HPLC测定血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度

本文采用ＨＰＬＣ测定人血浆中奥美拉唑的浓度、色谱柱为ＵｌｔｒａｓｐｈｅｒｅＯＤＳ４．６×２５０ｍｍ，流动相为甲醇－磷酸盐缓冲液（６０／４０），检测波长为３０２ｎｍ，流速为１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，血浆浓度在０．０２５～１．０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内线性关系良好（γ＝０．９９９８），最低检测浓度０．０２５μｇ／ｍｌ，平均回收率１００．５±１．９％。日间、日内ＲＳＤ％均＜４．１％。     

数种因子对人胎肺细胞分泌t─PA的影响

原代人胎肺细胞培养２０ｄ后，更换１％ＢＳ培养基，细胞生长停止，ｔ－ＰＡ分泌量低；在１％ＢＳ培养基中使Ｃａ２＋浓度增加到３．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＬＨ浓度增加到１％，细胞表现较高ｔ－ＰＡ分泌活性，与１％ＢＳ组差异显著。以此配方为基础培养基，再分别补充以下因子：５μｇ／ｍｌ转铁蛋白，５ｍｇ／ｍｌ白蛋白，２．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ葡萄糖，１ｍｇ／ｍｌ甘露糖，１μｇ／ｍｌ氢化可的松，２Ｕ／ｍｌ胰岛素，２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ谷氨酰胺，２０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ亚硒酸钠。除谷氨酰胺和甘露糖外，其他因子均显著提高肺细胞的ｔ－ＰＡ分泌活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人血清中茶碱与苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平的含量

本文报道茶碱与苯巴比妥（ＰＢ）、苯妥英（ＤＰＨ）、卡马西平（ＣＢＺ）两类（４种）不同药物血浓度的ＨＰＬＣ同时测定法．采用国产色谱柱ＹＷＧＣ１８（４．６×２５０ｍｍ），检测波长为２５４ｎｍ，流动相为甲醇－水（５０：５０，ｖ／ｖ），流速：１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，以４－氨基安替匹林作内标，各药物的平均回收率分别为茶碱９９．０２％，ＰＢ１００．７３％，ＤＰＨ１０１．０％，ＣＢＺ１０１．７７％。对各药血清标准液的峰高比测量的变异系数（ｎ＝１０），分别为茶碱（１０μｇ／ｍｌ）６．３％，ＰＢ（２０μｇ／ｍｌ）６．１％，ＤＰＨ（２０μｇ／ｍｌ）４．０％，ＣＢＺ（１０μｇ／ｍｌ）５．２％。本法具有快速、准确、适用性广的特点，用于治疗药物的监测，效果满意，大大提高了实验室的工作效率。     

RP－HPLC法测定人血清中卡马西平及其环氧化物

用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ法测定人血清中卡马西平（ＣＢＺ）及活性代谢产物卡马西平１０，１１－环氧化物（ＣＢＺ－Ｅ）的含量。血清样品用乙醚－二氯甲烷（３：１，Ｖ／Ｖ）混合溶剂提取，以硝基安定为内标，乙腈－水（４０：６０，Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相，流速为１．２０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＵＶ２１５ｎｍ处测定；ＣＢＺ－Ｅ和ＣＢＺ最低检测浓度分别为５０和６０ｎｇ／ｍｌ；线性范围为０．１～５．０μｇ／ｍｌ和０．２～２０μｇ／ｍｌ；ＲＳＤ在５％以下。应用本法测定了８名癫痫病人单一服用ＣＢＺ治疗血清中ＣＢＺ和ＣＢＺ－Ｅ的浓度。     

RP—HPLC法测定人血清中卡马西平及其环氧化物

用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ法测定人血清中卡马西平（ＣＢＺ）及活性代谢产物卡马西平－１０，１１－环氧化物（ＣＢＺ－Ｅ）的含量。血清样品用乙醚－二甲烷（３：１，Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相，流速为１．２０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＵＶ２１５ｎｍ处测定。ＣＢＺ－Ｅ和ＣＢＺ最低检测浓度分别为５０和６０ｎｇ／ｍｌ；线性范围为０．１－５．０μｇ／ｍｌ和０．２－２０μｇ／ｍｌ；ＲＳＤ在５％以下。应用本法测定了８名癫痫病人单一服用ＣＢＺ治疗血清中     

