钦州市不同人群艾滋病知识调查

目的了解钦州市4类人群艾滋病知识水平,评价健康教育效果,调整下一步健康教育的内容和方法。方法2008年9月,采用随机抽样方法,对4类人群进行问卷调查。结果4类人群艾滋病知识总体知晓率分别为：城市居民65.10%、农村居民为39.61%、在校学生为50.67%、农民工为60.33%,4类人群知晓率比较,差异有统计学意义,城市居民、农民工和在校学生知晓率显著高于农村居民（χ2=40.10,P〈0.01）;获得艾滋病知识的途径以电视为主,占62.52%。结论4类人群艾滋病防治知识水平均低于全国平均水平,艾滋病防治知识的来源范围较窄,应充分发挥现有各种媒体资源,多渠道开展宣传教育方式,使社会各类人群掌握艾滋病防治知识,提高对艾滋病的认识,从而预防控制艾滋病。     

成都市建筑工地农民工艾滋病干预效果研究

目的评价对成都市建筑工地农民工进行艾滋病知识、态度干预的效果。方法选择成都市6家建筑工地的1 256名农民工调查和健康教育干预。结果建筑工地农民工对艾滋病防治的了解从干预前的25.16%上升到88.40%,认为艾滋病患者不该被隔离的比例从19.67%上升到77.04%,能正确使用安全套的比例从25.16%上升到66.09%。通过干预,被调查人群对艾滋病防治知识的知晓及对待艾滋病的态度有了明显的提高,采取的相关行为也趋于理性。结论健康教育是艾滋病预防的重要、高效手段之一,应不断探索多种方式开展健康教育工作。     

北京地区建筑农民工健康状况和艾滋病认知情况的调查

[目的]了解北京地区建筑农民工艾滋病相关知识,探讨其影响因素,掌握该人群健康状况对艾滋病健康教育需求,为建筑农民工艾滋病预防及健康教育工作提供科学依据. [方法]采用多级抽样方法及知情同意原则,选取北京市2个建筑工地371名建筑工地农民工进行横断面现场调查. [结果]在北京建筑农民工平均年龄、已婚比例较全国高,外出打工时间长,文化程度低,主诉易患疾病前3位是:感冒、痢疾腹泻、皮肤病.对371名认为自己不会感染艾滋病调查对象进行了现场问卷访谈,共涉及8个艾滋病相关问题,只有"输入带有艾滋病病毒血液会得艾滋病吗","感染艾滋病病毒妇女生下小孩有可能得艾滋病吗"和"正确使用安全套可降低艾滋病病毒传播风险吗"等3个问题回答正确人数在60%以上.说明有相当部分人群对艾滋病传播途径缺乏正确判断. [结论]建筑农民工艾滋病知识水平有待提高,应针对流动人口相关知识薄弱环节如艾滋病传播途径和相关知识等方面开展宣传,应采用农民工易于理解和接受语言、内容和方式,开展个性化服务,不断增加农民工艾滋病知识知晓率和自我防范意识,充分发挥报刊杂志、广播电视和网络等媒体作用.     

沈阳市农民工艾滋病健康教育干预效果评价

目的了解沈阳市农民工艾滋病防治知识的认知程度,评价对农民工实施艾滋病健康教育的效果,为对农民工实施艾滋病干预决策提供参考。方法应用多种宣传形式对农民工进行预防艾滋病知识宣传,开展健康教育干预,在干预前后进行问卷调查,对其干预前后艾滋病相关知识知晓程度和相关行为进行比较。结果健康教育干预后,农民工对艾滋病防治知识的知晓率均有明显提高(P<0.05),采取的相关行为也趋于理性,安全套的坚持使用率由干预前的11.6%上升到干预后的25.6%,两者间有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论对农民工实施综合干预,可有效地改变农民工艾滋病的相关知识和行为。健康教育是艾滋病预防的重要、高效手段之一,应不断探索多种方式开展健康教育工作。     

农民工艾滋病健康教育材料需求分析

目的了解农民工预防艾滋病健康教育材料的实际需求,为开发材料与开展健康教育活动提供参考。方法以整群随机抽样方法在重庆、深圳、辽宁抽取农民工243人,进行问卷调查。结果被调查农民工平均年龄30.10岁,60.91％已婚,住集体宿舍的占57.61％;33.33％能完全答对艾滋病的传播与非传播途径;平时的休闲方式居于前三位的依次是：看电视（68.72％）、睡觉（55.14％）、看书报和杂志（49.79％）;77.78％表示关注艾滋病知识,90.53％的工人认为外出务工了解并掌握艾滋病相关知识与技能是必要的;他们最欢迎的艾滋病健康教育材料是影视材料VCD／DVD光盘（62.69％）,其次是科普知识读本（55.14％）,第三是海报／知识挂图／宣传画（21.81％）。结论对农民工开展艾滋病健康教育十分必要,艾滋病健康教育材料应针对农民工的休闲方式与喜好进行开发。     

