小儿颅脑损伤急性期血糖变化的临床意义

目的　探讨小儿颅脑外伤急性期血糖变化与格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)和预后 (GOS)的关系 ,以及高血糖的处理。方法　测定并分析 1998年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 1月期间收治并从中选择的 14 5例颅脑外伤患儿的急性期血糖值。结果　按GCS评分分为三组 (GCS 3～ 8分 2 7例 ,9～ 12分 2 7例 ,13～ 15分 91例 ) ,入院时血糖平均值分别为 (16 .2 6± 2 .33)mmol/L、(10 .4 7± 2 .15 )mmol/L、(5 .92± 1.2 1)mmol/L ;按预后分为三组 (良好 12 6例 ,差 13例 ,死亡 6例 ) ,其入院时血糖值分别为 (7.73±3.2 5 )mmol/L、(12 .2 5± 2 .99)mmol/L、(2 2 .5 4± 3.97)mmol/L。随机选取 2 8例高血糖患儿予控制糖入量、使用胰岛素等降糖处理 ,并在伤后≤ 6h、2 4h、4 8h作血糖动态监测 ,血糖值分别为 (12 .70±3.0 2 )mmol/L、(8.34± 2 .71)mmol/L、(5 .6 3± 1.75 )mmol/L ,致残率、死亡率显著下降 ,预后良好。结论　血糖测定有助于评价小儿颅脑损伤的严重程度及预后 ,积极的综合治疗可改善高血糖患儿的预后     

危重病患儿心肌损伤的临床研究

目的　通过对危重病患儿血清肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)的测定 ,以了解危重患儿心肌损伤的发生率及其临床特点。方法　用ELISA法对 32例入住复旦大学附属儿科医院PICU的危重患儿分别于 2 4、4 8和 72h内测定血清cTnT水平 ,其中 2 7例患儿危重评分 (PCIS)≤ 80分 ,5例因呼吸衰竭直接插管机械通气 ,PCIS >80分。结果　危重病患儿收住PICU后 2 4、4 8、72h内血清cTnT测定值分别为 (0 4 39± 0 84 5 ) μg/L、(0 375± 0 6 15 ) μg/L及(0 2 37± 0 35 1) μg/L ,均显著高于正常对照组的 (0 0 6 2± 0 0 2 8) μg/L。心肌损伤发生率为 5 3 1% (17/ 32 ,95 %可信限CI:34 7%～ 70 9% )。心肌损伤组与非心肌损伤组的病死率差异无显著性 ,PCIS与心肌损伤发生也无相关性。结论　危重病患儿心肌损伤发生率较高 ,其与临床预后及PCIS的关系有待深入研究。     

连续血液净化治疗先天性代谢缺陷病重症有机酸血症

目的　分析、评价连续血液净化 (continuousbloodpurification ,CBP)对先天性代谢缺陷病 (inbornerrorsofmetabolism ,IEM )重症有机酸血症的治疗效果 ,探讨其治疗机制。方法　用BaxterBM 2 5机对 9例IEM重症有机酸血症患儿行CBP治疗 ,对比治疗前后血气、生化值 ,并比较症状、体征改善情况。结果　 9例患儿入院时 pH值 (6 87± 0 2 5 )、BB(1 6± 0 0 8)mmol/L、SB(4 0± 0 5 8)mmol/L、BE(- 2 6 1± 2 80 )mmol/L、乳酸 (15 2± 3 6 4 )mmol/L ,血氨 (2 87 5 3± 132 4 3) μmol/L ,呈重度代谢性酸中毒。经 1～ 2次 ,9～ 32hCBP治疗 ,患儿症状、体征好转 ,酸碱平衡部分纠正 ,pH(7 33± 0 18)mmol/L、BB(18 0± 2 5 6 )mmol/L、SB(19 1± 2 2 5 )mmol/L、BE(- 3 4± 1 6 2 )mmol/L、乳酸 (3 1±0 5 5 )mmol/L ,血氨 (39 2 1± 2 2 85 ) μmol/L ,较治疗前显著好转。 结论　临床观察提示 ,CBP是治疗IEM有机酸血症的一种快速有效的方法     

