原发性脾脏新型隐球菌感染1例报告

目的探讨原发性脾脏新型隐球菌感染的临床特征。方法回顾分析1例原发脾脏新型隐球菌感染患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,女,2岁3个月,因持续发热、贫血及嗜酸性粒细胞升高入院,平素健康,无免疫缺陷。查体心肺未见异常,神经系统未见异常。腹部CT检查发现脾肿大和腹腔内多发肿块。脾手术活检病理证实为脾脏新型隐球菌感染。结论脾脏新型隐球菌感染可致持续发热、贫血、嗜酸性粒细胞升高、腹腔多发肿块和脾肿大。     

儿童播散性隐球菌病8例临床特征和预后

目的 探讨儿童播散性隐球菌病的临床特征和预后。方法 回顾性分析2009年5月至2013年11月复旦大学附属儿科医院感染科收治的播散性隐球菌病患儿的临床资料,总结临床特征和预后。结果 8例播散性隐球菌病连续病例进入分析,男5例,女3例,平均年龄6.1岁。血清HIV抗体均阴性,流式细胞仪检测CD4细胞计数正常。2例起病前曾口服糖皮质激素,余6例否认免疫抑制剂服用史及基础疾病史。8例患儿家长均否认鸽子或其他禽类接触史。8例患儿起病均表现为持续发热,7例有明显的肝脾肿大,4例有黄疸,2例有咳嗽等呼吸道症状,2例服用糖皮质激素患儿有皮肤损害,8例均无头痛、呕吐或意识改变等神经系统症状。8例血清隐球菌抗原滴度均>1:640,6例血培养结果示新型隐球菌阳性,4例CSF隐球菌抗原升高,5例外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数升高。8例血清IgE均升高,平均3 896.5 KuA·L-1。3例影像学检查提示累及胆道,肝内胆管扩张,胸部CT示7例累及肺部。8例起病至确诊2～7周,均接受全身性抗真菌治疗（两性霉素B联合5-氟胞嘧啶或氟康唑）,其中1例治疗后出现隐球菌相关性免疫重建炎症综合征,8例治疗反应良好。8例诱导治疗结束后外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数和血清IgE水平均恢复正常,停药后随访3~6个月,均无复发。结论 播散性隐球菌病可发生于无HIV感染的儿童,可累及多系统脏器,以单核-巨噬细胞系统和肺部受累多见。外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数升高和血清IgE水平升高是本病实验室检查的显著特点。     

对14例免疫功能基本正常儿童肺隐球菌病的再认识

目的深入认识儿童肺隐球菌病的表现、诊断进展、治疗和预后,以提高对儿童肺隐球菌病的诊断和治疗水平,防止发生全身播散。方法回顾分析2005-01—2006-06北京儿童医院收治的免疫功能基本正常的14例肺隐球菌病患儿的临床资料。结果14例患儿最小年龄为1岁8个月。症状主要为长期发热,咳嗽不重或持续时间较短暂。肺部查体12例正常,2例闻及干啰音和中水泡音?级廾飨灾卸局⒆础?例伴有间断腹痛,查体时有肝和(或)脾肿大。从发病到确诊至少23d,最长为5个月。实验室检查:13例外周血白细胞和中性粒细胞升高、C反应蛋白(CRP)明显升高。肺部影像学表现:11例患儿表现为双肺弥漫或散在小结节影,并有胸膜下分布。3例未发生肺外播散,11例伴有肺外隐球菌病(播散性隐球菌病)。病原学检查:8例找到隐球菌孢子。12例进行血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原检查,仅1例阴性,其余2例单独肺隐球菌病患儿以及9例播散性隐球菌病患儿全部阳性。动物接触史:6例有接触鸽子史,5例无动物接触史,3例接触家鸡。在11例伴有肺外隐球菌病的患儿中,9例静脉联合应用二性霉素B和氟康唑等治疗,病情控制,改为口服氟康唑继续治疗。1例在确诊前死亡,未行抗真菌治疗。在3例单独的肺隐球菌病患儿中,2例静脉应用二性霉素B;1例静脉应用氟康唑治疗病情控制,改为口服氟康唑继续治疗。结论儿童肺隐球菌病可发生于免疫功能正常的儿童,可无动物接触史,尽管长期发热、外周血白细胞和中性粒细胞升高、CRP升高,无特异性,但临床进展缓慢,咳嗽不重、无明显中毒症状、嗜酸性粒细胞升高,IgE升高是其相对特异的临床表现。双肺弥漫或散在小结节影,和(或)纵隔、肺门淋巴结肿大,为影像学表现。除隐球菌培养外,血肺隐球菌抗原检测有助于诊断。二性霉素B和(或)氟康唑治疗可控制隐球菌病。     