某县建筑工地男性农民工艾滋病知识知晓率与健康教育现状调查

目的了解某县建筑工地男性农民工(以下简称农民工)对艾滋病相关知识知晓程度;了解该人群对艾滋病健康教育的需求状况,为制订适合某县的艾滋病综合防控策略提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样方法 ,制定调查问卷,用Epi Data3.0软件建立数据库,SPSS16.0软件进行数据分析。结果共调查194名农民工,艾滋病基本知识知晓率为51.31%。农民工对艾滋病基本知识中不同问题的知晓程度存在明显的差异(P=0.000);年龄和文化程度对农民工艾滋病基本知识知晓率有影响(P值均为0.000)。农民工最喜欢获取艾滋病知识的途径前三位分别是"电视广播"(51.83%)、"免费宣传材料"(43.98%)、"报刊书籍"(19.37%)。结论建筑工人艾滋病知识知晓率为51.30%,应进一步加大对农民工人群宣传教育力度,并根据农民工人群特点,采取他们喜闻乐见的方式开展宣传教育。     

丹东市纺织业女性农民工艾滋病防治健康教育效果分析

目的了解丹东市纺织业女性农民工艾滋病防治知识的认知程度,评价对其实施艾滋病健康教育的效果,为实施艾滋病干预决策提供参考。方法以《辽宁省艾滋病防治健康教育项目》为依托,结合丹东市农民工实际情况,采用随机整群抽样和随机抽样相结合的方法,抽取丹东市纺织企业300名女性农民工进行预防艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为的基线调查和健康教育,干预前后均采取问卷调查方法,6个月后对该人群进行干预效果评价。结果被调查对象艾滋病相关知识知晓率除"艾滋病可以通过性行为感染"、"输入艾滋病病人或感染者血液可以感染艾滋病"健康教育干预前后差异无统计学意义外,其他各项差异均有统计学意义。"艾滋病可以通过共用注射器吸毒感染"知识,知晓率由干预前的76.27%增加到95.19%。该人群不介意与艾滋病病人共同工作健康教育前占36.3%,健康教育后占71.4%(P0.01),艾滋病相关知识、态度及行为有着全面的提高,特别在日常生活中不会传播艾滋病及安全套使用知识方面有显著的提高。结论在纺织企业女性农民工中开展艾滋病健康教育十分必要,应继续有针对性的加强对该人群的艾滋病相关知识教育。     

建筑工地农民工艾滋病知识与态度现况研究

目的了解黑龙江省农民工艾滋病知识与态度现况,分析两者对应关系,为更好地开展艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用问卷调查的方式对目标人群进行抽样调查,运用对应分析方法对资料进行分析。结果农民工艾滋病知识知晓率为48.11%,知识结构存在明显的不平衡,知识与态度之间存在对应关系,艾滋病知识得分最高与较高的农民工态度也最好与较好,知识得分中等及较差的农民工艾滋病态度也在中等以下,存在歧视与恐惧心理。结论黑龙江省农民工艾滋病知识知晓率较低,要重视该群体艾滋病知识的宣传教育工作。改善农民工对待艾滋病感染者及病人的态度,应该以艾滋病相关知识的健康教育为基础;同样,要提高该群体的艾滋病知识知晓情况,也要重视对其艾滋病态度正向性引导。     

河北省鹿泉市农村居民艾滋病知信行调查

目的了解农村地区的居民对艾滋病预防知识、态度及掌握国家有关政策的现状,探讨农村艾滋病健康教育的有效方式。方法采取整群抽样方法,对农村常住居民500人做面对面问卷调查。结果调查人群大多为女性,男女比例为0.43∶1,居民预防艾滋病知识知晓率较低,对艾滋病病毒感染者存在着恐惧心理。但90%以上的居民关注艾滋病,他们喜欢获得艾滋病的信息渠道是电视、宣传橱窗及开展艾滋病的健康教育活动。结论充分利用群众喜闻乐见的方式,不失时机地在农村开展艾滋病的健康教育活动,是控制艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群传播的关键。     

外来流动人群预防性病艾滋病综合干预分析

近年来,我国性病、艾滋病传播呈快速增长的趋势,外来流动人群是高危人群[1];采取积极的健康教育与干预措施,可有效地控制性病、艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群传播[2].我们于2001年10月开始,在区内5个企业运用健康促进手段,开展了外来流动人群预防控制性病、艾滋病的健康教育综合干预,旨在探索可行有效的健康促进方法.结果报告如下.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.