218例无追赶生长的小于胎龄儿儿童期糖代谢分析

目的 探索无追赶生长的小于胎龄儿在儿童期的胰岛素敏感性.方法 收集2008年8月至2016年8月于北京大学第三医院儿科门诊就诊的身材矮小患儿439例,分为小于胎龄儿组(small for gestational age,SGA)218例和特发性矮小组(idiopathic short stature,ISS)221例.比较两组之间的空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖、空腹血糖与胰岛素比值、胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA%)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)特点.结果 两组患儿均根据青春期分期及性别分组,SGA组与ISS组,青春期前男性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(4.7±0.6)mmol/L和(4.8±0.6)mmol/L,P=0.678,空腹胰岛素(5.1±4.0)mU/L和(4.3±4.7)mU/L,P=0.345,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义;青春期前女性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(4.5±0.5)mmol/L和(4.6±0.5)mmol/L,P=0.828,空腹胰岛素分别为(4.7±3.5)mU/L和(4.5±3.3)mU/L,P=0.603,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义;青春期男性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(5.0±0.8)mmol/L和(4.9±0.5)mmol/L,P=0.176,空腹胰岛素分别为(5.9±4.3)mU/L和(6.0±4.5)mU/L,P=0.958,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义;青春期女性患儿的空腹血糖分别为(4.9±0.6)mmol/L和(4.8±0.4)mmol/L,P=0.141,空腹胰岛素分别为(7.5±6.4)mU/L和(7.4±8.6)mU/L,P=0.448,血糖胰岛素比值、HOMA%及HOMA-IR的差异均无统计学意义.     

需机械通气的危重症手足口病患儿临床特点及预后因素分析

目的 分析需机械通气的危重症手足口病患儿的临床特点,探讨其预后不良的危险因素。方法 收集2012 年4 月至2013 年9 月因危重症手足口病入住儿科重症监护室且需机械通气的63 例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 63 例患儿中,男43 例,女20 例;平均年龄25±18 个月,其中PP9/L]、血乳酸(6.6±1.8 mmol/L)、血糖(16.4±2.5 mmol/L)与痊愈患儿外周血白细胞计数[(12±5)×10,9/L]、血乳酸(3.6±1.7 mmol/L)、血糖(10.0±3.0 mmol/L)比较,差异均有统计学意义(PP结论 危重症手足口病以3 岁以下儿童为主。当患儿出现四肢循环不良至肘膝关节以上、肺水肿累及≥ 2/3 肺野或肺出血时再予治疗,死亡风险极大;外周血白细胞计数、血乳酸、血糖显著升高是预后不良的指标。危重病例评分与预后不良相关联。     

危重患儿高钠血症的病因及治疗策略分析

目的　探讨危重患儿高钠血症的常见病因及治疗策略。方法　回顾性分析 1 998年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 1 2月我院PICU收治的 1 5 4 8例危重患儿资料 ,就 76例高钠血症的发病原因、治疗策略及影响预后进行了相关分析。结果　本组危重患儿高钠血症发生率为 4 91 % (76 / 1 5 4 8例 ) ;原发病主要为腹泻病 (76 32 % )和颅脑疾病 (1 9 74 % ) ;生存组与死亡组的血钠峰值分别为 (1 6 3 1 3± 1 0 0 9)mmol/L和 (1 6 9 5 5± 1 4 30 )mmol/L ,两者间无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;生存组 6 5例仅 4例合并多脏器功能衰竭 ,死亡组 1 1例均合并多脏器功能衰竭 ,两者间有显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ;血钠下降速度控制在 0 5～1 0mmol/ (L·h)的患儿均治愈 ,而在 1 2～ 2 3mmol/ (L·h)的 9例患儿在补液过程中均出现脑水肿表现。结论　危重患儿高钠血症并不少见 ,主要病因为腹泻病和颅脑疾病。合并多脏器功能衰竭时死亡危险性增高 ,控制血钠下降速度是治疗成功的关键。     

单纯性肥胖症儿童糖耐量及胰岛素分泌功能测定

目的　了解单纯性肥胖症儿童胰岛素分泌功能与糖耐量减低 (IGT)的发生。方法　测定单纯性肥胖症儿童 3 0例空腹及餐后血糖、胰岛素水平。如空腹血糖 (FPG) <6.1mmol/L ,服糖后 2h血糖≥ 7.8mmol/L并 <11mmol/L即为IGT ,若服糖后 2h血糖 <7.8mmol/L为糖耐量正常 (NGT)。计算胰岛素敏感性指数。结果　葡萄糖耐量 (OGTT)结果显示 ,单纯性肥胖症例 3 0中 ,IGT 14例 ( 48% ) ;肥胖儿童FPG( 4.92±1.2 3mmol/L)和正常儿童 ( 4.5 1± 0 .5 8mmol/L)无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;空腹胰岛素 (FINS) ( 3 0 .99± 2 7.71) μIU/L水平明显高于正常儿童 ( 10 .2 3± 2 .3 5 ) (P <0 .0 1)。胰岛素敏感性指数 (IAI) ( - 5 .0 2± 0 .2 3 )明显低于正常儿童 ( - 3 .83± 0 .19) (P <0 .0 1)。肥胖儿童IGT组BMI、FINS、FPG较NGT组高 ,无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;服糖 2h胰岛素 (INS 2 )及 2h血糖明显高于NGT组 (P <0 .0 1) ;IGT组ISI(由OGTT计算 )明显低于NGT组 (P<0 .0 0 1)。 3 0例肥胖儿童BMI与FINS、INS2、2h血糖明显正相关 (分别为r =0 .69　P <0 .0 1;r =0 .41　P <0 .0 5 ;r =0 .3 9　P <0 .0 5 ) ,与ISI明显负相关 (r =- 0 .3 8　P <0 .0 5 )。结论　肥胖儿童存在明显的胰岛素抵抗现象 ,且肥胖程度越重 ,机体对胰岛素     