以梗阻性黄疸、抽搐为表现的播散性隐球菌感染1例报告

目的探讨同时累及胆道系统及中枢神经系统的播散性隐球菌病的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析1例同时累及胆道系统及中枢神经系统的播散性隐球菌病患儿的临床资料,同时复习相关文献。结果患儿,男,6岁。临床表现为黄疸、肝功能受损、抽搐。行手术治疗,病理活检提示隐球菌感染,血清及脑脊液隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原乳胶凝集试验阳性,脑脊液墨汁染色阳性。经抗真菌治疗后症状缓解,随访无后遗症。结论患儿为罕见的同时累积胆道、中枢系统的播散性隐球菌病。     

疑难病研究——全身性播散性隐球菌病

该文通过 1例全身性播散性隐球菌病的疑难病例分析以期提高临床医师对隐球菌病的认识。隐球菌病是由新型隐球菌引起的深部真菌病 ,起病隐袭 ,临床表现无特异性 ,易漏诊 ,误诊。诱因有长期使用广谱抗生素、激素、抗代谢药物、免疫抑制剂、抗肿瘤药物、慢性疾病和长期静脉插管、留置导尿管等。临床表现包括发热、肝脾淋巴结肿大及肝功能损害、皮肤、肺、骨骼和中枢神经系统的病变 ,取病灶组织或渗液作墨汁染色 ,可见特有形态的隐球菌 ,亦可作真菌培养或淋巴结活检找到隐球菌确诊 ;鉴别诊断主要与结核性脑膜炎、败血症和淋巴瘤等鉴别 ;治疗主要是在使用 2～ 3种抗真菌药物的同时加强支持治疗。     

播散性隐球菌病5例

目的 探讨播散性隐球菌病的临床及诊断。方法 对1993-2003年经淋巴结活检确诊小儿播散性隐球菌病5例进行回顾性分析。结果 经临床、实验室检查均不能确诊,最后经淋巴结活检明确为播散性隐球菌病,予抗真菌治疗,死亡1例,临床治愈1例,好转出院3例。结论 播散性隐球菌病临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断较困难。而淋巴结活检对该病有确诊意义。     

小儿播散性新型隐球菌病误诊为组织胞浆菌病1例

患儿,男性,3岁8月,农村散居人口.半月前无明显诱因不规则发热1周,半月后进展为持续发热就诊于当地医院,热峰39.5℃,肝脾肿大,无抽搐及寒战.当地医院给予头孢他啶静滴3 d治疗无效.血常规示WBC 36.0×109/L,中性粒细胞0.09,淋巴细胞0.12,单核细胞0.01,嗜酸粒细胞0.78;骨髓细胞形态学检查示嗜酸性粒细胞增多,疑为慢性嗜酸性粒细胞白血病/高嗜酸性粒细胞综合征转入我院.患儿无外伤、肝炎、结核、输血史;无药物、食物过敏史.     

小儿隐球菌病8例临床分析

我院于 1990～ 1999年共收治 8例隐球菌病患儿 ,均经脑脊液墨汁染色或(和 )真菌培养 ,皮疹印片及淋巴结活检找到新型隐球菌确诊。现报告分析如下。一般资料 :本组 8例 ,男性 6例 ,女性 2例 ,年龄 1岁 9个月至 12岁 ,亚急性起病 5例 ,慢性起病 3例 ,有基础疾病 5例 (白血病化疗后、结核病、肾病综合征长期服激素、化脓性感染大剂量抗生素治疗后、中度营养不良各 1例 )。临床表现 :病程 2周至 8个月 ,首发症状 :发热、头痛 6例 ;皮疹、淋巴结肿大、肝脾大 2例。累及中枢神经系统6例 ,累及肺、肝、脾、淋巴结、皮肤、胸膜 2例。临床诊断单纯隐…     

儿童嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎2例分析并文献复习

目的探讨儿童嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎的临床病理特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析2例儿童嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎的临床表现、实验室检查、内镜病理结果、治疗经过及预后,并结合文献复习进行分析。结果 2例患儿发病年龄分别为13岁、14岁,例1为男性患儿,以急性胰腺炎起病,例2为女性患儿,有食物过敏史,以不明原因腹水起病;2例患儿外周血嗜酸性粒细胞比例均显著升高(45.9%~64.8%),血清IgE均明显升高(246~393 IU/ml);2例患儿的骨髓细胞学检查均提示嗜酸性粒细胞比例增加;例1行胃镜、例2行胃镜和肠镜,内镜检查均提示胃肠道黏膜慢性炎症,例1病理活检提示十二指肠黏膜嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,例2病理活检提示胃肠道多处黏膜嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。2例患儿经食物回避、激素抗炎及抗过敏等综合治疗1周左右病情均明显缓解,复查血常规嗜酸性粒细胞均降至正常,例1随访24个月,例2随访2个月,病情均未见反复。结论儿童嗜酸细胞性胃肠炎临床表现及内镜所见缺乏特异性,不明原因的胃肠道症状伴外周血、骨髓嗜酸性粒细胞比例升高时应考虑到该病可能,腹水及内镜黏膜活检见嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,排除其他可能的疾病则可明确诊断。     

