头孢噻肟钠在3种常用输液中的配伍实验

用紫外分光光度法对头孢噻肟钠与０．９％氯化钠注射液，１０％葡萄糖注射液，５％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液等分别进行配伍实验，结果表明在低于３７℃时５ｈ内可与１０％葡萄糖注射液，５％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍，与０．９％氯化钠注射液配伍不稳定．     

头孢噻肟钠在3种常用输液中的配伍实验

用紫外分光光度法对头孢噻肟钠与０．９％氯化钠注射液，５％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液等分别进行配伍实验，结果在胝于３７℃时５ｈ内可与１０％葡萄糖注射，５％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液配伍，与０．９％氯化钠注射液配伍不稳定。     

头孢他定与4种注射液在输液中的配伍试验

本文采用反相高效液相色谱法，考察了头孢他定和４种临床常用药物在输液中配伍的稳定性。结果表明，在室温（２３℃）下，头孢他定与维生素Ｃ、维生素Ｂ６、地塞米松磷酸钠、氯化钾注射液在５％葡萄糖氯化钠注射液中配伍稳定，７ｈ内配伍液ｐＨ值及头孢他定的含量均变化不大，且外观无改变。     

头孢他定与四种输液配伍的稳定性研究

头孢他定系目前常用的头孢类抗生素，临床常与输液配伍后静脉滴注。为考察其稳定性，本实验采用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果表明：头孢他定与生理盐水注射液、５％葡萄糖注射液、１０％葡萄糖注射液、低分子右旋糖酐注射液在室温下（２０～３０℃）配伍稳定，６ｈ内含量不低于９７％，且溶液颜色、澄明度无改变。     

痤疮宝口服液的研制

本文采用一阶导数紫外分光光度法测定泰能两种成分的含量及其与6种输液配伍的稳定性。结果表明：在室温（20～25℃）下，泰能与0．9％氯化钠注射液、复方氯化钠往射液及灭菌注射用水配伍，均可稳定8h以上；与5％葡萄糖注射液及右族糖酐40葡萄糖注射液配伍，应在4h内用毕；与胸膜透析液（醋酸盐）配伍，37℃下仅可稳定1h。     

头孢米诺钠与利巴韦林配伍稳定性考察

目的分别于25℃和37℃条件下考察头孢米诺钠与利巴韦林注射液在0．9％氯化钠注射液（NS）及5％葡萄糖注射液（5％GS）中8h内的配伍稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后8h内不同时间点配伍液中头孢米诺钠与利巴韦林的含量，同时考察配伍后pH值、外观及吸收曲线的变化。结果配伍液在8h内外观、pH值及含量无明显变化。结论两药在NS及5％GS中配伍稳定性良好。     

胞二磷胆碱和葛根素注射液在两种输液中的配伍

目的：研究胞二磷胆碱和葛根素注射液在０．９ ％ 氯化钠注射液和５％ 葡萄糖注射液中配伍的稳定性。方法：应用紫外分光光度计、酸度计、注射液微粒分析仪考察两药在两种输液中配伍后在室温（１５ ℃～２５ ℃）条件下,外观、ｐＨ 值、微粒的变化,并通过对照实验考察含量的变化。结果：胞二磷胆碱和葛根素注射液在两种输液中配伍后,外观、ｐＨ 值、微粒、含量基本不变。结论：胞二磷胆碱和葛根素注射液在两种输液中可以配伍使用。     

注射用磷霉素钠与盐酸山莨菪碱注射液配伍的稳定性考察

目的：考察磷霉素钠和盐酸山莨菪碱注射液（654-2）在5％葡萄糖注射液中的配伍稳定性。方法：室温下（10℃）以分光光度法测定两者在5％葡萄糖注射液中2h内吸收曲线、含量变化，同时观察外观、测定pH值。结果：2h内配伍液吸收曲线不变，吸收峰无位移，外观、pH值、含量基本稳定。结论：室温下（10℃）磷霉素钠和654-2在5％葡萄糖注射液中配伍2h是稳定的。     

加替沙星与肌苷在输液配伍中的稳定性

目的：考察注射用加替沙星与肌苷注射液分别在0．9％氯化钠注射液和5％葡萄糖注射液中配伍的稳定性。方法：在室温[（20±1）℃]，观察两药配伍后的外观、pH值、含量及峰形变化，并用紫外分光光度法测定加替沙星和肌苷的含量。结果：两药配伍后，8h内的外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论：注射用加替沙星与肌苷注射液在0．9％氯化钠注射液和5％葡萄糖注射液中配伍稳定。     

头孢他啶与利巴韦林的配伍稳定性

目的：考察注射用头孢他啶与利巴韦林注射液在0．9%氯化钠及5％葡萄糖注射液中的配伍的稳定性。方法：在室温[（25±1）℃]条件下，观察两药配伍后的外观、pH值变化，并用紫外分光光度法测定头孢他啶与利巴韦林的含量。结果：两药配伍后，4h内的外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论：头孢他啶可在0．9％氯化钠及5％葡萄糖注射液中与利巴韦林注射液配伍应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.