经小脑裂入路手术治疗桥小脑角区肿瘤的临床研究

目的探讨经小脑裂入路手术治疗桥小脑角区肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2009年2月~2016年1月经该入路手术治疗的39例大型桥小脑角肿瘤(直径≥3.0 cm)患者的临床资料,其中听神经瘤31例,脑膜瘤8例。结果 31例听神经瘤患者中,全切除者15例,近全切除11例,次全切除5例;29例患者面神经解剖保留,2例患者未能解剖保留,均于术中行面神经端端吻合。8例脑膜瘤患者均全切除。结论该入路在有限的骨窗内,利用小脑自然间隙,在不牵拉或少牵拉的情况下,达到了手术操作所需的空间,创伤小,并发症少,降低脑组织、神经、血管的牵拉损伤风险;以较小的手术切口及骨窗范围使桥小脑角区肿瘤特别是大型肿瘤(直径≥3 cm)的手术效果达到或优于传统开颅手术。     

经岩乙状窦前入路切除小脑桥脑角区肿瘤

目的探讨经岩乙状窦前入路切除小脑桥脑角区肿瘤的手术技巧及疗效。方法采用经岩乙状窦前入路切除小脑桥脑角区肿瘤34例,其中听神经瘤25例、脑膜瘤5例、胆脂瘤3例、星形细胞瘤1例;肿瘤向中线斜坡、岩尖、幕上生长13例,肿瘤最大径2.6～8.0cm。结果听神经瘤全切除23例,次全切除2例,脑膜瘤按改良Sim poson切除分级:Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级4例,胆脂瘤均全切除,星形细胞瘤次全切除。听神经瘤面神经解剖保留19例,其中面肌功能7例,有效听力保留3例;其余肿瘤均能保留面肌功能及有效听力。术后无其他新发生的颅神经损伤。结论该入路通过切除部分岩骨,可充分显露小脑桥脑角区,尤其适合向斜坡、岩尖及幕上生长肿瘤的切除。     

桥小脑角区肿瘤术中面神经功能监护的应用

目的 研究桥小脑角区肿瘤术中应用面肌肌电图(EMG)监护在面神经保留中的作用。方法 对32例桥小脑角区肿瘤术中采用NIM—Pulse型神经监护仪行面肌：EMG记录监测，术中常用电流为0．1～0．6mA。应用单极的刺激器进行面神经定位。结果 本组肿瘤全切除29例，次全切除3例，无手术死亡。面神经全部解剖保留。刺激值为0．1～0．2mA24例病人，H—B评分均为I～Ⅱ级；013～0．4mA5例中，I～Ⅱ级3例，Ⅲ～Ⅳ级2例；0．5～0．6mA3例中，Ⅲ～Ⅳ级2例，V级1例。结论 桥小脑角区肿瘤术中应用面肌EMG监护，可显提高面神经的解剖和功能保留。     

巨大桥小脑角脑膜瘤显微切除的神经功能保护

目的 探讨巨大桥小脑角脑膜瘤经显微手术切除后神经功能保护情况。方法 对42例经显微手术治疗的巨大桥小脑角脑膜瘤进行回顾性分析，并分别统计相邻各组颅神经的保留情况。结果 42例中行Simpson Ⅰ切除11例，Simpson Ⅱ切除23例，近全切除8例，肿瘤全切除率81％。面神经解剖保留率为95％，功能保留率为81％，听力保留率71％，听力改善率19％。结论 显微手术切除是巨大桥小脑角脑膜瘤安全、有效的治疗方法．保留神经功能完整性的前提下尽量全切除肿瘤。     

桥小脑角区肿瘤显微手术治疗的探讨

目的 探讨桥小脑角区肿瘤显微手术治疗情况。方法 对62例经显微外科手术治疗CPA区肿瘤进行回顾性分析。结果 62例患者病例中全切50例（占80．6％），次全切6例，肿瘤全切术中面神经保留38例，术后吞咽困难15例，面神经瘫28例，植物生存1例。结论 显微手术切除是CPA区肿瘤治疗的最有效的方法，掌握全面的解剖知识和熟练的手术技巧，选择恰当的手术入路，良好的肿瘤显露，成功的肿瘤切除及术后并发症的及时处理是显微外科治疗的关键。     

大型桥小脑角脑膜瘤显微手术治疗及神经功能保护

目的探讨大型（直径〉4cm）桥小脑角脑膜瘤显微外科手术切除方法以及神经功能保护效果。方法对47例经显微外科手术治疗的大型桥小脑角脑膜瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果47例中，行SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级切除40例（85．1％），部分切除7例，无手术死亡病例。面神经解剖保留率为89．4％（42／47），面神经功能（House—BmekmannⅠ、Ⅱ级）保留率为76．6％（36／47），听神经解剖保留率为83．0％（39／47），听力保留率66．0％（31／47）．结论采用枕下乙状窦后人路显微手术切除大型桥小脑角脑膜瘤安全、有效，在保留神经功能完整性的前提下应尽量切除肿瘤。     

内镜下经颅脑桥小脑角区肿瘤切除术手术要点分析

目的 总结内镜下经颅脑桥小脑角区肿瘤切除术的手术要点.方法 纳入2019年1月至2020年12月中南大学湘雅医院诊断与治疗的28例脑桥小脑角区肿瘤患者,均行内镜下经颅入路手术切除脑桥小脑角区肿瘤.结果 28例患者均顺利完成内镜下经颅脑桥小脑角区肿瘤切除术,并全切除肿瘤.术后经病理证实听神经瘤9例,脑膜瘤8例,胆脂瘤9例...     

枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科治疗听神经瘤

目的观察枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科治疗听神经瘤的治疗效果。方法 35例听神经瘤患者均采用枕下乙状窦后入路行显微手术切除。结果本组患者肿瘤全切23例(62.9%),次全切除9例(25.7%),部分切除3例(8.6%);面听神经解剖结构保留29例(82.9%)。结论显微手术切除听神经瘤有较好的临床疗效,熟练掌握桥小脑角区的局部解剖、手术入路及显微操作技巧可提高全切率和面听神经保留率。     

桥小脑角区肿瘤显微与非显微手术临床结果分析（附93例报告）

目的总结93例桥小脑角区肿瘤显微手术与非显微手术的治疗效果,探讨显微手术的优越性。方法93例桥小脑角区肿瘤分为显微手术组37例,非显微手术组56例,比较两组间差别。结果手术死亡率分别为0和1.8%,手术全切率分别为33例(89.2%)和42例(75.0%),面神经解剖保留分别为13例(35.1%)和4例(7.1%);术中平均用血量分别为38m l和200m l;病人术后平均住院天数分别为9d和13d。结论采用显微技术切除桥小脑角区肿瘤,损伤小,面神经解剖保留率高,并发症少,术后康复快,住院时间短,应提倡应用。     

桥小脑角肿瘤术中面、听神经监护

目的研究术中监护下桥小脑角肿瘤显微镜下切除的临床疗效。方法在41例桥小脑角肿瘤切除手术中,均进行脑干听觉诱发电位和面神经肌电图监护。结果肿瘤全切除者33例,次全切除者7例,大部切除者1例。41例患者均达到了面神经解剖保留,27例(65.9%,27/41)患者保留听力,其中14例为听神经瘤,占听神经瘤的56.0%(14/25)。结论术中脑干听觉诱发电位和面神经肌电图监护对于桥小脑角肿瘤切除术有重要的临床价值。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.