嗜酸性胃肠炎2例临床分析

目的探讨嗜酸性胃肠炎的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2例嗜酸性胃肠炎患儿的临床资料。结果 2例患儿均有外周血嗜酸性粒细胞明显增高,肠黏膜病理检测示嗜酸粒细胞浸润,经低敏膳食和氨基酸配方粉喂养及抗过敏治疗,症状即明显好转。结论嗜酸性胃肠炎以嗜酸性粒细胞浸润为其主要特征,致病因素不明确,治疗缺乏循证医学依据。     

Visceral basidiobolomycosis: An overlooked infection in immunocompetent children

Visceral basidiobolomycosis is an unusual fungal infection of viscera caused by saprophyte Basidiobolus ranarum. It is very rare in healthy children and poses a diagnostic challenge due to the non-specific clinical presentation and the absence of predisposing factors. We report a case of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in a 4-year-old healthy girl who presented with a short history of abdominal pain, bleeding per rectum, fever, and weight loss. The diagnosis was based on high eosinophilic count, classical histopathology findings of fungal hyphae (the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon), and positive fungal culture from a tissue biopsy. Fungal infection was successfully eradicated with a combined approach of surgical resection of the infected tissue and a well-monitored course of antifungal therapy. The atypical clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, and the role of surgery in the management of a rare and lethal fungal disease in an immunocompetent child are discussed.Key words: Basidiobolomycosis, child, fungal infection, gastrointestinal, immunocompetent     

Successful treatment of disseminated cryptococcal infection in a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient during induction

Disseminated cryptococcal infection is rarely reported in the setting of pediatric acute leukemia, despite the immunocompromised state of these patients. However, when present, disseminated cryptococcal infection poses treatment challenges and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment of invasive fungal disease in a child with acute leukemia requires a delicate balance between antifungal and antineoplastic therapy. This balance is particularly important early in the course of leukemia, as both the underlying disease and overwhelming infection can be life threatening. We describe the successful management of life-threatening disseminated cryptococcosis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction therapy.     

Pulmonary Sequestration In A Child With Acute Myelold Leukemia

The article describes a relatively rare congenital anomaly that was difficult to diagnose in a 10-year-old child with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Just at diagnosis of leukemia, the patient showed a pathologic chest radiograph because of a parenchymal thickening at the right lung apex. The presence of bronchopneumonia was suspected, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was started with subsequent antifungal treatment for persistent fever and concurrent chemotherapy-induced marrow aplasia, which did not favor pulmonary infiltrate recovery. Continuous culture tests, including bronchial swab, proved negative for Koch-Weeks bacillus, fungal organisms, and other pathogens. Computed tomography, however, was suggestive of Aspergillus lung involvement, and apical sepmentectomy was performed. The anatomic pathologist suggested the diagnosis of intralobar sequestration. In summary, when pulmonary pathology with an excavation is found in a leukemic child, one must consider the possibility of pulmonary sequestration complicated by an infectious disease.     

Hepatosplenic Candidiasis in Children with Cancer. Three Cases in Leukemic Children and a Literature Review

Three children with acute leukemia presented with prolonged fever and neutropenia after cytostatic therapy, which was followed by abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and hepatic dysfunction with raised serum alkaline phosphatase. Abdominal CT scan and ultrasound demonstrated multiple small lesions compatible with the hepatosplenic candidiasis syndrome. Liver biopsies showed microabscesses with a granulomatous appearance, but evidence of yeasts and pseudohyphae was present in 1 case only. Cultures were negative. Treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocylosine was successful in two children. At autopsy, one child had signs of active infection. Hi reviewed the literature on 27 children with hepatosplenic candidiasis. Abdominal symptomatology and prolonged fever, despite antibiotic therapy, in a patient with previous or present neutropenia after cytotoxic exposure, should lead to a careful evaluation, including noninvasive imaging studies, open liver biopsy, and prompt aggressive antifungal treatment, the response to which requires close follow-up.     

