超关节可动外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的体会

目的 探讨超关节可动外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的临床疗效.方法 对56例胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折采用超关节可动外固定支架(orthofix)结合有限内固定术治疗.结果 56例均获随访.据临床骨折愈合标准评估骨愈合率为89.3%.据Helfer踝关节功能评估标准:优36例,良15例,差5例,优良率为91%.结论 超关节可动外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折有安全有效、创伤小、并发症少等优点.     

微型外固定支架治疗掌指关节囊内粉碎性骨折

目的 评价应用微型外固定支架治疗掌指关节囊内粉碎性骨折的疗效.方法 8例掌指关节囊内粉碎性骨折,其中开放性损伤6例,闭合性损伤2例.采用Orthofix微型外固定支架固定,其中2例同时加用克氏针内固定,2例采用皮瓣覆盖创面.结果 术后平均8周骨折均愈合,未出现关节面不平整或关节间隙狭窄,受伤关节无不稳定.掌指关节活动范围达65°～85°,手握力达健侧80%～90%.结论 应用Orthofix微型外固定支架治疗掌指关节囊内粉碎性骨折,不仅能有效固定关节内的骨折,且大大缩短了骨折端的愈合时间,早期功能锻炼有效地减少了手指的致残率.     

同期植骨髁支持钢板内固定治疗股骨远端C型粉碎性骨折

目的探讨同期植骨髁支持钢板内固定治疗股骨远端C型粉碎性骨折的临床疗效及手术要点。方法 39例股骨远端C型骨折采用解剖型髁支持钢板内固定,骨缺损时同期植骨治疗。结果 39例获6～24个月随访,平均12个月,膝关节功能按Kolmert评分标准:优14例,良21例,可4例,优良率89.7%。结论对股骨远端C型粉碎性骨折,采用解剖型髁支持钢板内固定并同期植骨手术,能达坚强内固定,结合早期CPM关节功能锻炼,骨折愈合率高,疗效满意。     

C型股骨髁间粉碎性骨折的手术治疗

[目的]探讨C型股骨髁间粉碎性骨折的治疗方法.[方法]对55例股骨髁间粉碎性骨折应用股骨远端髁异型支撑钢板内固定,一期植骨,早期配合CPM康复治疗.随访6～24个月,并分析骨折愈合及膝关节功能恢复情况.[结果]所有患者骨折均在6～15个月内愈合.按Kotmert提出的股骨远端骨折功能评价标准:优31例,良21例,可3例,优良率达94.5％.[结论]骨折复位后一期植骨,用股骨髁异型支撑钢板内固定,早期配合CPM康复治疗,是治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折的较理想方法.     

AO股骨髁支撑钢板内固定在股骨远端复杂骨折的应用

目的 探讨应用股骨髁支撑钢板内固定治疗股骨远端复杂骨折的方法和临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2001年10月～2004年2月，对23例股骨远端复杂骨折患者进行修复重建，其中男19例，女4例；年龄27～55岁。左侧13例，右侧10例。交通伤16例，高处坠落伤7例。闭合性骨折14例，开放性骨折9例。新鲜骨折21例，陈旧性骨折2例。骨折AO分类：A型关节外骨折6例，C型关节内骨折17例。术前X线片示股骨髁上、髁间粉碎性骨折。患者均行切开复位内固定，对于粉碎性骨折先用克氏针或松质骨螺钉整复股骨内外髁，对齐关节面，外侧置股骨髁支撑钢板固定；对骨缺损较大者行一期植骨，术后行科学合理的康复治疗及随访观察。结果 患者均获随访6～20个月，平均13．7个月。术后14个月X线片示骨折均对位、对线佳。骨折均愈合，愈合时间7～16个月。按Kolmert和Wulff的评价标准，A型6例，优5例，良1例；C型17例，优1l例，良3例，可2例，差1例。结论 采用股骨髁支撑钢板内固定治疗股骨远端复杂骨折，设计合理，操作简便，固定可靠，疗效肯定。     

骨结构重建超关节外固定架在股骨髁部粉碎骨折的应用

目的：探讨超关节外固定支架治疗股骨髁部严重粉碎骨折并骨缺损的治疗方法。方法：对10例股骨髁严重粉碎骨折并骨缺损进行超关节外固定，维持力线和有限化内固定，并和一期或二期植骨，定期观察分析。结果：10例患者均有良好的骨愈合，关节功能优良率90%。结论：对股骨髁严重粉碎骨折采用超关节外固定，维持力线和有限化内固定重建骨的解剖结构，值得推广应用。     

锁定钢板结合植骨治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折的初步疗效

目的 探讨锁定加压股骨髁支持钢板结合植骨治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折的初步疗效.方法 对18例股骨髁间粉碎性骨折行锁定钢板结合植骨治疗,根据患者骨折的愈合情况和膝关节评分评价术后功能恢复情况.结果 18例均获随访6～13个月,平均10个月,均骨性愈合.疗效按改良HSS评分标准:优10例,良5例,可3例.无骨不连、骨延迟愈合、内固定失败等并发症.结论 锁定加压股骨髁支持钢板结合植骨治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折有良好的短期疗效.     

动力型外固定架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨Orthofix动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定在治疗高能量Pilon骨折中的价值。方法2002年4月至2004年3月对11例高能量Pilon骨折采用Orthofix公司第四代跨关节外固定结合克氏针或螺钉有限内固定治疗,远端外固定螺钉固定于跟骨和距骨颈,外固定活动轴和踝关节运动的轴心位置保持一致。术后3周开始踝关节功能锻炼,2~5个月后去除外固定。结果11例均得到随访,随访6~18个月(平均13个月),骨折全部达骨性愈合,无切口感染、内植物外露等并发症。踝关节症状与功能评分按Mazur标准进行,临床评分68~97分(平均82分),其中优6例,良4例,可1例。结论Orthofix跨关节动力型外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗高能量Pilon骨折能促进骨折愈合,有利于踝关节早期活动,最大程度恢复踝关节功能,是治疗高能量Pilon骨折的一种理想方法。     

外固定支架加有限内固定治疗青壮年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨外固定支架加克氏针内固定治疗青壮年桡骨远端粉碎骨折的I临床疗效。方法2000年1月～2005年8月采用外固定支架加有限内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折30例，外固定支架在术后6～8周拆除，术后进行腕关节功能锻炼。结果所有患者获得14～24个月（平均16个月）随访。所有患者2个月均达骨性愈合，关节功能评定：优24例，良4例，差2例，优良率为93．3％。结论外固定支架固定加有限克氏针内固定对治疗青壮年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折，固定牢固、可靠，可有效防止骨折的再移位和丢失，但不能过早进行腕关节功能锻炼，必须选择合适的时机拆除外固定支架，便于早期腕关节功能锻炼。     

外固定支架结合内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折合并同侧掌指骨骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合内固定治疗桡骨远端骨折合并同侧掌、指骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对32例桡骨远端骨折合并掌、指骨骨折行Orthofix公司的超关节微型单侧多功能外固定支架结合内固定治疗。结果随访4～11月,平均5．2个月,骨折愈合时间6～12周,平均8周。腕关节功能按Sarmiento标准进行评定：优22例,良8例,可2例;按TAFS评分标准进行功能评估,优28例,良4例。结论对桡骨远端骨折合并掌、指骨骨折,采用超关节微型单侧多功能外固定支架结合内固定治疗,是一种安全实用、简便有效的治疗方法。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.