布洛芬缓释片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究布洛芬缓释片在健康人体内的药动学及其相对生物利用度,以评价其与布洛芬缓释胶囊的生物等效性。方法:18名男性志愿者,随机分为2组,分别口服布洛芬缓释片(受试制剂)与布洛芬缓释胶囊(参比制剂)后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3p97药动学程序拟合,计算药动学参数。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂Cmax分别为(25.43±0.78)、(26.87±0.66)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.67±0.52)、(3.83±0.75)h,AUC0~24分别为(181.20±5.12)、(187.58±5.29)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0~∞分别为(184.34±5.35)、(191.19±4.87)μg·h·mL-1,MRT分别为(6.51±0.73)、(6.80±0.48)h;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为103.7%。结论:与参比制剂比,布洛芬缓释片有较好的缓释效果。     

双嘧达莫缓释微丸的药动学及相对生物利用度研究

目的以市售双嘧达莫普通片为参比制剂,评价自制双嘧达莫缓释微丸的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法采用随机交叉分组实验设计,给4条Beagle犬分别口服单剂量50mg的自制双嘧达莫缓释徽丸和普通片,按设计采集12h内动态血标本;以经改进的HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度,以二室模型计算两种制剂在动物体内的药动学参数和相对生物利用度.结果参比制剂和测试制剂的tmax分别为(0.92±0.09)h和(1.57±0.12)h,Cmax分别为(434.4±36.93)ng·ml-1和(279.52±24.8)ng·ml-1,AUCo-12分别为(922.56±52.73)ng·h·ml-1和(1152.87±55.18)ng·h·ml-1,t1/2α分别为(0.69±0.05)h和(0.89±0.12)h,t1/2β分别为(4.71±0.71)h和(17.6±5.53)h,MRT分别为(2.91±0.14)h和(3.54±0.06)h,统计分析显示,各主要药动学参数均有显著性差异.自制双嘧达莫缓释微丸相对于普通片的平均生物利用度为(125.06±4.38)%.结论自制双嘧达莫缓释微丸具有明显的缓释特征,其生物利用度和药物吸收程度显著优于双嘧达莫普通片.     

家犬单剂量口服氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释微丸胶囊的生物利用度研究

目的:研究氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释微丸胶囊在家犬体内单剂量的生物利用度。方法:采用双周期交叉试验,取家犬6只随机分成2组,分别灌胃给予氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释微丸胶囊和氢溴酸加兰他敏胶囊进行双周期交叉试验,于给药后不同时点取血样,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度及计算相关药动学参数。结果:单剂量给药后,缓释微丸胶囊和胶囊的AUC分别为(1867.24±321.05)、(1604.60±289.17)ng·h·mL-1,tmax分别为(5.42±2.24)、(0.73±0.62)h,Cmax分别为(89.62±11.23)、(162.82±15.35)ng·mL-1,t1/2分别为(8.93±1.82)、(7.58±1.21)h;缓释微丸胶囊的相对生物利用度为116.36%。结论:氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释微丸胶囊具有明显的缓释性,与氢溴酸加兰他敏胶囊具有生物等效性。     

正清风痛宁肠溶片在Beagle犬体内的药动学和生物等效性研究

目的:研究正清风痛宁肠溶片在Beagle犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法:选用10只Beagle犬,单剂量随机交叉灌胃正清风痛宁肠溶片受试制剂或参比制剂(10mg·kg-1),用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,3p97软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的药-时曲线呈一室模型,主要药动学参数tmax分别为(86.25±10.61)min和(75.00±16.04)min,Cmax分别为(0.18±0.038)μg·mL-1和(0.18±0.042)μg·mL-1,t1/2Ke分别为(78.34±15.21)min和(88.77±30.90)min,AUC0～T分别为(30.31±7.82)μg·min·mL-1和(32.09±8.61)μg·min·mL-1;受试制剂相对生物利用度为(94.45±5.49)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

双嘧达莫缓释微丸的药动学及相对生物利用度研究

目的以市售双嘧达莫普通片为参比制剂,评价自制双嘧达莫缓释微丸的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法采用随机交叉分组实验设计,给4条Beagle犬分别给予单剂量50mg的双嘧达莫缓释微丸和普通片,po,按设计采集12h内动态血标本;以经改进的HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度,以二室模型计算2种制剂在动物体内的药动学参数和相对生物利用度.结果参比制剂和测试制剂的Tmax分别为(0.92±0.09)h和(1.57±0.12)h,Cmax分别为(434.4±36.93)ng@mL-1和(279.52±24.8)ng@mL-1,AUC0～12分别为(922.56±52.73)ng@h@mL-1和(1 152.87±55.18)ng@h@mL-1,t1/2α分别为(0.69±0.05)h和(0.89±0.12)h,t1/2β分别为(4.71±0.71)h和(17.6±5.53)h,MRT分别为(2.91±0.14)h和(3.54±0.06)h,统计分析显示,各主要药动学参数均有显著性差异.双嘧达莫缓释微丸相对于普通片的平均生物利用度为(125.06±4.38)%.结论双嘧达莫缓释微丸具有明显的缓释特征,其生物利用度和药物吸收程度显著优于双嘧达莫普通片.     