Pulmonary Sequestration In A Child With Acute Myelold Leukemia

The article describes a relatively rare congenital anomaly that was difficult to diagnose in a 10–year-old child with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Just at diagnosis of leukemia, the patient showed a pathologic chest radiograph because of a parenchymal thickening at the right lung apex. The presence of bronchopneumonia was suspected, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was started with subsequent antifungal treatment for persistent fever and concurrent chemotherapy-induced marrow aplasia, which did not favor pulmonary infiltrate recovery. Continuous culture tests, including bronchial swab, proved negative for Koch-Weeks bacillus, fungal organisms, and other pathogens. Computed tomography, however, was suggestive of Aspergillus lung involvement, and apical sepmentectomy was performed. The anatomic pathologist suggested the diagnosis of intralobar sequestration. In summary, when pulmonary pathology with an excavation is found in a leukemic child, one must consider the possibility of pulmonary sequestration complicated by an infectious disease.     

Pediatric granulomatous orchitis: Case report and review of the literature

An 11‐year‐old boy presented with fever and abdominal pain, and was diagnosed with retroperitoneal lymphadenitis. At the same time, a painless right scrotal mass was observed. On imaging the testis and the epididymal mass both had abundant blood flow, although tumor markers were negative. Although the right testis had shrunk after antibiotic treatment, swelling was persistent and incisional biopsy was therefore performed, resulting in diagnosis of granulomatous orchitis (GO). No recurrence was found. In cases of scrotal swelling in both the testis and the epididymis of an older child, it is necessary to consider the possibility of inflammatory GO, and orchiectomy should not be performed without careful consideration.     

Living donor liver transplantation for giant cavernous hemangioma of liver in a child

Sood D, Mohan N, Singh A, Buxi TBS, Nundy S, Soin AS. Living donor liver transplantation for giant cavernous hemangioma of liver in a child.
Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: E135–E139. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: A 10‐yr‐old girl presented with a seven‐month history of upper abdominal discomfort and weight loss. Physical examination revealed an abdominal lump in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium. Ultrasound examination and a computerized tomographic scan showed a large lobulated mass arising from segments I, 1V, and VIII of liver with arteriovenous shunting and multiple small masses in segments VI and VII. An initial diagnosis of hemangioendothelioma with metastasis was made elsewhere following which she received chemotherapy. She had persistent abdominal discomfort because of which she became dependent on narcotics. The patient had fever because of tumor necrosis and also developed peripheral neuropathy. Finally, owing to progressively worsening of symptoms, she underwent left lobe living donor liver transplantation. Histopathological examination showed the mass to be a cavernous hemangioma, and the patient is now well.     

Intraabdominal mass as presentation of colonic mucormycosis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Gastrointestinal mucormycosis with clinical presentation as an abdominal mass has been rarely reported in the current literature. In this observation, We report an unusual case of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and neutropenic fever. During hospitalization, increasing abdominal pain and distension occurred, and initially treatments with broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered. However, the symptoms/signs progressed with the development of peritonitis and a palpated mass over the right lower quarter of the abdomen. Imaging studies showed ascending colon perforation with abscess formation. Right hemicolectomy was performed and colonic mucormycosis was confirmed on histologic examination and ascitic fluid culture. Immediately, intravenous liposomal amphotericin B was administered but the clinical condition rapidly deteriorated and the patient expired despite treatment.     

Association of streptococcal pharyngitis with complicated appendicitis]

Streptococcal pharyngitis can be accompanied by right lower abdominal quadrant pain, which often is linked to mesenteric adenitis. We report on a case of such misleading association in a child. CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old child presented pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant and fever with 39 degrees C temperature for 24 h; clinical examination showed pharyngeal erythema and local abdominal tenderness. Strep-test was positive. Abdominal ultrasound visualized signs of appendicitis. The child was operated on for complicated appendicitis. COMMENTS: The association of pharyngitis and appendicitis is particularly misleading because mesenteric adenitis is the most common cause of right lower quadrant tenderness in children with pharyngitis.     

小儿急性阑尾炎的诊治体会

目的 探讨儿童急性阑尾炎的诊治特点。方法 回顾1998年6月～2003年6月期间四川大学华西医院收治的940例小儿急性阑尾炎临床资料，总结其临床特点及处理经验。结果 本组940例，发热、腹痛、右下腹固定压痛及白细胞升高为最主要表现，939例经手术及病理检查证实诊断，术后均痊愈，其中18例有白血病、血液系统疾病及其他原发疾病的患儿，确诊后也经手术治疗痊愈。另1例有原发白血病的患儿经内科治疗缓解后离院，预后不详。结论 发热、腹痛、右下腹固定压痛及白细胞升高仍是诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的最主要依据，并且小儿阑尾炎一经诊断应尽早处理，年龄越小，越应积极手术。对合并其他原发疾病的阑尾炎患儿，在充分准备的情况下仍可进行外科治疗，以防严重并发症发生。