吗啡、杜冷丁、安定的同步高效液相色谱测定

本文利用高效液相色谱法同时分析测定了血液中吗啡、杜冷丁、安定的浓度。分析柱为Ｃ１８，流动相为：甲醇┐０．０２５ＭＫＨ２ＰＯ４（９０∶１０），检测波长为２８３ｎｍ。样品血液在ｐＨ＝８．５～９．４时，用氯仿：异丙醇（９∶１）提取，氮气吹干后，用流动相溶解进样。线性范围为０．０５～５０μｇ／ｍｌ，最小检出浓度为０．０５μｇ／ｍｌ。日内与日间精密度ＣＶ％小于６％。     

柱切换HPLC法测定人血浆中阿霉素浓度

本文采用ＨＰＬＣ柱切换技术建立了阿霉素（Ａｄｒｉａｍｉｃｉｎ）血药浓度的测定方法。以μ－ＢｏｎｄａｐａｋＣ_（１８）（３７～５０μｍ）为预处理柱（５０ｍｍ×５ｍｍＩＤ），磷酸缓冲液为预处理流动相，对样品进行自动净化处理。分析柱（１５０ｍｍ×５ｍｍＩＤ）固定相为ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８，１０μｍ，流动相为甲醇－乙腈－磷酸缓冲液（４０：１０：５０，Ｖ／Ｖ）的混合溶液。荧光检测波长为λ_（ｅｘ）＝４９５ｎｍ，λ_（ｅｍ）＝５６０ｎｍ。血浆测定的线性范围为３～６８２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，ｒ＝０．９９９８，血浆中最低检测浓度为１ｎｇ／ｍｌ。方法的平均回收率为１０１．０％，日内及日间相对标准偏差均小于６％。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定血浆中氯胺酮,苯巴比妥和阿托品的浓度

本文采用ＺｏｒｂａｘＣ８色谱柱，甲醇－磷酸盐缓冲液（６９∶３１）为流动相，２２０ｎｍ为检测波长，非那西丁为内标，建立了同时测定人血浆中氯胺酮、苯巴比妥和阿托品浓度的反相高效液相色谱法。本法简便、快速、灵敏、重现性好。氯胺酮、苯巴比妥和阿托品的平均回收率分别为９９．２０％，９９．１３％和９７．６２％；不同浓度水平测定结果的日内和日间相对标准偏差均小于５％；其检测限分别为０．２μｇ／ｍｌ，０．０５μｇ／ｍｌ和０．５μｇ／ｍｌ（Ｓ∶Ｎ＝３∶１）。     

盐酸洛美沙星颗粒剂血药浓度测定法及其人体生物利用度研究

本文报道利用反相ＨＰＬＣ法测定盐酸洛美沙星的血药浓度，色谱柱为ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８（５０ｍｍ×４．６ｍｍＩ．Ｄ．１０μｍ），流动相为０．４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ柠檬酸水溶液－甲醇－乙腈（４０：１２：５），四甲基乙二胺调ｐＨ至３．０左右。ＵＶ２８５ｎｍ检测，最低检测浓度为５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，线性范围为０．１～６μｇ／ｍｌ，方法回收率为９６．４～１００．７％。应用本法对盐酸洛美沙星颗粒剂和胶囊剂进行了人体生物利用度研究，结果表明两种制剂的ＡＵＣ和Ｃｍａｘ均无显著性差异（ｐ＞０．０５），而颗粒剂的Ｔｍａｘ明显快于胶囊剂（ｐ＜０．０２）。     

莫雷西嗪及其代谢产物莫雷西嗪亚砜在健康愿者的药物动力学

建立测定莫雷西嗪（Ｍｏｒ）及其代谢产物Ｍｏｒ－ＳＯ２，Ｍｏｒ－ＳＯ血浆和尿液浓度的ＨＰＬＣ法。健康志愿６人ｐｏＭｏｒ６００ｍｇ后，Ｍｏｒ血浓达峰时间（Ｔｍａｘ）为１．６±０．６ｈ，峰浓度（Ｃｍａｘ）为２．１±０．４μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１，清除率（Ｃｌ）为１．８±０．５Ｌ·ｋｇ＾－１·ｈ＾－１。Ｍｏｒ－ＳＯ的Ｃｍａｘ为０．１９±０．０６μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１，消除半衰期（Ｔ１／２）为２．３±１．０ｈ。４８ｈ…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.