托吡酯对癫癎患儿糖代谢的影响

目的了解托吡酯治疗后癫癎患儿血糖、胰岛素、食欲、甘丙肽、瘦素变化,探讨托吡酯对糖代谢的影响.方法采用放射免疫法测定2003年2～10月在河北省儿童医院就诊的41例癫癎患儿服用托吡酯(3.93±1.60)mg/(kg·d)4个月前后血浆甘丙肽和血清瘦素和空腹血糖、胰岛素的浓度,并了解食欲变化.结果服药后的血糖由4.87mmol/L降至4.69mmol/L;胰岛素由6.78mIU/L升至7.42mIU/L;甘丙肽服药后由26.14ng/L降到20.46ng/L;而瘦素则从(1.32±0.57)μg/L升为(1.91±1.10)μg/L.服药前有4例食欲不好,服药后有19例出现食欲减退.结论服用托吡酯会引起体内血糖降低、胰岛素升高、食欲下降,这些变化可能为托吡酯导致的甘丙肽降低和瘦素升高所致.     

危重新生儿血糖和胰岛素水平的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨危重新生儿血糖和血清胰岛素的变化及其临床意义.方法 选择2006年12月-2009年1月在本院住院的危重新生儿60例.男36例,女24例;体质量2 300～4 200 g;胎龄35～41周;日龄1～27 d.采用微量血糖仪测定危重新生儿标本中血糖水平;对于高血糖和低血糖新生儿给予相应治疗;用化学发光免疫法检测危莺患儿血清胰岛素水平.健康对照组30例按上述同样方法测定相应指标.并进行二组比较.结果 危重60例患儿中糖代谢紊乱26例(43%),其中高血糖21例,低血糖5例.危重新生儿血糖、胰岛素水平[(6.37±4.11)mmol/L、(25.73±14.32)mIU/L]较健康足月新生儿[(4.13±1.73)mmol/L、(4.01±1.73)mIU/L]显著升高(t=2.32,4.76 Pa<0.01),经治疗后血糖均恢复正常.结论 危重新生儿可出现糖代谢紊乱及高胰岛素血症,对危重患儿应密切监测血糖变化,尽早发现血糖异常,及时诊断并合理处理.     

危重患儿血糖与胰岛素水平的临床分析

目的 分析危重患儿血糖和胰岛素水平变化,探讨危重患儿高血糖发生相关机制.方法 检测2007年1至12月我院PICU收治的51例危重患儿入院时血糖和胰岛素水平变化,并与15例健康体检儿检测结果进行对照分析.结果 (1)各种基础疾病下的危重患儿入院24 h内血糖均值均高于正常范围,以感染性休克组为最高[(11.35±6.21)mmol/L];患儿入院5 d内每日血糖均值波动情况以入院当天为最高,其后持续高于正常.(2)人院24 h内肺部感染、颅内感染和感染性休克患儿血胰岛素水平分别为(17.65±16.85)mU/L、(13.45±7.33)mU/L、(16.24±12.41)mU/L,均高于对照组[(8.70±6.57)mU/L],而先天性心脏病组[(6.75±3.22)mU/L]略低于正常组,但各组间差异无显著性(F=0.356,P=0.127);入院当天和第3天、第5天患儿血胰岛素平均水平均高于正常对照组[(8.70±6.57)mU/L];根据血糖水平,将患儿分为血糖正常组和高血糖组,两组血胰岛素水平分别为(5.44±3.38)mU/L、(14.22±12.29)mU/L,高血糖组胰岛素水平明显高于对照组.(3)患儿危重评分(PIM Ⅱ)均值为12.69±16.82,共死亡8例,病死率为15.6%;死亡患儿血糖和胰岛素水平均明显高于存活患儿(P＜0.05).(4)血糖和血胰岛素水平间无明显线性关系;危重症评分和血胰岛素水平无线性相关性;血糖和危重症评分间线性相关性不显著.结论 危重症患儿常出现高血糖和高胰岛素血症,两者在一定程度上间接反映疾病严重程度,也是判断预后的间接指标;高血糖与胰岛素相对不足或(和)胰岛素抵抗有关,至于其确切的关系需要进一步研究证实.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.