普萘洛尔药物树脂缓释混悬剂在Beagle犬体内的药动学

目的考察普萘洛尔药物树脂缓释混悬剂在Beagle犬体内的缓释行为及其体内外相关性研究。方法采用双周期交叉试验设计,6只健康Beagle犬口服市售缓释胶囊或自制缓释混悬剂后,用HPLC法测定血药浓度,计算2制剂的药动学参数,进行生物利用度比较,用不同的体外释放量对体内吸收量进行线性拟和。结果自制缓释混悬剂的药动学参数计算结果为AUC_(0-24)(1031±s 63)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(max)(87±4)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)(6.5±1.2)h,市售缓释胶囊的计算结果相应为AUC_(0-24)(989±99)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(max)(85±3)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)(7.2±0.7)h,2制剂的3项药动学参数没有显著差异(P>0.05),自制缓释混悬剂对市售缓释胶囊的平均相对生物利用度为(106±9)%,以0.5mol·L~(-1) NaCl溶液中所得体外溶出数据与体内吸收量相关性较好(r=0.937 7)。结论普萘洛尔药物树脂缓释混悬剂在Beagle犬体内达到明显的缓释效果,与参比制剂相比具生物等效性,可用一定的体外释放条件进行体内行为的预测。     

黄杨宁缓释胶囊在犬体内的药动学研究

目的 评价自制黄杨宁缓释胶囊在犬体内的药动学。方法 Beagle犬分别单剂量口服给药6 mg自制黄杨宁缓释胶囊和市售黄杨宁普通片,两次交叉试验间隔两周。采用反相高效液相色谱法,测定犬给药后不同时间的血药浓度,用以估算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果 黄杨宁缓释胶囊和黄杨宁普通片的C_max分别为(5.28±0.81) ng·mL^-1和(11.70±2.01) ng·mL^-1,t_max分别为(4.3±0.5) h和(1.0±0.1) h。缓释胶囊相对于普通片的生物利用度为96.23%。结论 黄杨宁缓释胶囊具有显著的缓释效果。     

尼群地平微丸家犬体内药动学研究

目的研究自制尼群地平速释、缓释微丸在家犬体内的药物动力学,并进行相对生物利用度评价。方法分别以尼群地平国产片和日本片为参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定4个制剂的家犬体内血浆药物浓度并绘制平均血药浓度-时间曲线,计算药动学参数并进行方差分析,同时对自制制剂的生物利用度进行了评价。结果尼群地平速释微丸、缓释微丸、国产片和日本片的Tmax依次为0.92±0.14、5.0、1.83±0.29和1.08±0.38h;Cmax依次为187.01±21.23、85.25±13.80、88.31±8.65和160.22±24.34ng.mL-1;AUC0~t依次为665.54±109.07、606.47±130.68、472.44±89.44和659.16±100.05 ng.h.mL-1。以国产片为参比制剂时,自制速释微丸和缓释微丸的相对生物利用度分别为146.92%和135.92%;以日本片为参比制剂时,速释微丸和缓释微丸的相对生物利用度分别为101.04%和91.63%。结论自制速释微丸接近同类产品国外制剂,优于国内制剂;缓释微丸体内作用时间延长,但生物利用度偏低,需进一步改进处方或工艺。     

萘哌地尔缓释胶囊在家犬体内的药动学

目的 :研究萘哌地尔缓释胶囊在家犬体内的药动学与生物利用度。方法 :以健康家犬5只为对象 ,采用自身对照方式 ,单剂量分别给予萘哌地尔普通胶囊和缓释胶囊200mg ,血药浓度以高效液相色谱法测定。统计比较普通胶囊与缓释胶囊的生物利用度和药动学参数的差异。结果 :给药后 ,血药浓度变化符合一室模型 ,T1/2 分别为 (3 2±1 1)h、(5 9±0 8)h。普通胶囊的AUC0～∞、Cmax和Tmax 分别为 (3728 1±573 1) (ng·h)/ml、(697 5±94 2)ng/ml和 (1 2±0 59)h ;缓释胶囊的AUC0～∞、Cmax 和Tmax 分别为 (5518 3±391 1) (ng·h)/ml、(468 6±61 3)ng/ml和 (4 0±0 7)h。以普通胶囊为参比制剂 ,缓释胶囊的生物利用度为(149 8±14 4) %。结论 :萘哌地尔缓释胶囊在家犬体内表现出较好的缓释特性 ,其生物利用度明显高于普通胶囊。     

2种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究2种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性志愿者随机分成2组,交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂各40mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定人血清中奥美拉唑浓度,由DAS软件计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的t1/2分别为(1.685±0.866)、(1.653±0.862)h,tmax分别为(2.425±0.693)、(2.200±0.865)h,Cmax分别为(0.894±0.481)、(0.865±0.342)μg·mL-1,AUC0～10分别为(2.041±1.446)、(2.022±1.322)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(2.163±1.594)、(2.125±1.507)μg·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.3±17.4)%。结论2种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.