择恰当的手术入路及手术策略,娴熟的显微外科技术及经验,是提高肿瘤全切除率,减少并发症的关键因素,术后视力恢复程度与手术技术、术前视力受累时间及程度密切相关.     

脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤的诊断及显微手术治疗

目的探讨脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤的诊断及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析9例显微手术切除的脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切2例,次全切5例,部分切除2例。术后随访648个月,症状明显改善8例,复发死亡1例,Mc Cormick分级：Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级2例。结论脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤多为低级别胶质瘤或良性肿瘤。手术全切除较困难,但争取手术全切或次全切除可获得良好预后。     

脊髓髓内蛛网膜囊肿的临床特点及手术疗效

目的探讨脊髓髓内蛛网膜囊肿的临床特点及手术疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年7月至2020年12月郑州大学第一附属医院神经外科收治的9例脊髓髓内蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床资料。9例患者均经脊髓背侧正中入路行囊肿减压并囊壁切除术。术前、术后短期及末次随访采用McCormick分级评估患者的脊髓神经功能。随访期间复查MRI, 以观察囊肿有无复发。结果脊髓髓内蛛网膜囊肿约占同期收治的脊髓髓内占位性病变的3.86%(9/233);发病年龄为10～61岁, 成年患者男女比例为2/5。首发症状主要为躯体疼痛(6/9)和肢体无力(4/9), 可伴有急性病程(4/9);术前McCormick分级Ⅰ级1例, Ⅱ级4例, Ⅲ级4例。9例患者中, 7例囊肿大部分切除, 2例囊肿部分切除, 术后均经病理学检查确诊。术后MRI提示囊肿均明显缩小。术后短期(术后1周)内4例症状完全缓解, 5例部分缓解, 其中4例随访期间症状进一步改善。1例失访, 另外8例患者的随访时间为12～61个月, 随访期间症状无复发, 残留囊肿无增大。末次随访时, 8例患者的McCormick分级均为Ⅰ级。结论脊髓髓内蛛网膜囊肿临床罕见, 成人中女...     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.